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54-498: The town was believed to be a Greek colony , for Strabo states that it was founded by Spartans , but adds the somewhat unintelligible remark that previously it had been founded by Calchas . Stephanus of Byzantium , in the Ethnica , also wrote that the city was a Lacedaemon colony. The acropolis of Selge bore the name of Kesbedion. The district in which the town was situated was extremely fertile, producing abundance of oil and wine, but

108-505: A Greek sea-coast." Several formulae generally shaped the solemn and sacred occasions when a new colony set forth. If a Greek city decided to send out a colony, the citizenry almost invariably consulted an oracle , such as the Oracle of Delphi , beforehand. Sometimes certain classes of citizens were called upon to take part in the enterprises; sometimes one son was chosen by lot from every house where there were several sons; and strangers expressing

162-506: A contemporary brewery belonging to a Bronze Age Egyptian settlement has been found in Tel Aviv . Shipbuilding was known to the ancient Egyptians as early as 3000 BC, and perhaps earlier. The Archaeological Institute of America reports that the earliest dated ship — dating to 3000 BC – may have possibly belonged to the Pharaoh Aha . The Phoenicians were the major trading power in

216-453: A copy of the Roman, electing from their own body their Senate and other officers of State. To this constitution the original inhabitants had to submit. The coloniae civium Romanorum retained Roman citizenship , and were free from military service, their position as outposts being regarded as an equivalent. The members of the coloniae Latinae served among the socii , the allies, and possessed

270-476: A desire to join were admitted. A person of distinction was selected to guide the emigrants and to make the necessary arrangements. It was usual to honor these founders as heroes after their death. Some of the sacred fire was taken from the public hearth in the Prytaneum , from which the fire on the public hearth of the new city was kindled. Just as each individual had his private shrines, so the new community maintained

324-410: A foreign enemy. Sometimes colonies formed as a result of civil disorder , where the losers in internecine battles left to form a new city elsewhere; sometimes they would form to relieve population pressure and thereby to avoid internal unrest; and also, as a result of ostracism . In most cases, however, colony founders aimed to establish trade relations with foreign countries and to further the wealth of

378-571: A means of providing for the poorest class of the Roman Plebs . After the time of Sulla it was adopted as a way of granting land to veteran soldiers. The right of founding colonies passed into the hands of the Roman emperors during the Principate , who used it mainly in the provinces for the exclusive purpose of establishing military settlements, partly with the old idea of securing conquered territory . It

432-618: A means to clearly demarcate a border between his realm and that of his political rival Sun Quan . William Smith (lexicographer) Sir William Smith (20 May 1813 – 7 October 1893) was an English lexicographer . He became known for his advances in the teaching of Greek and Latin in schools. Smith was born in Enfield in 1813 to Nonconformist parents. He attended the Madras House school of John Allen in Hackney. Originally destined for

486-638: A mother-city or metropolis rather than a territory-at-large. Bonds between a colony and its metropolis often remained close, and took specific forms during the period of classical antiquity . Generally, colonies founded by the ancient Phoenicians , Carthage , Rome , Alexander the Great and his successors remained tied to their metropolis, though Greek colonies of the Archaic and Classical eras were sovereign and self-governing from their inception. While Greek colonies were often founded to solve social unrest in

540-609: A post he held until his death. Smith published the first of several school dictionaries in 1850, and in 1853 began the Principia series, which marked an advance in the school teaching of Greek and Latin. Then came the Student's Manuals of History and Literature , of which the English literature volume went into 13 editions. He himself wrote the Greek history volume. He was joined in the venture by

594-444: A theological career, he instead became articled to a solicitor. Meanwhile, he taught himself classics in his spare time, and when he entered University College London carried off both the Greek and Latin prizes. He was entered at Gray's Inn in 1830, but gave up his legal studies for a post at University College School and began to write on classical subjects. Smith next turned his attention to lexicography . His first attempt

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648-506: A time to pay 300 talents in addition. We now have for a long time no particulars about the history of Selge; in the 5th century AD Zosimus calls it indeed a little town, but it was still strong enough to repel a body of Goths . It is strange that Pliny does not notice Selge, for we know from its coins that it was still a flourishing town in the time of Hadrian ; and it is also mentioned in Ptolemy and Hierocles . Independently of wine and oil,

702-428: Is Pontus proper. Those from Georgia, northeastern Anatolia, and the ones who lived in present-day Armenia are often referred to as 'Eastern Pontic Greeks ' or Caucasus Greeks. Many Greek-founded colonies are well known cities to this day. Sinope and Trabzon (Greek: Τραπεζοῦς Trapezous ), were founded by Milesian traders (756 BC) as well as Samsun , Rize and Amasra . Greek was the lingua franca of Anatolia from

756-663: Is said to have founded the first colony) and the shores of Anatolia . In addition, Greeks were settled in Ionia and Pontus . Miletus in Ionia was an ancient Greek city on the west coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Meander River . In the late Bronze Age (13th century BC), Miletus saw the arrival of the Carians , Luwian speakers from south central Anatolia. Later in that century, other Greeks arrived. The city at that time rebelled against

810-577: The Crimea in the Black Sea . The settlements they established there included the city of Chersonesos (modern Sevastopol ). Another area with significant Greek colonies was the coast of ancient Illyria on the Adriatic Sea (e.g. Aspalathos, modern Split, Croatia ). Cicero remarks on the extensive Greek colonization, noting that "Indeed it seems as if the lands of the barbarians had been bordered round with

864-724: The Eastern Han general Ma Yuan sent Han Chinese to the northeastern frontier and settled defeated Qiang tribes within Han China's Tianshui Commandery and Longxi Commandery . Ma pursued a similar policy in the south when he defeated the Trưng Sisters of Jiaozhi , in what is now modern northern Vietnam , resettling hundreds of Vietnamese into China's Jing Province in 43 AD, seizing their sacred bronze drums as rival symbols of royal power, and reinstating Han authority and laws over Jiaozhi. Historian Rafe de Crespigny remarks that this

918-671: The Han conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC, bringing areas of Guangdong , Guangxi , Hainan Island , and northern Vietnam under Han rule, and by 108 BC completed the Han conquest of Gojoseon in what is now North Korea . Han Chinese colonists in the Xuantu and Lelang commanderies of northern Korea dealt with occasional raids by the Goguryeo and Buyeo kingdoms, but conducted largely peaceful trade relations with surrounding Korean peoples who in turn became heavily influenced by Chinese culture . In 37 AD

972-502: The Hittite Empire . After the fall of that empire, the city was destroyed in the 12th century BC and starting about 1000 BC was resettled extensively by Ionians. Before the invasion from Persia in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus was considered the greatest and wealthiest Greek polis . Over several centuries, numerous ancient Greek city-states were established on the coasts of Anatolia. Greeks began Western philosophy on

1026-570: The Iberian Peninsula in the west, Magna Graecia (southern Italy) and several colonies on the Libyan coast of northern Africa . Greeks founded two similar types of colony, the apoikía (ἀποικία from ἀπό apó “away from” + οἶκος oîkos “home”, pl. ἀποικίαι apoikiai ), an independent city-state, and the emporion (ἐμπόριov, pl. ἐμπόρια emporia ), a trading colony. Greek city-states began to establish colonies between 900 and 800 BC;

1080-652: The Mediterranean in the early part of the first millennium BC . They had trading contacts in Egypt and Greece , and established colonies as far west as modern Spain , at Gadir (modern Cádiz ), and modern Morocco , at Tingis and Mogador . From Spain and Morocco, the Phoenicians controlled access to the Atlantic Ocean and the trade routes to Britain and Senegal . The most famous and successful of Phoenician colonies

1134-622: The Pompeu Fabra University , Barcelona: The earliest presence of Phoenician material in the West is documented within the precinct of the ancient city of Huelva , Spain... The high proportion of Phoenician pottery among the new material found in 1997 in the Plaza de las Monjas in Huelva argues in favour, not of a few first sporadic contacts in the zone, but of a regular presence of Phoenician people from

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1188-715: The University of London , and on retirement he became a member of the Senate. He sat on the Committee enquiring into questions of copyright and was for several years registrar of the Royal Literary Fund . He edited Gibbon , with Guizot 's and Milman 's notes, in 1854–1855. Smith was named a DCL by the University of Oxford and Trinity College Dublin . A knighthood was conferred on him in 1892. He died on 7 October 1893 in London, and

1242-784: The list of ancient Greek theatres in Anatolia is one of the longest among all places the Greeks settled. Greeks traditionally lived in the region of Pontus , on the south shores of the Black Sea and in the Pontic Alps in northeastern Anatolia , the province of Kars in Caucasus, and also in Georgia. Those from southern Russia, Ukraine, and Crimea are often referred to as 'Northern Pontic Greeks ', in contrast to those from 'South Pontus', which strictly speaking

1296-1061: The Eastern Han Empire came into conflict with the Jushi Kingdom , the Shanshan and their Xiongnu allies located around the Taklamakan Desert in the Western Regions . In 127 AD Ban Yong was able to defeat the Karasahr in battle and colonies were established all the way to Turfan , but by the 150s AD the Han presence in the Western Regions began to wane. Towards the end of the Han dynasty , chancellor Cao Cao established agricultural military colonies for settling wartime refugees. Cao Cao also established military colonies in Anhui province in 209 AD as

1350-785: The Sabaeans came into contact were the ancestors of the contemporary Agaw people . The fusion of southern Arabian culture and Agaw culture resulted in a third culture which are today known as the Habesha people . Egyptian settlement and colonisation is attested from about 3200 BC onward, all over the area of southern Canaan , by almost every type of artifact: architecture (fortifications, embankments and buildings), pottery, vessels, tools, weapons, seals, etc. Narmer had Egyptian pottery produced in Canaan and exported back to Egypt , from regions such as Arad , En Besor , Rafiah , and Tel Erani . Recently,

1404-404: The arrangement of the affairs of the colony, and also some special enactments. A colony would usually adopt the constitution of the mother-city, but the new city remained politically independent. The "holy fire" of the metropolis was preserved in a special place to remind people of the common ties. If the colony sent out a fresh colony on its own account, the mother-city was generally consulted, or

1458-498: The cities of Cyrenaica (modern-day Libya). The relation between colony and mother-city ( metropolis ) was viewed as one of mutual affection. Differences were resolved peacefully whenever possible, war being seen as a last resort. (Note though that the Peloponnesian War of 431–404 BC broke out partly due to a dispute between Corinth and her colony Corcyra .) The charter of foundation contained general provisions for

1512-688: The civil diocese of Asia which today survives only as a suppressed seat of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and a titular see of the Catholic Church . The Bishopric is documented in the Notitiae Episcopatuum of the Patriarchate of Constantinople until the fourteenth century. Its lapse is probably due to the Islamic conquest of Turkey. Since the nineteenth century Selge has been counted among

1566-424: The colonists and founding the settlement was entrusted to a commission usually consisting of three members. These men continued to stand in the relation of patrons ( patroni ) to the colony after its foundation. The colonists entered the conquered city in military array, preceded by banners, and the foundation was celebrated with special solemnities. The coloniae were free from taxes, and had their own constitution ,

1620-660: The conquests of Alexander the Great up to the invasion of the Seljuk Turks in the eleventh century AD. During the Ptolemaic rule of Judea, large-scale Jewish settlement in Egypt commenced. The Ptolemies brought in Jewish soldiers along with their families, while other Jews migrated from Judea to Egypt likely for economic opportunities. Additionally, the Ptolemies established Jewish colonies in

1674-418: The country about Selge was rich in timber, and a variety of trees, among which the storax was much valued from its yielding a strong perfume. Selge was also celebrated for an ointment prepared from the iris root. The remains of the city consist mainly of parts of the encircling wall and of the acropolis. A few traces have survived of the gymnasium , the stoa , the stadium and the basilica . There are also

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1728-1304: The economic and political dynamics produced by the competition between the frequently leaderless Greek city-states – newly introduced as a concept and striving to expand their spheres of economic influence – better fits as their true incentive. By means of this Greek expansion, the use of coins flourished throughout the Mediterranean Basin . Influential Greek colonies in the western Mediterranean – many in present-day southern Italy — included Cyme ; Rhegion by Chalcis and Zancle (c. 8th century); Syracuse by Corinth and Tenea (c.  734 BC ); Naxos by Chalcis (c. 734 BC); Massalia (Marseille, c.  598 BC ) and Agathe , shortly after Massalia, by Phocaea ; Hyele in Italy and Emporion in Spain by Phocaea and Massalia (c.  540 BC and early 6th century); Antipolis in France by Achaea ; Alalia in Corsica by Phocaea and Massalia (c. 545 BC) and Cyrene ( Cyrenaica , Libya) by Thera (762/61 and 632/31 BC). The Greeks also colonised

1782-653: The first two were Al Mina on the Syrian coast and the Greek emporium Pithecusae at Ischia in the Bay of Naples , both established about 800 BC by Euboeans . Two new waves of colonists set out from Greece between the Dark Ages and the start of the Archaic Period – the first in the early 8th century BC and the second in the 6th century. Population growth and cramped conditions at home seem an insufficient explanation, while

1836-570: The foremost books Smith edited covered ecclesiastical subjects: the Dictionary of the Bible (1860–1865), the Dictionary of Christian Antiquities (1875–1880), jointly with Archdeacon Samuel Cheetham , and the Dictionary of Christian Biography (1877–1887), jointly with Henry Wace . The Atlas , on which Sir George Grove collaborated, appeared in 1875. From 1853 to 1869 Smith was classical examiner to

1890-430: The members retaining the right of domicile in their own homeland and confining themselves to their own quarter in the foreign city. It was an old custom in ancient Italy to send out colonies for the purpose of securing new conquests. The Romans , having no standing army , used to plant bodies of their own citizens in conquered towns as a kind of garrison. These bodies would consist partly of Roman citizens , usually to

1944-463: The metropolis. Colonies were established in Ionia and Thrace as early as the 8th century BC. More than thirty Greek city-states had multiple colonies, dotted all across the Mediterranean world. From the late 9th to the 5th century BC, the most active colony-founding city, Miletus of the Ionian League , spawned more than 60 colonies encompassing the shores of the Black Sea in the east,

1998-486: The mother-city by expelling a part of the population, Hellenistic , Roman , Carthaginian , and Han Chinese colonies were used for trade, expansion and empire-building . One of the oldest colonisation process in history occurred around 1000 BC, the Sabeans of southern Arabia, with a civilization based on agriculture, began to colonize the highlands of northern Ethiopia and Eritrea . The indigenous peoples with whom

2052-488: The nomadic Mongolic Xiongnu ruler Hunye (渾邪) was defeated by Huo Qubing in 121 BC, settlers from various regions of China under the rule of Emperor Wu of Han colonized the Hexi Corridor and Ordos Plateau . Tuntian , self-sustaining agricultural military garrisons, were established in frontier outposts to secure the massive territorial gains and Silk Road trade routes leading into Central Asia. Emperor Wu oversaw

2106-542: The number of three hundred and partly of members of the Latin League in larger numbers. One third of the conquered territory was taken for the settlers. The coloniae civium Romanorum (colonies of Roman citizens) were specially intended to secure the two coasts of Italy, and were hence called coloniae maritimae . The far more numerous coloniae Latinae served the same purpose for the mainland, but they were also inhabited by Latins and much more populated. The duty of leading

2160-543: The outlines of two temples, but the best conserved monument is the theater , restored in the 3rd century AD. Selge was the seat of a bishop ; it remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church . Halfway on the road to Selge from the Pamphylian coastal plain, a well-preserved Roman Bridge crosses the deep Eurymedon valley. Selge was a see of an ancient bishopric of the Roman province of Pamphylia Prima in

2214-445: The publisher John Murray when the original publishing partner met difficulties. Murray was the publisher of the 1214-page Latin–English Dictionary based upon the works of Forcellini and Freund that Smith completed in 1855. This was periodically reissued over the next 35 years. It goes beyond "classical" (100 BCE – 100 CE) Latin to include many entries not found in other dictionaries of the period, including Lewis and Short . Perhaps

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2268-505: The so-called ius Latinum or Latinitas. This secured to them the right of acquiring property, the concept of commercium , and the right of settlement in Rome, and under certain conditions the power of becoming Roman citizens; though in course of time these rights underwent many limitations. From the time of the Gracchi the colonies lost their military character. Colonization came to be regarded as

2322-450: The start of the ninth century BC. The recent radiocarbon dates from the earliest levels in Carthage situate the founding of this Tyrian colony in the years 835–800 cal BC, which coincides with the dates handed down by Flavius Josephus and Timeus for the founding of the city. In Ancient Greece , a defeated people would sometimes found a colony, leaving their homes to escape the subjugation of

2376-512: The titular archbishopric headquarters of the Catholic Church; the title has not been assigned since September 13, 1969. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Smith, William , ed. (1854–1857). "Selge". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray. Colonies in antiquity Colonies in antiquity were post- Iron Age city-states founded from

2430-491: The town itself was difficult of access, being surrounded by precipices and beds of torrents flowing towards the Eurymedon and Cestrus (today Aksu) , and requiring bridges to make them passable. In consequence of its excellent laws and political constitution, Selge rose to the rank of the most powerful and populous city of Pisidia, and at one time was able to send an army of 20,000 men into the field. Owing to these circumstances, and

2484-508: The valour of its inhabitants, for which they were regarded as worthy kinsmen of the Spartans, the Selgians were never subject to any foreign power, but remained in the enjoyment of their own freedom and independence. When Alexander the Great passed through Pisidia (333 BC), Selge sent an embassy to him and gained his favour and friendship. At that time they were at war with Termessos . At the period when Achaeus had made himself master of Western Asia, Selge were at war with Pednelissus , which

2538-410: The western coast of Anatolia ( Pre-Socratic philosophy ). Thales , Anaximander , Anaximenes and Diogenes of Apollonia were among the renowned philosophers of the Milesian school . Heraclitus lived in Ephesus another ancient Greek city and Anaxagoras was from Clazomenae , a member of the Ionian League . All the Ancient Greek dialects were spoken in Anatolia in the various city states and

2592-407: The worship of its chief domestic deities, the colony sending embassies and votive gifts to the mother-city's principal festivals for centuries afterwards. After the conquests of Macedonia and Alexander the Great , a further number of Hellenistic colonies were founded, ranging from Egypt to India. By the 15th century BC, the Mycenaeans had reached Rhodes , Crete and Cyprus ( where Teucer

2646-399: Was A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , which appeared in 1842, the greater part being written by him. Then followed the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology in 1849. A parallel Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography appeared in 1857, with some leading scholars of the day associated with the task. In 1867, Smith became editor of the Quarterly Review ,

2700-421: Was a "brief but effective campaign of colonisation and control", before the general returned north in 44 AD. Cao Song, an Eastern Han administrator of Dunhuang , had military colonies established in what is now Yiwu County near Hami in 119 AD. However, Empress Deng Sui , regent for the young Emperor Shang of Han , pursued a slow, cautious policy of settlement on the advice of Ban Yong, son of Ban Chao , as

2754-549: Was at least asked to furnish a leader. Frequently the colonies, declaring their commitment to the various metropolitic alliances formed in the Greek mainland and for religious reasons, would pay tribute in religious centres such as Delphi, Olympia , or Delos . The cleruchs (κληροῦχοι, klêrouchoi ) formed a special class of Greek colonists, each being assigned an individual plot of land (κλῆρος, klêros ). The trade factories set up in foreign countries, such as Naucratis in Egypt, were somewhat different from ordinary colonies, with

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2808-400: Was besieged by them; and Achaeus, on the invitation of Pednelissus, sent a large force against Selge (218 BC). After a long and vigorous siege, the Selgians, being betrayed and despairing of resisting Achaeus any longer, sent deputies to sue for peace, which was granted to them on the following terms: they agreed to pay immediately 400 talents , to restore the prisoners of Pednelissus, and after

2862-410: Was founded by settlers from Tyre in 814–813 BC and called Kart-Hadasht ( Qart-ḥadašt , literally "New Town" ), known in English as Carthage . The Carthaginians later founded their own colonies in the western Mediterranean, notably a colony in southeast Spain, Carthago Nova , which was eventually conquered by their enemy, Rome . According to María Eugenia Aubet , Professor of Archaeology at

2916-441: Was only in exceptional cases that the provincial colonies enjoyed the immunity from taxation which was granted to those in Italy. Imperial China during the Han dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) extended its rule over what is now much of China proper as well as Inner Mongolia , northern Vietnam , northern Korea , the Hexi Corridor of Gansu , and the Tarim Basin region of Xinjiang on the easternmost fringes of Central Asia. After

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