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26-447: The city's hot sulphur springs have been famous since this was the Roman town of Aquae Statiellae ; the ancient baths are referred to by Paulus Diaconus and the chronicler Liutprand of Cremona . In 1870 Giovanni Ceruti designed a small pavilion, known as La Bollente , for the spot at the centre of the town where the water temperature up to 75 °C (167 °F). During the Roman period,

52-524: Is twinned with: The city of Acqui was the namesake for the 33rd Infantry Division "Acqui" of the Royal Italian Army , which was active during World War II . Paulus Diaconus Paul the Deacon ( c. 720s – 13 April in 796, 797, 798, or 799 AD), also known as Paulus Diaconus , Warnefridus , Barnefridus , or Winfridus , and sometimes suffixed Cassinensis ( i.e. "of Monte Cassino "),

78-595: Is his Historia Langobardorum , an incomplete history in six books that he wrote after 787 but no later than 795–96. It covers the history of the Langobards from their legendary origins in the north (in "Scadinavia") and their subsequent migrations—notably to Italy in 568–69—to the death of King Liutprand in 744. The books contain much information about the Eastern Roman Empire , the Franks, and other peoples. The history

104-469: Is written from a Lombardian point of view and is especially valuable for its depictions of the relations between the Franks and the Lombards. It begins: The region of the north, in proportion as it is removed from the heat of the sun and is chilled with snow and frost, is so much the more healthful to the bodies of men and fitted for the propagation of nations, just as, on the other hand, every southern region,

130-568: The Historia Langobardorum in the Monumenta ; poems and epitaphs edited by Ernst Dümmler were published in the Poetae latini aevi carolini , Band i. (Berlin, 1881). Fresher material having come to light, a newer edition of the poems ( Die Gedichte des Paulus Diaconus ) was edited by Karl Neff (Munich, 1908). Neff denied, however, that Paul had written the most famous poem in the collection,

156-911: The Scriptures , from ecclesiastical historians, and from other sources with the writings of Eutropius. The six books he ultimately added thus carried Lombardian history down to 553. This work, which was very popular during the Middle Ages, has value for its early historical presentation of the end of the Roman Empire in Western Europe . It was edited by Hans Droysen and published in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores antiquissimi series, Band ii. (1879) as well as by A. Crivellucci, in Fonti per la storia d' Italia , N° 51 (1914). At

182-548: The Talmud in 1553, and protecting them from civilian mob violence. In 1570, however, Jews were required to wear the yellow badge ; in the 16th and 17th centuries, the community experienced restrictions such as being forbidden to appear in public on feast days. In 1848, the Jewish ghetto was abolished, which included the destruction of the old synagogue . In 1881, a new synagogue was construction, which still stands, as of 2024. Acqui Terme

208-551: The Eastern Alps, fighting in person during the battles. Ratchis denique aput Foroiuli dux, ut dixeramus, effectus, in Carniolam Sclavorum patriam cum suis ingressus, magnam multitudinem Sclavorum interficiens, eorum omnia devastavit. He became king of the Lombards in 744, after the deposition of Hildeprand , most likely with the support of the more autonomous Lombard dukes. Ratchis ruled initially in peace, in particular with

234-585: The Great has also been attributed to Paul, and he is credited with a Latin translation of the Greek Life of Saint Mary the Egyptian . Attribution: [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Paul the Deacon ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Ratchis Ratchis (died after 757)

260-570: The Langobards is Paul's Historia Romana ; this is a continuation of Eutropius 's Breviarium , which covers the period 364–553 CE. Paul compiled the Historia Romana at Benevento between 766 and 771. He is said to have advised Adelperga to read Eutropius; she did, but complained that this pagan writer said nothing about ecclesiastical affairs and stopped with the accession of the Emperor Valens in 364. Consequently, Paul interwove extracts from

286-506: The assembly's decision, but soon was forced to take refuge in Rome . He later entered the abbey of Montecassino with his family. Following Aistulf's passing in 756, Ratchis fought to reclaim the throne. He was able to gain control of the royal palace in Pavia with the support of several Lombard nobles, but was defeated by the duke of Tuscany , Desiderius , who had the support of Pope Stephen II and

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312-450: The city during that conquest. Eventually he entered a monastery on Lake Como , and before 782 he entered the great Benedictine house of Monte Cassino , where he made the acquaintance of Charlemagne. Around 776, Paul's brother Arichis was carried off to Francia as a prisoner after a revolt in Friuli. When Charlemagne visited Rome five years later, Paul wrote to him on behalf of Arichis, who

338-538: The consul killed thousands of them, reduced the other Gauls to slavery, and began to organize the sale of slaves from the population. Some of them were transferred to the north of the Po , but others survived free in small villages in the surrounding areas that remained outside of Roman rule. In 2008 a necropolis was found in the nearby town of Montabone. The remains show that the Statielli conserved their own customs and traditions for

364-448: The entire the first century B.C., and likely after. While controlled by Rome, an important town was built over Carystum, known for the natural thermal waters and spas. The remains of the aqueduct which supplied the waters and springs can still be found near the center of the town, along the river Bormida . In the 6th century, Acqui became part of the Lombard kingdom of northern Italy. It

390-514: The hymn to St.  John the Baptist Ut queant laxis , which Guido of Arezzo set to a melody that had previously been used for Horace 's Ode 4.11 . From the initial syllables of the first verses of the resultant setting, Guido then took the names of the first notes of the musical scale. Paul also wrote an epitome , which has survived, of Sextus Pompeius Festus 's De verborum significatu , which he dedicated to Charlemagne. While Paul

416-535: The nearer it is to the heat of the sun, the more it abounds in diseases and is less fitted for the bringing up of the human race. Among Paul's sources were the document called the Origo gentis Langobardorum , the Liber pontificalis , the lost history of Secundus of Trent , and the lost annals of Benevento . He also heavily drew upon the works of Bede , Gregory of Tours , and Isidore of Seville . Related to his history of

442-590: The neighboring Byzantine -ruled exarchate of Ravenna . However, perhaps pushed by more traditional parties among his followers, in 749 he invaded the Duchy of the Pentapolis and besieged Perugia . Pope Zachary convinced him to lift the siege, but this further reduced his prestige among the dukes, who deposed him later year at an assembly in Milan . His brother Aistulf succeeded him. Ratchis initially tried to raise opposition to

468-465: The region was connected by road with Alba Pompeia and Augusta Taurinorum ( Turin ) and was populated by the local Celto- Ligurian tribe of the Statielli . The region was subject to Roman rule after their main center, Carystum (Acqui Terme), was attacked in 173 BC by the legions led by the consul Marcus Popilius Laenas . The Statielli did not oppose resistance, but in contravention of the Roman law of war,

494-525: The request of Angilram , Bishop of Metz (d. 791), Paul wrote a history of the bishops of Metz to 766, the first work of its kind north of the Alps . This was translated into English in 2013 as Liber de episcopis Mettensibus . He also wrote many letters, verses, and epitaphs, including those of Duke/Prince Arichis II of Benevento and of many members of the Carolingian family. Some of these letters were published with

520-549: The rudiments of Greek from a teacher named Flavian. Paul was probably the secretary of the Lombard king Desiderius , a successor of Ratchis. After Desiderius's daughter Adelperga had married Arichis II, duke of Benevento , Paul, at her request, wrote his continuation of Eutropius 's Summary of Roman History ( Latin : Breviarium Historiae Romanae ). He lived at the court of Benevento for at least several years before 774, when Charlemagne captured Pavia, and he may have fled

546-421: The ruined fortunes of his house. The grandson of the younger Leupichis was Warnefrid, who by his wife Theodelinda became the father of Paul. Paulus was his monastic name; he was born Winfrid, son of Warnefrid, about 720 in the Duchy of Friuli . Thanks to the possible noble status of his family, Paul received an exceptionally good education, probably at the court of the Lombard king Ratchis in Pavia , learning

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572-515: Was a Benedictine monk , scribe , and historian of the Lombards . An ancestor of Paulus's named Leupichis emigrated to Italy in 568 in the train of Alboin , King of the Lombards. There, he was granted lands at or near Forum Julii ( Cividale del Friuli ). During an invasion by the Avars , Leupichis's five sons were carried away to Pannonia , but one of them, his namesake, returned to Italy and restored

598-502: Was in Francia, Charlemagne asked him to compile a collection of homilies . Paul granted this request after returning to Monte Cassino; the compilation was largely used in the Frankish churches. Paul also composed two important homilies In Assumptione , in the second of which, unlike Ambrose Autpert , he admits the possibility of Mary's bodily assumption into heaven. A life of Pope Gregory

624-623: Was ruled by its bishop from 978, becoming an independent commune in 1135. In 1278 it was annexed to the Marquisate of Montferrat , to which it belonged until the acquisition by the Duchy of Savoy . It was connected by a railway line to Genoa in 1892. Jews first settled in Acqui in the 15th century. Initially, the Gonzaga dynasty was benevolent towards them, refusing to comply with the Papal order to confiscate

650-558: Was the Duke of Friuli (739–744) and then King of the Lombards (744–749). Ratchis was the son of Duke Pemmo of Friuli and the nephew of the Lombard king Liutprand , who, despite his history of strife with Pemmo, appointed Ratchis to succeed his father in 737. Ratchis was married to a Roman woman named Tassia. During his rule of Friuli, he launched an expedition against the Slavs in Carniola , across

676-540: Was then freed. After Paul's literary achievements had drawn the attention of Charlemagne , he became an important contributor to the Carolingian Renaissance . In 787 he returned to Monte Cassino, where he died on 13 April probably in the year 799. His epithet Diaconus indicates that he took orders as a deacon ; and some believe he was a monk before the fall of the Lombard Kingdom . Paul's chief work

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