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120-515: The appointment of Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) in India is governed by state laws and regulations. The process typically involves promotion from lower ranks within the Indian Police Service (IPS) or, in some cases, deputation from other services. To be eligible for appointment as an ADGP, an officer must typically: The selection process often involves: The appointment of ADGPs

240-699: A Public interest litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court , asking for the Court to direct governments to implement the recommendations of the National Police Commission. The Supreme Court directed the government to set up a committee to review the commission's recommendations, and thus the Ribeiro Committee was formed. The committee, under the leadership of Julio Ribeiro , a former chief of police, sat over 1998 and 1999, and produced two reports. In 2000,

360-490: A brigadier , and similar ranks in the Indian Armed Forces , as per a central warrant of precedence issued in 1937. In 1902–03, a police commission was established to recommend reforms under Sir Andrew Fraser and Lord Curzon . It recommended the appointment of Indians as officers in the police. Previously, Indians could rise only to the rank of an inspector, the senior N.C.O. position. However they were not part of

480-583: A Model Police Act to the union government in late 2006. In 1996, Prakash Singh (a former chief of Assam Police and Uttar Pradesh Police and subsequently Director General of the Border Security Force ) initiated a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court of India , asking the court to investigate measures to reform the police forces across India to ensure the proper rule of law and improve security across India. The Supreme Court studied various reports on police reforms. Finally, in 2006,

600-455: A bench of Justice Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal , Justice C. K. Thakker and Justice P.K. Balasubramanyan ordered the state governments to implement several reforms in police force. Several measures were identified as necessary to professionalise the police in India: In 2006, due to a lack of action by all the state governments, the Supreme Court ordered the state governments to report to it why

720-570: A certainty, like many of Curzon's other friends, that Curzon would inevitably become Foreign Secretary : he wrote to Curzon in 1891, 'When you are Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs I hope you will restore the vanished glory of England, lead the European concert, decide the fate of nations, and give me three months' leave instead of two'. Old texts state that he spent few months in a cottage in Dehradun, India. Though exact records are not available there

840-559: A few would be given officer commissions in the Indian Army but these commissions were "special commissions" which did not empower their holders to command any troops. Predictably, this was a major stumbling block to the ICC's success, as it caused much resentment among former cadets. Though the ICC closed in 1914, it was a crucial stage in the drive to Indianise the Indian Army's officer corps, which

960-405: A firm and happy marriage: Mary Irene , who inherited her father's Barony of Ravensdale and was created a life peer in her own right; Cynthia Blanche , who became the first wife of the fascist politician Sir Oswald Mosley ; and Alexandra Naldera ("Baba"), Curzon's youngest daughter; she married Edward Fruity Metcalfe , the best friend, best man and equerry of Edward VIII . Mosley exercised

1080-656: A hereditary peer, although he later took to signing himself "Curzon of Kedleston"). A difference of opinion with Kitchener regarding the status of the military member of the Viceroy's Executive Council (who controlled army supply and logistics, which Kitchener wanted under his own control), led to a controversy in which Curzon failed to obtain the support of the home government. He resigned in August 1905 and returned to England. A major famine coincided with Curzon's time as viceroy in which 1 to 4.5 million people died. Curzon implemented

1200-442: A limited period, after which one has to invariably return to the cadre allotted to him or her. From 2008 to 2017 IPS officers were allotted to state cadres at the beginning of their service. There was one cadre for each Indian state, except for two joint cadres: Assam – Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh – Goa – Mizoram – Union Territories (AGMUT). The "insider-outsider ratio" (ratio of officers who were posted in their home states)

1320-521: A master’s degree in criminal justice management from NALSAR University of Law. The Union Government announced a new cadre allocation policy for the All India Services in August 2017, touting it as a policy to ensure national integration of the bureaucracy as officers and ensure the All-India character of the services. Under the new policy, the existing 26 cadres have been divided into five zones in

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1440-686: A metal corset for the remainder of his life. Curzon was President of the Union and Secretary of the Oxford Canning Club (a Tory political club named after George Canning ), but as a consequence of the extent of his time-expenditure on political and social societies, he failed to achieve a first class degree in Greats , although he subsequently won both the Lothian Prize Essay and the Arnold Prize,

1560-540: A number of commissions to inquire into education, irrigation, police and other branches of administration, on whose reports legislation was based during his second term of office as viceroy. Reappointed Governor-General in August 1904, he presided over the 1905 partition of Bengal . In 'Lion and the Tiger ;: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947', Denis Judd wrote: "Curzon had hoped… to bind India permanently to

1680-587: A policy of forceful control mingled with conciliation. In response to what he called "a number of murderous attacks upon Englishmen and Europeans", Curzon advocated at the Quetta Durbar extremely draconian punishments which he believed would stop what he viewed as such especially abominable crimes. In his own private correspondence, Curzon pondered "Is it possible, under the law, to flog these horrible scoundrels before we execute them? Supposing we remove them for execution to another and distant jail, could we flog them in

1800-525: A preference for all the cadres is indicated by the candidate. The preference for the zones/cadres remains in the same order and no change is permitted. Officers continue to work in the cadre they are allotted or are deputed to the Government of India . Till 2008 there was no system of preference of state cadre by the candidates; the candidates, if not placed in the insider vacancy of their home states, were allotted to different states in alphabetical order of

1920-421: A strain on their marriage. Letters written between them in the early 1920s imply that they still lived together, and remained devoted to each other. In 1923, Curzon was passed over for the office of Prime Minister partly on the advice of Arthur Balfour , who joked that Curzon "has lost the hope of glory but he still possesses the means of Grace" (a humorous allusion to the well known "General Thanksgiving" prayer of

2040-480: A strange fascination for the Curzon women: Irene had a brief romance with him before either were married; Baba became his mistress; and Curzon's second wife, Grace , had a long affair with him. Curzon, in 1901, had famously said, "As long as we rule India we are the greatest power in the world. If we lose it, we shall drop straightaway to a third-rate power." In January 1899 Curzon was appointed as Viceroy of India . He

2160-487: A term for extrajudicial killings by the police supposedly in self-defense. IPS officers have complained of high levels of stress due to long work hours and unrealistic demands of political bosses. Retired Director General of Police in Uttar Pradesh Vikram Singh believes job discontent is a combination of "no holidays, lack of sleep, the sinking feeling of failure, public treatment of policemen with contempt,

2280-466: A united India if you do not have good All-India Service which has the independence to speak out its mind, which has sense of security that you will standby your work... If you do not adopt this course, then do not follow the present Constitution. Substitute something else... these people are the instrument. Remove them and I see nothing, but a picture of chaos all over the country. In 1861, the Parliament of

2400-450: A valuable defensive buffer to India from Russian encroachment. Years later Curzon would lament that "Persia has alternatively advanced and receded in the estimation of British statesmen, occupying now a position of extravagant prominence, anon one of unmerited obscurity." On 22 April 1895, Curzon married Mary Victoria Leiter , the eldest daughter and co-heiress of Levi Leiter , an American millionaire of Swiss descent, who co-founded

2520-409: A variety of measures, including opening up famine relief works that fed between 3 and 5 million, reducing taxes and spending vast amounts of money on irrigation works. In Late Victorian Holocausts , the historian Mike Davis criticised Curzon for cutting back rations and raising relief eligibility. At the time, Curzon stated that "any government which imperiled the financial position of India in

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2640-526: A withdrawal from Batum early in June 1920. For the rest of 1920 Curzon, supported by Milner (Colonial Secretary), argued that Britain should retain control of Persia. When Wilson asked (15 July 1920) to pull troops out of Persia to put down the rebellions in Iraq and Ireland , Lloyd George blocked the move, saying that Curzon "would not stand it". In the end, financial retrenchment forced a British withdrawal from Persia in

2760-841: Is a civil service under the All India Services . It replaced the Indian Imperial Police in 1948, a year after India became independent from the British Empire . Along with the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Forest Service (IFS), the IPS is part of the All India Services – its officers are employed by both the Union Government and by individual states . The service provides leadership to various state and central police forces, including

2880-432: Is a federalism in India . But generally the following pattern is observed. IPS officers are appointed on the basis of either Civil Service Examination or promoted from the state police service cadre (state civil service officers) . Vacancy in an IPS cadre are determined on the basis of vacancy on an Superintendent of Police rank. Consequently, there are two level of gradations for SP rank. These are level 11 and 12 as per

3000-514: Is a road named after him there (probably near his erstwhile cottage). During his youth years, Curzon regularly attended debates at the House of Commons. Curzon became Assistant Private Secretary to the Marquess of Salisbury in 1885, and in 1886 entered Parliament as Member for Southport in south-west Lancashire . His maiden speech , which was chiefly an attack on home rule and Irish nationalism ,

3120-502: Is in the hands of their seniors. When the seniors surrender their authority by complying with requests from politicians, corruption increases, and the investigation of crime in sensitive cases is based not on facts and law but on the wishes and interests of the politician in power. Members of one of the two most elite services in the country (the other being the Indian Administrative Service), IPS officers are arguably

3240-521: Is maintained as 1:2, with one-third of the direct recruits as 'insiders' from the same state. The rest were posted as outsiders according to the 'roster' in states other than their home states, as per their preference. Additional deputy commissioner of police in police commissionerates in Delhi , Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal Though the standard uniform colour is khaki, the ranks, posts and designations of IPS officers vary from state to state as law and order

3360-417: Is often subject to political interference, which can undermine its independence and impartiality. Political pressure can influence the decision-making process, compromise investigations, and create a lack of trust in the police among the public. The ambition of the senior IPS officers to occupy posts of importance is a major contributory factor to the politicization. The appointment of subordinate police officers

3480-454: Is typically made by the state government. According to Section 5 of the Police Act in some states: The State Government may appoint one or more Additional Director Generals, Inspector Generals, Deputy and Assistant Inspector Generals of Police as necessary. The exact number of ADGP positions can vary by state, depending on the size and needs of the police force. For example, as of January 2024,

3600-509: The 1911 Parliament Crisis . The Prime Minister thought him overly pompous and self-important, and it was said that he used him as if he were using a Rolls-Royce to deliver a parcel to the station; Lloyd George said much later that Winston Churchill treated his ministers in a way that Lloyd George would never have treated his: "They were all men of substance — well, except Curzon." Multiple drafts of resignation letters written at this time were found upon Curzon's death. Despite their antagonism,

3720-634: The Central Armed Police Forces ( BSF , SSB , CRPF , CISF , and ITBP ), the National Security Guard (NSG), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Special Protection Group (SPG), National Investigation Agency (NIA), and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). There is no alternative to this administrative system... The Union will go, you will not have

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3840-627: The Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) General William Robertson sent Haig a biting description of the members of the War Cabinet, who he said were all frightened of Lloyd George; he described Curzon as "a gasbag". During the crisis of February 1918, Curzon was one of the few members of the government to support Robertson, threatening in vain to resign if he were removed. Despite his opposition to women's suffrage (he had been co-president of

3960-641: The Curzon Line . He also oversaw the division of the British Mandate of Palestine and the creation of the Emirate of Transjordan , and was the chief Allied negotiator of the 1922 Treaty of Lausanne which defined the borders of modern Turkey . In 1921, he was created a marquess . On Bonar Law 's retirement as Prime Minister in 1923, Curzon was a contender for the office but was passed over in favour of Stanley Baldwin . He remained as Foreign Secretary until 1924 when

4080-536: The Indian Imperial Police . From 1920 onward, the Indian Imperial Police was open to Indians and the entrance examination for the service was conducted both in India and England. Prior to Independence, senior police officers belonging to the Imperial Police (IP) were appointed by the secretary of state on the basis of a competitive examination. The first open civil service examination for admittance to

4200-637: The National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage ), the House of Lords voted conclusively in its favour. After a long affair with the romantic novelist Elinor Glyn , Curzon married the former Grace Elvina Hinds in January 1917. She was the wealthy Alabama -born widow of Alfredo Huberto Duggan (died 1915), a first-generation Irish Argentinian appointed to the Argentine Legation in London in 1905. Elinor Glyn

4320-489: The Taj Mahal , and sent a British expedition to Tibet to counter Russian ambitions. He also presided over the 1905 Partition of Bengal . Curzon later came into conflict with Lord Kitchener , Commander-in-Chief, India , over issues of military organisation. Unable to secure the backing of the government in London, he resigned later that year and returned to England. In 1907, Curzon became Chancellor of Oxford University , and

4440-501: The Treaty of Lhasa was signed in September 1904. During his tenure, Curzon undertook the restoration of the Taj Mahal and expressed satisfaction that he had done so. Curzon was influenced by Hindu philosophy and quoted: India has left a deeper mark upon the history the philosophy and the religion of mankind than any other terrestrial unit in the universe. Within India, Curzon appointed

4560-420: The 12th century. His mother, exhausted by childbirth, died when George was 16; her husband survived her by 41 years. Neither parent exerted a major influence on Curzon's life. Scarsdale was an austere and unindulgent father who believed that landowners should stay on their land and not indefinitely tour the world for pleasure. He disapproved of the journeys across Asia between 1887 and 1895 which made his son one of

4680-722: The 1920s the Foreign Office was often a passive participant in decisions which were mainly reactive and dominated by the prime minister. The creation of the job of Colonial Secretary , the Cabinet Office and the League of Nations added to the Foreign Office's insecurity. After nine months as acting Secretary while Balfour was at the Paris Peace Conference , Curzon was appointed Foreign Secretary in October 1919. He gave his name to

4800-858: The 19th century through the early 20th century. In 1879 Russia had begun construction of the Transcaspian Railway along the Silk Road , officially solely to enforce local control. The line starts from the city of Kyzyl-Su, formerly Krasnovodsk (nowadays Turkmenbashi ) (on the Caspian Sea ), travels southeast along the Karakum Desert , through Ashgabat , continues along the Kopet Dagh Mountains until it reaches Tejen . Curzon dedicated an entire chapter in his book Russia in Central Asia to discussing

4920-673: The Baldwin government fell, and died a year later at the age of 66. Curzon was the eldest son and the second of the eleven children of Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale (1831–1916), who was the Rector of Kedleston in Derbyshire. George's mother was Blanche (1837–1875), the daughter of Joseph Pocklington Senhouse of Netherhall in Cumberland. He was born at Kedleston Hall , built on the site where his family, who were clergyman and priests, had lived since

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5040-593: The British government's proposed Soviet-Polish boundary, the Curzon Line of December 1919. Although during the subsequent Polish-Soviet War , Poland conquered territory in the east , after World War II , Poland was shifted westwards, leaving the border between Poland and its eastern neighbours today approximately at the Curzon Line. Curzon was largely responsible for the Peace Day ceremonies on 19 July 1919. These included

5160-466: The British to administer efficiently but actually his intention was to divide Bengalis into religious and territorial grounds to weaken the growing nationalism in Bengal. He said, "Partition of Bengal is a settled fact and what is settled cannot be unsettled." Huge protest ( Swadeshi movement ) was seen from every corner of Bengal and on 1911 this so-called "settled fact" became "unsettled" by Lord Hardinge . It

5280-613: The British withdrew from Baku (the small British naval presence was also withdrawn from the Caspian Sea), at the end of August 1919 leaving only three battalions at Batum. In January 1920 Curzon insisted that British troops remain in Batum, against the wishes of Wilson and the Prime Minister. In February, while Curzon was on holiday, Wilson persuaded the Cabinet to allow withdrawal, but Curzon had

5400-505: The Chicago department store Field & Leiter (later Marshall Field ). Initially, he had just married her for her wealth so he could save his estate, but he developed feelings for her. Mary had a long and nearly fatal illness near the end of summer 1904, from which she never really recovered. Falling ill again in July 1906, she died on the 18th of that month in her husband's arms, at the age of 36. It

5520-719: The Church of England, which thanks God for "the means of grace, and for the hope of glory"). In 1917, Curzon bought Bodiam Castle in East Sussex, a 14th-century building that had been gutted during the English Civil War . He restored it extensively, and then bequeathed it to the National Trust . From 1915 he also rented Montacute House as a residence for himself and Elinor Glyn. Curzon did not have David Lloyd George 's support. Curzon and Lloyd George had disliked one another since

5640-760: The County of Derby, with the normal remainder, all in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . He became involved with saving Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire , from destruction. This experience strengthened his resolve for heritage protection. He was one of the sponsors of the Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act 1913 . He served as President of the Committee commissioning the Survey of London which documented

5760-466: The European community in India by pressing for severe punishment for Europeans who had attacked Indians. On two occasions, he imposed collective punishment on British Army units which had attacked Indians: when soldiers of the West Kent Regiment raped a Burmese woman, he had the whole regiment exiled to Aden without leave. He later imposed similar punishment on the 9th Queen's Royal Lancers for

5880-577: The Foreign Secretary should be non-partisan, he would objectively present all the information on a subject to the Cabinet, as if placing faith in his colleagues to reach the appropriate decision. Conversely, Curzon would take personally and respond aggressively to any criticism. It has been suggested that Curzon's defensiveness reflected institutional insecurity by the Foreign Office as a whole. During

6000-440: The IPS, has been a subject of criticism and public debate for many years. It is seen as a reflection of the country's broader issue of social and political inequality. One manifestation of VIP culture within the IPS is the deployment of police personnel for personal security and escort duties even their personal needs for senior IPS officers. These personnel are often diverted from their regular law enforcement duties, which can affect

6120-515: The IPS. There are a lot of incidents were Misuse of Power by IPS officers in India. In a notable incident in Kochi, there was an alarming misuse of government vehicles and police personnel during the marriage ceremony of an IPS officer. This incident raised concerns as several government-owned vehicles, belonging to the Kerala police, were utilized as a shuttle service for the wedding festivities. Additionally, some police officers were deployed as valets to assist with carrying luggage and other items for

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6240-439: The Indian Police Service (IPS) refers to a phenomenon where certain individuals, especially those holding positions of power or influence, receive preferential treatment or special privileges from the police force. This culture often results in the diversion of police resources and manpower towards catering to the needs and demands of these individuals, often at the expense of the general public. VIP culture in India, including within

6360-491: The Indian Police Service is 4920. (3270 Direct Recruitment Posts and 1650 Promotional Posts). The Civil List of IPS officers is an updated (annual) list maintained by the Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India that lists the posting details of all IPS officers in India. This Civil List can be accessed from the MHA website . It allows searching for an IPS officer based on their name, Batch, or Cadre. After completion of almost 2 years training, IPS probationers are awarded

6480-400: The Liberal government's proposal to abolish the legislative veto of the House of Lords, and in 1911 was created Baron Ravensdale , of Ravensdale in the County of Derby, with remainder (in default of heirs male) to his daughters, Viscount Scarsdale , of Scarsdale in the County of Derby, with remainder (in default of heirs male) to the heirs male of his father, and Earl Curzon of Kedleston , in

6600-464: The Persian Question , written in 1892, has been considered Curzon's magnum opus and can be seen as a sequel to Russia in Central Asia. Curzon was commissioned by The Times to write several articles on the Persian political environment, but while there he decided to write a book on the country as whole. This two-volume work covers Persia's history and governmental structure, as well as graphics, maps and pictures (some taken by Curzon himself). Curzon

6720-486: The Punjab Police had 28 officers at the ADGP rank. ADGPs are typically assigned to oversee specific aspects of policing or geographical zones within the state. Common responsibilities include: The exact duties may vary depending on the specific posting and the needs of the state police force. This article about government in India is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Indian Police Service The Indian Police Service ( abbr. IPS )

6840-423: The Raj. Ironically, his partition of Bengal, and the bitter controversy that followed, did much to revitalize Congress . Curzon, typically, had dismissed the Congress in 1900 as 'tottering to its fall'. But he left India with Congress more active and effective than at any time in its history." Curzon was determined to address the British maltreatment of Indians. In particular, he incurred the displeasure of many in

6960-529: The Seventh Pay Commission. Resultantly, IPS officers remain on the rank on SP till the 13th year after which they are eligible for being promoted as Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP). ASP rank is the junior most rank on an IPS state cadre. Consequently, fresh recruits to IPS are variously posted as Assistant Superintendent of Police in a supernumerary capacity (only for training purpose for two years and after that for 1 year) till they are formally placed as Superintendent of Police In-Charge of an area (when they get

7080-811: The Supreme Court passed an order nationwide in December 2022 to all Police Departments to stop moral policing. In 2019, Ministry of Home Affairs said it never recognized or approved the formation of IPS (Central) Association, and the police force does not have the right to form any association without the permission of the federal Government of India . George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston , KG , GCSI , GCIE , PC , FRS , FRGS , FBA (11 January 1859 – 20 March 1925), styled The Honourable between 1858 and 1898, then known as The Lord Curzon of Kedleston between 1898 and 1911, and The Earl Curzon of Kedleston between 1911 and 1921,

7200-399: The Tamil Nadu cadre, was accused of engaging in custodial torture at Ambasamudram police station in Tirunelveli district. The allegations against the IPS officer included forcefully extracting the teeth of approximately ten individuals and repeatedly assaulting at least two of them in their genital areas while they were in custody. Some IPS officers have been convicted of fake encounters ,

7320-406: The United Kingdom introduced the Indian Councils Act, 1861 . The act created the foundation of a modern and professional police bureaucracy in India. It introduced a new cadre of police, called Superior Police Services , later known as the Indian Imperial Police . The highest rank in the service was the inspector general for each province. The rank of inspector general was equated to that of

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7440-488: The capital's principal buildings and public art. On 5 May 1914, he spoke out against a bill in the House of Lords that would have permitted women who already had the right to vote in local elections the right to vote for members of Parliament. Curzon joined the Cabinet, as Lord Privy Seal , when Asquith formed his coalition in May 1915. Like other politicians (e.g. Austen Chamberlain , Arthur Balfour ) Curzon favoured British Empire efforts in Mesopotamia , believing that

7560-484: The current roles and functions of an Indian Police Service Officer are as follows: IPS officers are recruited from Civil Services Examination conducted by UPSC . They are also promoted from State Police Services and DANIPS . However, at present, recruitment from Limited Competitive Examination has been put on hold. The training of IPS officer recruits is conducted at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy in Hyderabad . The authorized cadre strength of

7680-422: The day after Curzon returned to England. In deference to the wishes of the King and the advice of his doctors, Curzon did not stand in the general election of 1906 and thus found himself excluded from public life for the first time in twenty years. It was at this time, the nadir of his career, that Mary died. After the death of Lord Goschen in 1907, the post of Chancellor of Oxford University fell vacant. Curzon

7800-434: The decision reversed on his return, although to Curzon's fury (he thought it "abuse of authority") Wilson gave Milne permission to withdraw if he deemed it necessary. At Cabinet on 5 May 1920 Curzon "by a long-winded jaw" (in Wilson's description) argued for a stay in Batum. After a British garrison at Enzeli (on the Persian Caspian coast) was taken prisoner by Bolshevik forces on 19 May 1920, Lloyd George finally insisted on

7920-487: The failure of the police to uphold the rule of law . The need for police reform in India has long been recognised. There have been almost 30 years of debate and discussion by government-created committees and commissions on the way forward for police reform, but India remains saddled with an outdated and old-fashioned law, while report after report gathers dust on government bookshelves without implementation. Many committees on police reform have recommended major reforms in

8040-400: The field taking active part in maintaining law and order. IPS officers have been posted to various UN Missions and several have been awarded the United Nations Medal . Many exceptional IPS officers have been awarded with Padma awards from time to time. The First Police Commission, appointed on 17 August 1865, contained detailed guidelines for the desired system of police in India and defined

8160-402: The first jail before removal? I believe that if we could postpone the execution for a few weeks and give the criminal a few good public floggings – or even one, were more not possible – it would act as a real deterrent. But I have a suspicion that British law does not smile upon anything so eminently practical." The only major armed outbreak on this frontier during the period of his administration

8280-459: The following year he was elected to the House of Lords . During the First World War , he served in H. H. Asquith 's coalition cabinet as Lord Privy Seal , and from late 1916 he was Leader of the House of Lords and served in the war cabinet of Prime Minister David Lloyd George and the War Policy Committee . He was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in October 1919 and lent his name to Britain's proposed Soviet-Polish boundary,

8400-406: The government set up a third committee on police reform, this time under the stewardship of a former union home secretary, K. Padmanabhaiah . This Committee released its report in the same year. The Malimath Committee Report submitted in March 2003 has very articulately laid down the foundation of a restructured and reoriented police system. The committee in its report observed that the success of

8520-448: The guests. This incident highlights a misuse of power and resources, which is a matter of great concern. Such actions not only demonstrate a disregard for the proper usage of government assets but also raise questions regarding the principles of fairness and equality. In June 2023, an incident of alleged abuse of power by Tamil Nadu IPS officer came to light, resulting in his suspension. an assistant superintendent of police (ASP) from

8640-673: The high economic cost. Small British forces had twice occupied Baku on the Caspian in 1918, while an entire British division had occupied Batum on the Black Sea, supervising German and Turkish withdrawal. Against Curzon's wishes, but on the advice of Sir George Milne , the commander on the spot, the CIGS Sir Henry Wilson , who wanted to concentrate troops in Britain, Ireland, India, and Egypt, and of Churchill ( Secretary of State for War ),

8760-423: The impartiality and integrity of the police force. Some IPS officers have been accused of public corruption, money laundering, drug trafficking, and unjust use of power. There have been various instances of abuse of the public by officers. High-ranking officers often enjoy many luxuries for no cost. There is also opportunity to receive extra payment for doing specific tasks on the job. VIP culture within

8880-732: The increase in British prestige would discourage a German-inspired Muslim revolt in India. Curzon was a member of the Dardanelles Committee and told that body (October 1915) that the recent Salonika expedition was "quixotic chivalry". Early in 1916 Curzon visited Sir Douglas Haig (newly appointed Commander-in-Chief of British forces in France) at his headquarters in France. Haig was impressed by Curzon's brains and decisiveness, and considered that he had mellowed since his days as viceroy (Major-General Haig had been Inspector-General of Cavalry, India, at

9000-800: The indifference of political bosses and almost no connect with superiors". Professional stress ruins personal lives and leads to marital discord. The inability to balance professional and personal lives has led some IPS officers to commit suicide. The Indian Police Service officials have been criticized for acts of moral policing . Using sections 292 to 294 of the Indian Penal Code which are used to deal with obscenity, Police officers have often harassed citizens for several incidents such as celebrating Valentine's Day, indulging in Public Displays of Affection, and arresting consenting couples in private places. Following increasing incidents of such misconducts,

9120-463: The interests of prodigal philanthropy would be open to serious criticism; but any government which by indiscriminate alms-giving weakened the fibre and demoralized the self-reliance of the population, would be guilty of a public crime." Arthur Balfour 's refusal to recommend an earldom for Curzon in 1905 was repeated by Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman , the Liberal prime minister, who formed his government

9240-432: The latter for an essay on Sir Thomas More , about whom he knew little. In 1883, Curzon received the most prestigious fellowship at the university, a Prize Fellowship at All Souls College . While at Eton and at Oxford, Curzon was a contemporary and close friend of Cecil Spring Rice and Edward Grey . Spring Rice contributed, alongside John William Mackail , to the composition of a famous sardonic doggerel about Curzon that

9360-475: The meantime Curzon had travelled around the world: Russia and Central Asia (1888–1889); Persia (September 1889 – January 1890); Siam , French Indochina , China , Korea and Japan (1892); and a daring foray into Afghanistan and the Pamirs (1894–1895). He published several books describing central and eastern Asia and related foreign policy issues. A bold and compulsive traveller, driven by orientalism , he

9480-401: The most travelled men to be a member of any British cabinet. An influential presence in Curzon's childhood was that of his brutal, sadistic governess, Ellen Mary Paraman , whose tyranny in the nursery stimulated his combative qualities and encouraged the obsessional side of his nature. Paraman used to beat him and periodically forced him to parade through the village wearing a conical hat bearing

9600-406: The most visible face of the government, overseeing law and order, investigation, internal and border security, and intelligence, among other functions. IPS officers often encounter political interference in their day-to-day functioning. Politicians may attempt to influence police investigations, transfers, and postings for their interests or to fulfill political agendas. Such interference can undermine

9720-451: The murder of an Indian cook. Mahatma Gandhi lauded Curzon as the first viceroy to express sympathy for indentured Indian labourers and question why the system should continue. Curzon was especially concerned with the treatment of Indian emigrants to the Transvaal and Natal . After learning about the realities of labour conditions for indentured Indians, he deemed it impossible to defend

9840-497: The new policy by the Department of Personnel and Training of Government of India . Under the new policy, a candidate has to first give their choice in the descending order of preference from amongst the various Zones. Subsequently, the candidate has to indicate one preference of cadre from each preferred zone. The candidate indicates their second cadre preference for every preferred zone subsequently. The process continues till

9960-500: The oilfields at Abadan and watching the Afghan frontier – Curzon believed that British economic and military aid, sent via India, could prop up the Persian government and make her a British client state. The Anglo-Persian Agreement of August 1919 was never ratified and the British government rejected the plan as Russia had the geographical advantage and the defensive benefits would not justify

10080-404: The overall efficiency and effectiveness of the police force. VIP culture also extends to the use of special privileges such as flashing red or blue beacons on vehicles, known as "lal batti," which signify authority and grant the right-of-way on the roads. The practice of using sirens and escort vehicles to navigate through traffic, often at high speeds, is another common aspect of VIP culture within

10200-428: The pay of level 11 and level 12) and as district in charge (when they get the pay of level 12) (only in non-metropolitan districts). When the officers get promoted to the rank of SSP, some of them are posted as the district in-charge of metropolitan districts. India's police continue to be governed by a colonial police law passed in 1861. The Indian Constitution makes policing a state subject and therefore

10320-509: The perceived threat to British control of India. This railway connected Russia with the most wealthy and influential cities in Central Asia at the time, including the Persian Khorasan Province , and would allow the rapid deployment of Russian supplies and troops into the area. Curzon also believed that the resulting greater economic interdependence between Russia and Central Asia would be damaging to British interests. Persia and

10440-639: The plaster Cenotaph , designed by the noted architect Sir Edwin Lutyens , for the Allied Victory parade in London. It was so successful that it was reproduced in stone, and still stands. In 1918, during World War I, as Britain occupied Mesopotamia , Curzon tried to convince the Indian government to reconsider his scheme for Persia to be a buffer against Russian advances. British and Indian troops were in Persia protecting

10560-412: The police as a governmental department to enforce the law , maintain order and to detect and prevent crime across the region. The Indian Police Service is not a force but a service providing leaders and commanders to staff the state police and all-India Central Armed Police Forces . Its members are the senior officers of the police. With time Indian Police Service's objectives were updated and redefined,

10680-406: The police system coupled with systematic accountability . The National Police Commission was the first committee set up by the Government of India to report on policing. The National Police Commission began sitting in 1979, in the context of a post-Emergency India, and produced eight reports, including a Model Police Act, between 1979 and 1981. In 1996, two former senior police officers filed

10800-671: The previous occasion when it all started from 'H', then this time it would start from Himachal Pradesh). This highly intricate system, in vogue since the mid-1980s, had ensured that officers from different states were placed all over India. The system of permanent state cadres has also resulted in wide disparities in the kind of professional exposure for officers when we compare officers in small and big and also developed and backward states. Changes of state cadre are permitted on grounds of marriage to an All India Service officer of another state cadre or under other exceptional circumstances. The officer may go to their home state cadre on deputation for

10920-628: The reform measures outlined were not implemented. After being questioned in front of the judges of the Supreme Court , the state governments are finally starting to reform the police forces and give them the operational independence they need for fearless and proper law enforcement. Tamil Nadu Police has been in the forefront of application of the new referendum. Again, in October 2012, a Supreme Court bench of Chief Justice Altamas Kabir and justices S. S. Nijjar and Jasti Chelameswar asked all state governments and Union territories to inform about compliance of its September 2006 judgement. The order

11040-461: The region in which he detailed his geopolitical outlook and underlined the perceived Russian threat to British control of India. In 1891, Curzon was named Under-Secretary of State for India , and in 1899 he was appointed Viceroy of India. During his tenure, he pursued a number of reforms of the British administration , attempted to address the British maltreatment of Indians, undertook the restoration of

11160-510: The roster, beginning with the letters A, H, M, T for that particular year. For example, if in a particular year, the roster begins from 'A', which means the first candidate on the roster will go to the Andhra Pradesh state cadre of IPS, the next one to Bihar, and subsequently to Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, and so on in alphabetical order. The next year the roster starts from 'H', for either Haryana or Himachal Pradesh (if it has started from Haryana on

11280-495: The sanctioned strength. Despite having a very small cadre strength, many IPS officers have been awarded the highest gallantry awards (Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra). The current national security advisor of India, Ajit Doval, was an IPS officer who earned the Kirti Chakra for his gallant actions during operation Black Thunder. Though generally deployed in supervisory roles at senior levels, it is not uncommon for IPS officers to be in

11400-556: The secretary through examination. Therefore, 1907 could be regarded as the starting point for the IPS. In 1948, a year after India gained independence; the Imperial Police was formally replaced by the Indian Police Service. The Indian Police Service was created under Article 312(2), XIV of the Constitution of India . As per media reports, there is a massive shortage of IPS officers in India, amounting to nearly 19% to 22% of

11520-467: The service was held in England in June 1893 and the ten top candidates were appointed as probationers in the Indian Imperial Police . It is not possible to identify an exact date for when the Indian Police Service came formally into being. Around 1907, the secretary of state's officers were directed to wear the letters "IP" on their epaulettes in order to distinguish them from other officers not recruited by

11640-416: The state governments have the responsibility to provide their communities with a police service. However, after independence, most have adopted the 1861 Act without change, while others have passed laws heavily based on the 1861 Act. Repeated major incidents, like the 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder , 2020 Hathras gang rape and murder , as well as terrorist attacks such as the 2008 Mumbai attacks revealed

11760-524: The system in its current state, and committed to a stance of reform. In 1900, Curzon wrote an appeal to the Permanent Under-Secretary for India calling for indentured labourers to be treated better given their contribution to colonial defences, although this did not prompt immediate change. On 14 May 1903, he wrote a lengthy despatch to the India Office demanding full discretion to withdraw from

11880-463: The system of indentured labour if they would not concede to the proper treatment of Indian workers. He continued to champion this cause throughout his time as viceroy. Curzon proposed the Partition of Bengal and put it into effect on 16 October 1905 creating the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam . Behind this incident, his excuse was that the area of Bengal was too large and it was difficult for

12000-610: The time) and had lost "his old pompous ways". Curzon served in Lloyd George 's small War cabinet as Leader of the House of Lords from December 1916, and he also served on the War Policy Committee . With Allied victory over Germany far from certain, Curzon wrote a paper (12 May 1917) for the War Cabinet urging that Britain seize Palestine and possibly Syria. Like other members of the War Cabinet, Curzon supported further Western Front offensives lest, with Russian commitment to

12120-519: The two were often in agreement on government policy. Lloyd George needed the wealth of knowledge Curzon possessed so was both his biggest critic and, simultaneously, his largest supporter. Likewise, Curzon was grateful for the leeway he was allowed by Lloyd George when it came to handling affairs in the Middle East. Other cabinet ministers also respected his vast knowledge of Central Asia but disliked his arrogance and often blunt criticism. Believing that

12240-579: The war wavering, France and Italy be tempted to make a separate peace. At the War Policy Committee (3 October 1917) Curzon objected in vain to plans to redeploy two divisions to Palestine, with a view to advancing into Syria and knocking the Ottoman Empire out of the war altogether. Curzon's commitment wavered somewhat as the losses of the Third Battle of Ypres mounted. In the summer of 1917

12360-436: The whole process of Criminal Justice Administration depended completely on the proper functioning of the police organisation especially in the investigation stage. Apart from the investigation of offences, the police also have the duty of maintaining law and order. In 2005, the government put together a group to draft a new police act for India. It was headed by Soli Sorabjee (former attorney general ). The committee submitted

12480-453: The words liar , sneak , and coward . Curzon later noted, "No children well born and well-placed ever cried so much and so justly." He was educated at Wixenford School , Eton College , and Balliol College, Oxford . His over-intimate relationship at Eton College with Oscar Browning led to the latter's dismissal. A spinal injury incurred while riding during his adolescence was a lifelong impediment to Curzon that required him to wear

12600-558: Was a prominent British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905. Born in Derbyshire into an aristocratic family, Curzon was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford , before entering Parliament in 1886. In the following years he travelled extensively in Russia, Central Asia and the Far East , and published several books on

12720-550: Was abandoned and the Persian Gulf declared a neutral zone in the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, prompted in part by the high economic cost of defending India from Russian advances. At the end of 1903, Curzon sent a British expedition to Tibet under Francis Younghusband , ostensibly to forestall a Russian advance. After bloody conflicts with Tibet 's poorly armed defenders, the mission penetrated to Lhasa , where

12840-485: Was aided by General Albert Houtum-Schindler and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), both of which helped him gain access to material to which as a foreigner he would not have been entitled to have access. General Schindler provided Curzon with information regarding Persia's geography and resources, as well as serving as an unofficial editor. Curzon was appalled by his government's apathy towards Persia as

12960-549: Was already making agreements with local sheiks/tribal leaders along the Persian Gulf coast to this end. Curzon had convinced his government to establish Britain as the unofficial protector of Kuwait with the Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899 . The Lansdowne Declaration in 1903 stated that the British would counter any other European power's attempt to establish a military presence in the Gulf. Only four years later this position

13080-579: Was awarded the Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his exploration of the source of the Amu Darya (Oxus). His journeys allowed him to study the problems of Asia and their implications for British India , while reinforcing his pride in his nation and her imperial mission. Curzon believed Russia to be the most likely threat to British India , Britain's most valuable possession, from

13200-601: Was created a baron in the peerage of Ireland as Baron Curzon of Kedleston , in the County of Derby, on his appointment. (The title was "Curzon of Kedleston" rather than simply "Curzon" because his kinsmen the Earls Howe were already Viscounts and Barons Curzon.) As Viceroy, he was ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the Indian Empire and Order of the Star of India . This peerage

13320-538: Was created in the Peerage of Ireland (the last so created) so that he would be free, until his father's death, to re-enter the House of Commons on his return to Britain. Reaching India shortly after the suppression of the frontier risings of 1897–98 , he paid special attention to the independent tribes of the north-west frontier, inaugurated a new province called the North West Frontier Province , and pursued

13440-568: Was done in response to the Swadeshi movement's riots in protest against the policy but the partition animated the Muslims to form their own national organization along communal lines. Curzon took an active interest in military matters and in 1901 he founded the Imperial Cadet Corps , or ICC. The ICC was a corps d'elite, designed to give Indian princes and aristocrats military training, after which

13560-456: Was elected as Chancellor of Oxford after by 1,001 votes to 440 against Lord Rosebery . He proved to be an active chancellor – "[he] threw himself so energetically into the cause of university reform that critics complained he was ruling Oxford like an Indian province." In 1908, Curzon was elected an Irish representative peer , and thus relinquished any idea of returning to the House of Commons. In 1909–1910 he took an active part in opposing

13680-652: Was haltingly begun in 1917. Military organisation proved to be the final issue faced by Curzon in India. It often involved petty issues that had much to do with clashes of personality: Curzon once wrote on a document "I rise from the perusal of these papers filled with the sense of the ineptitude of my military advisers", and once wrote to the Commander-in-Chief, India , Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener , advising him that signing himself "Kitchener of Khartoum" took up too much time and space, which Kitchener thought petty (Curzon simply signed himself "Curzon" as if he were

13800-496: Was passed when Prakash Singh through his lawyer Prashant Bhushan said that many of the reforms (ordered by the Supreme Court) have yet not been implemented by many state governments. Due to the immense amount of power and responsibility that IPS officers hold, many issues occur when personal beliefs, desires, emotions, safety, and security are at play. One of the primary concerns is the issue of politicization. The police force

13920-621: Was published as part of The Balliol Masque , about which Curzon wrote in later life "never has more harm been done to one single individual than that accursed doggerel has done to me." It read: When Spring-Rice was assigned to the British Embassy to the United States in 1894–1895, he was suspected by Curzon of trying to prevent Curzon's engagement to the American Mary Leiter, whom Curzon nevertheless married. Spring Rice assumed for

14040-530: Was regarded in much the same way as his oratory at the Oxford Union : brilliant and eloquent but also presumptuous and rather too self-assured. Subsequent performances in the Commons , often dealing with Ireland or reform of the House of Lords (which he supported), received similar verdicts. He was Under-Secretary of State for India in 1891–1892 and Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1895–1898. In

14160-474: Was staying with Curzon at the time of the engagement and read about it in the morning newspapers. Grace had three children from her first marriage, two sons, Alfred and Hubert , and a daughter, Grace Lucille. Alfred and Hubert, as Curzon's step-sons, grew up within his influential circle. Curzon had three daughters from his first marriage, but he and Grace (despite fertility-related operations and several miscarriages) did not have any children together, which put

14280-639: Was the Mahsud-Waziri campaign of 1901. In the context of the Great Game between the British and Russian Empires for control of Central Asia, he held deep mistrust of Russian intentions. This led him to encourage British trade in Persia , and he paid a visit to the Persian Gulf in 1903. Curzon argued for an exclusive British presence in the Gulf, a policy originally proposed by John Malcolm . The British government

14400-489: Was the greatest personal loss of his life. She was buried in the church at Kedleston, where Curzon designed his memorial for her, a Gothic chapel added to the north side of the nave. Although he was neither a devout nor a conventional churchman, Curzon retained a simple religious faith; in later years he sometimes said that he was not afraid of death because it would enable him to join Mary in heaven. They had three daughters during

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