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100-457: The site of Adramyttium was originally settled by Leleges , the indigenous inhabitants of the Aegean littoral, and people from the neighbouring region of Mysia . The area was later settled by Lydians , Cimmerians , and Aeolian Greeks , who gave their name to the region of Aeolis . The area became part of the peraia (mainland territory) of the city-state of Mytilene in the 8th century BC, and

200-464: A Boeotian war council some months before. He and his wife Apollonis were admired for their rearing of their four sons. He was succeeded as king by his son Eumenes II . Little is known about Attalus' early life. He was Greek and the son of Attalus and Antiochis . His father Attalus was the son of a brother (also called Attalus) of both Philetaerus , the founder of the Attalid dynasty , and Eumenes,

300-670: A stoa at Delphi (then part of the Aetolian League). Philip's alliance with Hannibal of Carthage in 215 BC caused concern in Rome , then involved in the Second Punic War . In 211 BC, a treaty was signed between Rome and the Aetolian League, a provision of which allowed for the inclusion of certain allies of the League, Attalus being one of these. Attalus was elected one of

400-558: A bull", the oracle Phaennis "meant Attalus, king of Pergamon, who was styled bull-horned". On the acropolis of Pergamon was erected a triumphal monument, which included the famous sculpture The Dying Gaul , commemorating this battle. Several years after the first victory over the Gauls, Pergamon was again attacked by the Gauls together with their ally Antiochus Hierax , the younger brother of Seleucus II Callinicus , and ruler of Seleucid Asia Minor from his capital at Sardis . Attalus defeated

500-706: A favourable recollection are that, though born of a private family, she became a queen, and retained that exalted rank to the end of her life, not by the use of meretricious fascinations, but by the virtue and integrity of her conduct in private and public life alike." The filial affection of the brothers as well as their upbringing is remarked on by several ancient sources. A decree of Antiochus IV praises "king Attalus and queen Apollonis ... because of their virtue and goodness, which they preserved for their sons, managing their education in this way wisely and well." An inscription at Pergamon represents Apollonis as saying that "she always considered herself blessed and gave thanks to

600-403: A force to relieve Opus from the occupying Pergamene army. Attalus and his troops, caught by surprise, were barely able to escape to his ships, unarmed and in disorder. After his inglorious retreat, Attalus learned that Prusias I , king of Bithynia and a relative of Philip V's by marriage, had crossed the border to attack Pergamene territory. Attalus now returned to Asia to meet them, although

700-529: A king, it formally severed any relationship with the Seleucid Empire's king as a superior suzerain . The victory would be the core element of Attalus's reputation and fame. Attalus presented himself as the victorious champion of Greeks against barbarians, and commissioned much artwork and sculptures commemorating himself and the Pergamene victory. As with other Attalid rulers, Pergamene royal coinage depicted

800-532: A loyal ally of the Roman Republic , although Pergamene participation was ultimately rather minor in these wars. He conducted numerous naval operations throughout the Aegean , gained the island of Aegina for Pergamon during the first war and Andros during the second, twice narrowly escaping capture at the hands of Philip V. During his reign, Pergamon also repeatedly struggled with the neighboring Seleucid Empire to

900-634: A meeting in Heraclea Trachinia of the Council of the Aetolians, at which the Roman argued against making peace with Philip. The Romans sacked both Oreus , on the northern coast of Euboea , and Opus , the chief city of eastern Locris . The spoils from Oreus had been reserved for Sulpicius, who returned there, while Attalus stayed to occupy and collect the spoils from Opus. With their forces divided, Philip moved

1000-470: A middle-aged version of Philetaerus, the dynasty's founder. Around the 230s BC, the depiction of Philetaerus changed from a plain band to a diadem entwined with a laurel wreath , the symbol of victory, perhaps to celebrate the defeat of the Galatians. Pausanias wrote of a surely invented oracle's prophecy which foretold the great victory, allegedly created a generation earlier: Then having crossed

1100-402: A number of smaller warships on the allied side. During the battle Attalus, having become isolated from his fleet and pursued by Philip, was forced to run his three ships ashore, narrowly escaping by spreading various royal treasures on the decks of the grounded ships, causing his pursuers to abandon the pursuit in favor of plunder. The same year, Philip invaded Pergamon; although unable to take

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1200-568: A number of the Delian exiles. The Delians returned to Delos in 421/420 BC when the Athenians permitted them to do so. Following the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC, Adramyttium came again under the control of Mytilene. The Ten Thousand , a Greek mercenary force, travelled through Adramyttium during their march along the coast. Mytilene retained control of Adramyttium until 386 BC, after which

1300-658: Is interesting to hear in Deipnosophistae that Philippus of Theangela (a 4th-century BC historian) referred to Leleges still surviving as serfs of the "true Carians", and even later Strabo attributes to the Leleges a distinctive group of deserted forts and tombs in Caria that were still known in his day as "Lelegean forts"; the Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 identified these as ruins that could still be traced ranging from

1400-414: Is not stated in contemporary sources that the city was rebuilt inland. It has also been argued that the relocation of Adramyttium took place after its destruction by Genoese pirates in 1197. Notes Citations [REDACTED] Media related to Adramyttium at Wikimedia Commons Leleges The Leleges ( / ˈ l ɛ l ɪ dʒ iː z / ; Ancient Greek : Λέλεγες ) were an aboriginal people of

1500-480: Is the result of some early migration; perhaps it is also the cause of these Lelegian theories; perhaps there was a widespread pre-Indo-European culture that loosely linked these regions, a possibility on which much modern hypothesis has been constructed. Germanic theorists of the 19th century who inspired modern heirs: Attalus I Attalus I ( Ancient Greek : Ἄτταλος ' Attalos ' ), surnamed Soter ( Greek : Σωτήρ , ' Savior ' ; 269–197 BC),

1600-512: The Aegean region, before the Greeks arrived. They were distinct from another pre-Hellenic people of the region, the Pelasgians . The exact areas to which they were native are uncertain, since they were apparently pre-literate and the only references to them are in ancient Greek sources. These references are casual and (it is alleged) sometimes fictitious. Likewise, little is known about the language of

1700-868: The Aetolian League , a union of Greek states in Aetolia in central Greece. He helped fund the fortification of Elaeus, an Aetolian stronghold in Calydonia , near the mouth of the river Acheloos . This would later bring Attalus into conflict with Philip V of Macedon , king of Antigonid Macedonia and the preeminent power in the Aegean Sea region, in what would eventually become the First Macedonian War . Attalus sought to burnish his regional reputation, more so than many of his contemporary rulers. In addition to fortifications, Attalus also funded art and monuments, such as

1800-573: The Archdiocese of Pergamon and Adramyttium on 19 February 1922. Following the Greco-Turkish population exchange in 1923, the see is titular only. During the second period of Latin occupation , between 1211 and 1224, a Latin bishop of Adramyttium was appointed and the diocese of Adramyttium was made a suffragan of the Latin archdiocese of Cyzicus . Since the mid-15th century, it is a titular bishopric of

1900-611: The Battle of the Caecus River , over the Galatians , a group of migratory Celtic tribes from Thrace , who had been plundering and exacting tribute throughout most of Asia Minor for more than a generation. The victory was celebrated with a triumphal monument at Pergamon ( The Dying Gaul ) and Attalus taking the surname " Soter " and the title of king . He participated in the first and second Macedonian Wars against Philip V of Macedon as

2000-525: The Chersonese peninsula . During the reign of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos ( r.  1143–1180 ), Adramyttion formed part of the new theme of Neokastra . French crusaders passed through Adramyttium on their march south to Ephesus during the Second Crusade . After the ascension of Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos in 1183, Andronikos Lapardas revolted against the emperor and travelled to Bithynia to join

2100-591: The Council of Chalcedon in 451. Julian is addressed in a work by Hypatius , Archbishop of Ephesus, in c.  531–540 or c.  550 . Theodore attended the Third Council of Constantinople in 680, and Basilius was present at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. Michael attended the Council of Constantinople of 869. Sergius was Bishop of Adramyttium at the beginning of the 11th century, and Bishop George

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2200-570: The Cyclades , the spoils going to the Romans and the island to Attalus. From Andros, the Pergamene forces sailed on an expedition. They made a fruitless attack on another Cycladic island, Kithnos ; turned back north; scavenged the fields of Skiathos off the coast of Magnesia , for food; and continued north to Mende . The Pergamenes mounted a land assault at the city of Cassandrea , but were defeated and suffered heavy losses. They continued northeast along

2300-553: The Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then besieged Chios to the north. These events caused Attalus, allied with Rhodes , Byzantium and Cyzicus , to enter the war. A large naval battle occurred in the strait between Chios and the mainland, just southwest of Erythrae . According to Polybius , fifty-three decked warships and over one hundred and fifty smaller warships took part on the Macedonian side, with sixty-five decked warships and

2400-592: The Karasid Turks before 1334. The Karasid beylik , including Adramyttium, was annexed by the Ottoman beylik in the mid-fourteenth century. In 325 AD, the diocese of Adramyttium was made a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Ephesus . Helladius, Bishop of Adramyttium, attended the Council of Ephesus in 431, and Aurelius attended the Synod of Constantinople in 448. Flavianus was present at the Second Council of Ephesus in 449 and

2500-531: The Leleges the coast land of Caria, from Ephesus to Phocaea , with the islands of Samos and Chios , placing the true Carians farther south from Ephesus to Miletus . Pausanias was reminded that the temple of the goddess at Ephesus predated the Ionian colony there, when it was rededicated to the goddess as Artemis . He states with certainty that it antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, being older even than

2600-662: The Leleges . Many Greek authors link the Leleges to the Carians of south-west Anatolia. Homer names the Leleges among the Trojan allies alongside the Carians, Pelasgians, Paeonians and Gaucones . It is thought that the name Leleges is an exonym , in a long-extinct language, rather than an endonym (or autonym). That is, during the Bronze Age the word lulahi apparently meaning "strangers"

2700-508: The Magna Mater , and the Mother of Gods stone was said itself to be meteoric . One aspect of the account which varies in sources is where exactly the stone came from. While Ovid's version says the Mother of Gods was found on Mount Ida , close to Pergamon, most other accounts say it came from Pessinus , which was far inland: a place where Pergamene influence was weak at best and Gallic influence

2800-563: The Republic of Genoa trading privileges, such as marketplaces, at Adramyttium, among other Aegean cities. In 1268, the Venetians were granted a concession in Adramyttium. In early 1284, a synod was held at Adramyttium by Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos , accompanied by his aunt Theodora and his cousins Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene and Theodora Raoulaina , with the intention of reconciling with

2900-505: The Roman Catholic Church . Debate exists as to when Adramyttium moved to its current site at the modern city of Edremit. According to Wilhelm Tomaschek , Adramyttium moved to the site of modern Edremit under Trajan, however, it has been argued that there was no cause for this during Trajan's rule as piracy, the sole cause for such a move, was negligible. Kiepert argued that this move took place in 1109, however, scholars note that it

3000-554: The Troad was counted as Lelegian. Alcaeus (7th or 6th century BCE) calls Antandrus in the Troad "Lelegian", but later Herodotus substitutes the epithet " Pelasgian ", so perhaps the two designations were broadly synonymous for the Greeks. According to Homer , the Leleges were a distinct Anatolian tribe. However, Herodotus states that Leleges had been an early name for the Carians . Pherecydes of Athens ( ca 480 BC) attributed to

3100-555: The "Arsenites", supporters of Arsenios Autoreianos , the deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople . Arsenites who were poorly treated by Andronikos' father Michael VIII Palaiologos , who had deposed Arsenios, were declared martyrs; in exchange, the Arsenites temporarily recognized the appointment of Gregory II as Patriarch of Constantinople, as legitimate. During the synod, the two factions agreed to settle their dispute by setting fire to separate documents containing their arguments;

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3200-452: The 4th century BCE does any other writer place Leleges anywhere west of the Aegean. But the confusion of the Leleges with the Carians (immigrant conquerors akin to Lydians and Mysians ) which first appears in a Cretan legend (quoted by Herodotus, but repudiated, as he says, by the Carians themselves) and is repeated by Callisthenes , Apollodorus and other later writers, led easily to the suggestion of Callisthenes, that Leleges joined

3300-607: The Achaeans could potentially offer a new ally. With the hope of inducing the Achaeans to abandon Philip and join the allies, envoys were sent, including Attalus himself, to Sicyon , where they offered the incorporation of Corinth into the Achaean League. Attalus won the support of the Sicyonians after purchasing land sacred to Apollo for them, and they erected a colossal statue of him in their market place. Later gifts to Sicyon induced

3400-527: The Boeotians of the many things he and his ancestors had done for them, but during his address he stopped talking and collapsed, with one side of his body paralyzed. Attalus was taken back to Pergamon to live out the remaining months of his life. He died around the time of the Battle of Cynoscephalae , which brought about the end of the Second Macedonian War. At the end of his reign, Attalus's kingdom

3500-630: The Carians in Asia Minor. A single passage in the fragmentary Hesiodic Catalogue of Women places "Leleges" in Deucalion 's mythicized and archaic time in Locris in central Greece, identified as the rocks turned human that repopulated the earth after the great deluge. Locris is also the refuge of some of the Pelasgian inhabitants forced from Boeotia by Cadmus and his Phoenician adventurers. But not until

3600-522: The Carians in their (half legendary) raids on the coasts of Greece. Herodotus (1.171) says that the Leleges were a people who in old times dwelt in the islands of the Aegean and were subject to Minos of Crete (one of the historic references that led Sir Arthur Evans to name the pre-Hellenic Cretan culture " Minoan "); and that they were driven from their homes by the Dorians and Ionians, after which they took refuge in Caria and were named Carians. Herodotus

3700-512: The Gauls and Antiochus at the Battle of Aphrodisium and again at a second battle in the east. Three subsequent battles were fought and won against Antiochus Hierax's forces, which fought without support from the Gauls: in Hellespontine Phrygia , where Antiochus was perhaps seeking refuge with his father-in law, Ziaelas the king of Bithynia ; near Sardis in the spring of 228 BC; and, in

3800-549: The Gulf of Corinth. Meanwhile, the Romans moved their forces to the east of the city to control the approaches to Cenchreae, with the Achaeans held the west of Corinth. However, Corinth's garrison held out. Macedonian reinforcements arrived, the siege was abandoned, and the siege works were destroyed. Attalus and his army sailed for Piraeus . Also in 198 BC, a renewed struggle with the Seleucid Empire began. King Antiochus III, seemingly taking advantage of Pergamene distraction with

3900-588: The Hellespont to Adramyttium to his brother Henry of Flanders , who went on to capture Adramyttium in the winter of 1204/1205. The Byzantine magnate Theodore Mangaphas attempted to seize the city but was defeated by Henry of Flanders at the Battle of Adramyttium on 19 March 1205. Adramyttium was recovered by the Empire of Nicaea , a successor state of the Byzantine Empire, later that year. Nicaea maintained control of

4000-568: The Macedonian War, attacked while Pergamon's ability to defend itself was weak, threatening holdings in Asia Minor. Back in Greece, early in 197 BC, Flamininus summoned Attalus to join him at Elateia (now in Roman hands) and from there they traveled together to attend a Boeotian council in Thebes to encourage Boeotia to join the Roman side in the war. At the council Attalus spoke first, reminding

4100-481: The Macedonian coast to Acanthus , which they sacked. This ended the expedition, their ships returning to Euboea with the spoils of Acanthus. On their return, the two leaders went to Heraclea to meet with the Aetolians, who under the terms of their treaty, had asked Attalus for a thousand soldiers. He refused, citing the Aetolians' own refusal to honor Attalus' request to attack Macedonia during Philip's attack on Pergamon two years earlier. Resuming operations, Attalus and

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4200-555: The Pelasgians. However, in Lacedaemon and in Leucas they were believed to be aboriginal and Dionysius of Halicarnassus mentions that Leleges is the old name for the later Locrians . These European Leleges must be interpreted in connection with the recurrence of place names like Pedasus , Physcus , Larymna and Abae , both in Caria, and in these "Lelegian" parts of Greece. Perhaps this

4300-573: The Pergamese state as one of the powers of Asia Minor. However, Achaeus returned from victory in Selge in 217 BC and resumed hostilities with Attalus. Under a treaty of alliance with Attalus, Antiochus III crossed the Taurus in 216 BC, attacked Achaeus and besieged Sardis, and in 214 BC, the second year of the siege, was able to take the city. However the citadel remained under Achaeus' control. Under

4400-508: The Romans and Greeks called Gauls, associating them with the Celts of what is now France, Switzerland, and northern Italy. Since the time of Philetaerus, the first Attalid ruler, the Galatians had posed a problem for Pergamon, indeed for all of Asia Minor, by exacting tributes to avoid war or other repercussions. Eumenes I had (probably), along with other rulers, dealt with the Galatians by paying these tributes. Attalus however refused to pay them, being

4500-514: The Romans attacked but failed to take Oreus . They left a small force at Oreus to invest it, and sailed across the straight to raid elsewhere in Thessaly , with Attalus attacking Pteleum while the Romans attacked Larissa Cremaste . Upon their return to Oreus and with siege equipment now ready, the city fell. The Romans enslaved captives and took them elsewhere, while the Attalids looted and occupied

4600-676: The Seleucids. Within two years Achaeus had recovered all the lost Seleucid territories and "shut up Attalus within the walls of Pergamon". In a stroke of good fortune for Attalus, Achaeus revolted against Antiochus III around 220 BC and declared himself the Seleucid king. After a period of peace, in 218 BC, while Achaeus was involved in an expedition to Selge south of the Taurus, Attalus, allied with some Thracian Gauls, recaptured his former territories in Western Asia Minor, establishing

4700-532: The allies controlled all of Euboea except for Chalcis . The allied fleet then sailed for Cenchreae in preparation for an attack on Macedonian Corinth . Meanwhile, the new Roman consul for that year, Titus Quinctius Flamininus , had learned that the Achaean League , allies of Macedon, had had a change in leadership which favored Rome. Attalus's relations with the rival Aetolian League had cooled after several broken promises on both sides, so mending relations with

4800-492: The altars; and the king was requested to offer sacrifice. Finally they voted him such high honors as they had never without great hesitation voted to any of their former benefactors: for, in addition to other compliments, they named a tribe after Attalus, and classed him among their eponymous heroes. Two of the Athenian tribes named after Macedonians had recently been abolished, perhaps as recently as weeks before Attalus's visit, so

4900-848: The arrival of Agesilaus II , King of Sparta , in 365 BC. Following his victory at the Battle of the Granicus in 334 BC, Adramyttium came under the control of Alexander the Great . After Alexander's death in 323 BC, his empire was divided among the Diadochi at the Partition of Babylon , and Leonnatus was appointed satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia. At the Partition of Triparadisus in 321 BC, Arrhidaeus succeeded Leonnatus as satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia. In 319 BC, Adramyttium and Hellespontine Phrygia were seized by Antigonus I Monophthalmus , satrap of Greater Phrygia. Adramyttium and Hellespontine Phrygia remained under

5000-430: The city during the war. Adramyttium, however, was deprived of its autonomy , and was henceforth obligated to pay regular taxes to Rome. According to the Acts of the Apostles , whilst en route to Rome, St. Paul departed Caesarea Maritima on a ship from the city of Adramyttium which took him to Myra in Lycia . Adramyttium later also became the seat of a portorium . Adramyttium was damaged by an earthquake during

5100-401: The city formed again part of the Persian Empire by the terms of the Peace of Antalcidas . During the Great Satraps' Revolt , Ariobarzanes , satrap of Hellespontine Phygia, joined the revolt against Artaxerxes II in 367 BC. Autophradates , satrap of Lydia, and Mausolus , satrap of Caria, besieged Ariobarzanes at Adramyttium in 366 BC. However, the siege of Adramyttium was abandoned following

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5200-413: The city of Adramyttium was founded in the 6th century BC. According to Aristotle , Adramyttium was founded by, and named after, Adramytos, the son of King Alyattes of Lydia . Prior to his ascension to the throne, Croesus , Alyattes' successor, was governor of a district centred on Adramyttium. Following the fall of the kingdom of Lydia in 546 BC Adramyttium came under the rule of the Persian Empire and

5300-408: The city to Mithridates. Following the completion of the conquest of the province of Asia in 88 BC, Mithridates ordered the execution of all Roman settlers. At Adramyttium, the Romans were driven into the sea, where they were slaughtered. At the conclusion of the war, the province of Asia returned to Roman control and Xenocles of Adramyttium , a prominent orator, was sent to Rome to defend the actions of

5400-409: The city to institute annual animal sacrifices in Attalus' honor. A meeting of the Achaean League was convened. After a heated debate and the withdrawal of some of the delegates, the rest agreed to join the Roman alliance. Attalus led his army from Cenchreae (now controlled by the allies) through the Isthmus and besieged Corinth from the north, controlling the access to Lechaeum , the Corinthian port on

5500-405: The city to overshadow the neighbouring port of Cisthene . Adramyttium came under the control of the Attalid dynasty of Pergamon during the rule of Eumenes I , a nominal vassal of the Seleucid Empire, in the mid-third century BC. The alliance between Attalus I , Eumenes's successor, and Rhodes during the Cretan War led Philip V , King of Macedonia, to invade Attalid Pergamon and pillage

5600-409: The city until 1211. Henry of Flanders regained Adramyttium in October 1211 after his victory over the Nicaean emperor Theodore I Laskaris at the Battle of the Rhyndacus . Theodore I subsequently ceded Adramyttium to the Latin Empire in the Treaty of Nymphaeum . In 1224, Latin ruler in Anatolia collapsed and Adramyttium was recaptured by the Empire of Nicaea. The Treaty of Nymphaeum of 1261 granted

5700-458: The city. The campaigning season now over, Attalus attended the Eleusinian Mysteries and then returned to Pergamon having been away for over two years. In the spring of 198 BC, Attalus returned to Greece with twenty-three quinqueremes joining a fleet of twenty Rhodian decked warships at Andros, to complete the conquest of Euboea begun the previous year. Soon joined by the Romans, the combined fleets took Eretria and later Carystus . Thus,

5800-440: The control of Antigonus until the Fourth War of the Diadochi ; the city was taken by force by Prepelaus , a general of Lysimachus , Basileus of Thrace , in 302 BC. Adramyttium and Lysimachus' other Anatolian territories were annexed to the Seleucid Empire after Lysimachus' defeat at the Battle of Corupedium in 281 BC. An artificial port was constructed at Adramyttium in the early third century BC, which subsequently allowed

5900-423: The countryside surrounding Adramyttium in 201 BC. As an ally of Rome , Pergamon fought in the Roman–Seleucid War against the Seleucid Empire. In 190 BC, Antiochus III plundered the countryside surrounding Adramyttium, but the appearance of a Roman–Pergamene fleet prevented him from taking the city. In the second century BC, cistophori , the coinage of Attalid Pergamon, were minted at Adramyttium. Attalus III ,

6000-465: The defended city, in part due to precautions taken by Attalus to provide for additional fortifications, he demolished the surrounding temples and altars. Meanwhile, Attalus and Rhodes sent envoys to Rome, to register their complaints against Philip. In 200 BC, Attalus became involved in the Second Macedonian War . Acarnanians with Macedonian support invaded Attica , causing Athens , which had previously maintained its neutrality, to seek help from

6100-432: The details of this conflict are largely unrecorded. Soon after, the Romans also abandoned Greece to concentrate their forces against Hannibal, their objective of preventing Philip from aiding Hannibal having been achieved. In 206 BC the Aetolians sued for peace, accepting the conditions imposed by Philip. A treaty was drawn up at Phoenice in 205 BC, formally ending the war. Attalus was included as an adscriptus on

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6200-431: The east, resulting in both successes and setbacks. Attalus styled himself as a protector of the freedoms of the Greek cities of Anatolia as well as the champion of Greeks against barbarians . He funded art and monuments in Pergamon and in Greek cities he sought to cultivate as allies. He died in 197 BC at the age of 72, shortly before the end of the second war, having suffered an apparent stroke while addressing

6300-424: The enemies of Philip. Attalus, with his fleet at Aegina, received an embassy from Athens inviting him to the city. A few days later, he learned that Roman ambassadors were also at Athens, and decided to visit. With the Athenians desperate for allies, his reception was extraordinary. Polybius writes: ... in company with the Romans and the Athenian magistrates, he began his progress to the city in great state. For he

6400-438: The father of Eumenes I , Philetaerus' successor. The elder Attalus is recorded, along with his uncles, as providing generous donations to Delphi . His father also won fame as a charioteer, winning at Olympia , and was honored with a monument at Pergamon. It is conjectured the elder Attalus might have been considered a potential successor to Philetaerus, but Eumenes I succeeded to the throne instead. Attalus' mother Antiochis

6500-420: The final conflict of the campaign, in Caria at the Battle of the Harpasus , the Harpasus river being a tributary of the Maeander . As a result of these victories, Attalus gained putative control over all of Seleucid Asia Minor north of the Taurus Mountains . He was able to hold on to these gains in the face of repeated attempts by Seleucus III Ceraunus , eldest son and successor of Seleucus II, to recover

6600-530: The first such ruler recorded to do so. As a consequence, the Galatians set out to attack Pergamon, sometime around 238–235 BC. Attalus met them near the sources of the river Caicus and decisively won the resulting Battle of the Caecus River . The prestige gained by the victory caused Attalus to take the surname of Soter , "savior", following the example of Antiochus I . He also declared himself basileus , king. While this did not increase his practical authority as his adopted father had already ruled like

6700-422: The form of the cult in historic times, centering on a many-breasted icon of the "Lady of Ephesus" whom Greeks called Artemis. Other cult aspects, being in all essentials non-Hellenic, suggest the indigenous cult was taken over by the Greek settlers. Often historians assume, as a general rule, that autochthonous inhabitants survive an invasion as an under-class where they do not retreat to mountain districts, so it

6800-476: The formal catalogue of allies in Book II of the Iliad, and their homeland is not specified. They are distinguished from the Carians , with whom some later writers confused them; they have a king, Altes, and a city Pedasus which was sacked by Achilles . The topographical name "Pedasus" occurs in several ancient places: near Cyzicus , in the Troad on the Satniois River, in Caria , as well as in Messenia , according to Encyclopædia Britannica 1911. Gargara in

6900-448: The gods, not for wealth or empire, but because she saw her three sons guarding the eldest and him reigning without fear among those who were armed." When Attalus died in 197 BC at the age of 72, he was succeeded by his eldest son Eumenes II. Polybius writes "what is more remarkable than all, though he left four grown-up sons, he so well settled the question of succession, that the crown was handed down to his children's children without

7000-531: The hinterland of Adramyttium remained part of the Thracesian Theme, but was also based at Adramyttium. Adramyttium was sacked by Tzachas , a Turkish ruler, in c.  1090 and subsequently rebuilt and repopulated by Eumathios Philokales in 1109. During this period, Adramyttium was used as a base to defend against Italian and Turkish attacks. Upon discovering that Malik Shah , Sultan of Rum , planned to invade in early 1112, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sent an army to Adramyttium ahead of him as he travelled to

7100-489: The incumbent dynast. After Eumenes' death in 241 BC, Attalus succeeded to the Pergamene throne. Little is known of the early reign of Attalus. The main recorded event of the era was a battle with the Galatians . According to the 2nd century AD Greek writer Pausanias , "the greatest of his achievements" was the defeat of the " Gauls " ( Γαλάται ). The Galatians were immigrant Celts from Thrace , who had recently settled in Galatia in central Asia Minor , and whom

7200-404: The last king of Pergamon, bestowed his kingdom to the Romans in his will, and thus, in 133 BC, Adramyttium came under Roman control. The city became part of the province of Asia . Manius Aquillius , governor of the province of Asia from 129 to 126 BC, rebuilt the road that connected Adramyttium and Smyrna . In the 1st century BC, a famous school of oratory was located in Adramyttium. Adramyttium

7300-431: The lost territory. That said, this influence was tenuous; later historians consider any attempt to translate military success into political hegemony in these areas fraught and unlikely to have been successful. Around 226–223 BC, Attalus erected a monument to his battlefield victories in the acropolis of Pergamon, dedicated to Zeus and Athena; a slight adjustment to the artwork on coinage also occurred. Seleucus III

7400-493: The name from an eponymous king Lelex ; a comparable etymology, memorializing a legendary founder, is provided by Greek mythographers for virtually every tribe of Hellenes: "Lelex and the Leleges, whatever their historical significance, have acted as a blank sheet on which to draw Lakonia and all it means," observes Ken Dowden . In Homer 's Iliad , the Leleges are allies of the Trojans (10.429), though they do not appear in

7500-400: The naming of these areas was open. A deme (suburb) was also named after Apollonis , Attalus's wife. Sulpicius Galba, now consul , convinced Rome to declare war on Philip and asked Attalus to meet up with the Roman fleet and again conduct a naval campaign, harassing Macedonian possessions in the Aegean. In the spring of 199 BC, the combined Pergamon and Roman fleets took Andros in

7600-451: The narrow strait of the Hellespont , The destructive army of the Gauls shall pipe; they shall lawlessly Ravage Asia; and God shall make it yet worse For all who dwell by the shores of the sea For a little while. But soon the son of Cronus shall stir up a helper for them, A dear son of a Zeus -reared bull Who shall bring a doom on all the Gauls. Pausanias writes that by "son of

7700-447: The neighborhood of Theangela and Halicarnassus as far north as Miletus, the southern limit of the "true Carians" of Pherecydes. Plutarch also implies the historic existence of Lelegian serfs at Tralles (now Aydın ) in the interior. The fourth-century BC historian Philippus of Theangela suggested that the Leleges maintained connections to Messenia , Laconia , Locris and other regions in mainland Greece, after they were overcome by

7800-424: The oracular shrine at Dodona . He says that the pre-Ionic inhabitants of the city were Leleges and Lydians (with a predominance of the latter) and that, although Androclus drove out of the land all those whom he found in the upper city, he did not interfere with those who dwelt about the sanctuary. By giving and receiving pledges he put these on a footing of neutrality. These remarks of Pausanias find confirmation in

7900-399: The pretense of a rescue, Achaeus was finally captured and put to death, and the citadel surrendered. By 213 BC, Antiochus III had regained control of all of his provinces in the east of Asia Minor. While affairs in the east of his kingdom occupied much of his early reign, the west of Attalus's domain became more active later on. Attalus had sometime before 219 BC become allied with

8000-606: The rebels, but was seized at Adramyttium and imprisoned. The megas doux Michael Stryphnos levied a fine on the Genoese merchant Cafforio, who subsequently raided the cities of the Aegean Sea and sacked Adramyttium in 1197. Following the Fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade in 1204 and the formation of the Latin Empire , Emperor Baldwin granted the land between Abydos on

8100-588: The reign of Emperor Trajan ( r.  98–117 ), who subsequently rebuilt the city. Upon the death of Emperor Theodosius I in 395, and subsequent division of the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves, Adramyttium became part of the Eastern Roman Empire . The administrative reforms of the 7th century led Adramyttium to be administered as part of the Thracesian Theme . In early 715, soldiers of

8200-484: The respect of the Romans and others; historian Esther Hansen calls Attalus's reign not merely the longest of any Attalid monarch, but also "the most laudable". Attalus married Apollonis , from Cyzicus . They had four sons, Eumenes , Attalus , Philetaerus and Athenaeus (after Apollonis' father). Apollonis was thought to be a model of motherly love. Polybius describes Apollonis as "a woman who for many reasons deserves to be remembered, and with honor. Her claims upon

8300-550: The side of Rome. He retained Aegina, but had accomplished little else; Pergamene participation in the war was ultimately "rather ineffective". Since Prusias was also included in the treaty, the conflict between Pergamon and Bithynia also ended by that time. In 205 BC, following the Peace of Phoenice , Rome turned to Attalus, as its only friend in Asia, for help concerning a religious matter. The Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage

8400-425: The theme of Opsikion mutinied and travelled to Adramyttium where they proclaimed Theodosius , a praktor (tax-collector), as emperor. Theodosius did not wish to become emperor and fled to the mountains, but was found and forced to become emperor at sword-point. Adramyttium came under the administration of the theme of Samos in the ninth century and became the seat of a tourmarches of that theme. A tourma of

8500-508: The two strategoi (generals) of the Aetolian League for the year 210/209 BC, and in 210 BC his troops probably participated in capturing the island of Aegina , acquired by Attalus as his base of operations in Greece. In the following spring (209 BC), Philip marched south into Greece. Under command of Pyrrhias , Attalus' colleague as strategos, the allies lost two battles at Lamia . Attalus himself went to Greece in July 209 BC and

8600-515: The undamaged document was said to contain the truth, but both documents were destroyed in the fire. Following victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Bapheus in July 1302, the founder of the Ottoman dynasty , Osman I , raided the countryside surrounding Adramyttium. The threat of Turkish attacks led the Genoese of Phocaea to seize the Venetian concession in Adramyttium in 1304. The city fell to

8700-473: The war. A Roman delegation, led by M. Valerius Laevinus , was dispatched to Pergamon to seek Attalus' aid in gaining an appropriate artifact to bring to Rome. According to Livy, Attalus received the delegation warmly, and "handed over to them the sacred stone which the natives declared to be 'the Mother of the Gods', and bade them carry it to Rome." The ancient Phyrgian goddess Cybele was thus introduced to Rome as

8800-419: Was "hardly any bigger than it had been at the beginning". Antiochus III had seized large amounts of Pergamene territory for his empire, with important putatively Attalid cities such as Phocaea and Thyatira in Seleucid possession. Attalus's successor, his son Eumenes II , would face a tough geopolitical situation. However, he had also made the city of Pergamon a great center of art and learning, and earned

8900-458: Was a Dorian Greek born in Caria himself. Meanwhile, other writers from the 4th century onwards claimed to discover them in Boeotia , west Acarnania ( Leucas ), and later again in Thessaly , Euboea , Megara , Lacedaemon and Messenia . In Messenia, they were reputed to have been immigrant founders of Pylos , and were connected with the seafaring Taphians and Teleboans , and distinguished from

9000-420: Was active later during the 11th century. Constantine was bishop sometime in the 11th–12th centuries. John was bishop in the second half of the 12th century, and Gregory was bishop in 1167. George was present at the Synod of Ephesus in 1230, and Athanasius was bishop later in the 13th century. The diocese of Adramyttium became defunct in the 15th century, but was united with the former Archdiocese of Pergamon to form

9100-401: Was administered as part of the satrapy (province) of Hellespontine Phrygia from the early 5th century BC onward. In 422 BC, Pharnaces , the satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, offered asylum to exiles from the island of Delos , who settled in the city. Thereafter Adramyttium was considered a Greek city. Arsaces, a general subordinate to Tissaphernes , the satrap of Lydia and Caria , massacred

9200-409: Was assassinated in 223 BC after crossing the Taurus into Asia Minor. Achaeus assumed control of the Seleucid army afterward. He was offered and refused the kingship in favor of Seleucus III's younger brother Antiochus III the Great , who then made Achaeus governor of Seleucid Asia Minor north of the Taurus. Achaeus embarked upon a remarkably successful campaign, rapidly reclaiming Asia Minor for

9300-433: Was joined on Aegina by the Roman proconsul P. Sulpicius Galba who wintered there. Attalus only personally participated as a commander in the summer of 208 BC. That season, the combined fleet of thirty-five Pergamene and twenty-five Roman ships failed to take the Macedonian island of Lemnos , and occupied and plundered the countryside of the island of Peparethos ( Skopelos ) instead. Attalus and Sulpicius then attended

9400-448: Was met, not only by all the magistrates and the knights, but by all the citizens with their children and wives. And when the two processions met, the warmth of the welcome given by the populace to the Romans, and still more to Attalus, could not have been exceeded. At his entrance into the city by the gate Dipylum the priests and priestesses lined the street on both sides: all the temples were then thrown open; victims were placed ready at all

9500-459: Was probably related to the Seleucid royal family (perhaps a granddaughter of Seleucus I Nicator ) with her marriage to Attalus' father likely arranged by Philetaerus to solidify his power. At some point prior to 241 BC, Attalus' father died. If the elder Attalus had been heir designate at some point, he died before he could ever take the throne. The younger Attalus was adopted by Eumenes I,

9600-648: Was still continuing. A consultation of the Sibylline Books found verses saying that if a foreigner were to make war on Italy, he could be defeated if the Mater Deum Magna Idaea , the Great Mother Goddess, was brought to Rome. Additionally, an unusual number of meteor showers had been seen. The interpretation of the oracle of Delphi was that Rome needed to start a cult in Rome to this Mother Goddess to win

9700-417: Was strong. Whether this was an error in Roman sources unfamiliar with the geography of Asia Minor, or Attalus was on friendly terms with the local Gallic tribes in central Asia Minor in this time period, is unclear. Prevented by the treaty of Phoenice from expansion in the west, Philip V of Macedon set out to extend his power in the Aegean and in Asia Minor. In the spring of 201 BC he took Samos and

9800-470: Was the centre of a conventus iuridicus , and its jurisdiction included the Troad and the western half of Mysia. Adramyttium was also the centre of a conventus civium Romanorum in the second or early first century BC. During the First Mithridatic War , Diodorus , a strategos and supporter of Mithridates VI , King of Pontus, had the members of the city council killed and granted control of

9900-456: Was the ruler of the Greek polis of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama , Turkey ) and the larger Pergamene Kingdom from 241 BC to 197 BC. He was the adopted son of King Eumenes I , whom he succeeded, and was the first of the Attalid dynasty to assume the title of king, sometime around 240 to 235 BC. He was the son of Attalus and his wife Antiochis. Attalus won an important victory,

10000-553: Was used in the Luwian language and in other Anatolian languages . For example, in a Hittite cuneiform inscription, priests and temple servants are directed to avoid conversing with lulahi and foreign merchants. According to the suggestion of Vitaly Shevoroshkin , an attempt to transliterate lulahi into Greek might result in leleges . Late traditions reported in Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke , and by Pausanias , derive

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