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73-651: The AAR system (like UIC) counts axles, unlike Whyte, which counts wheels. Letters refer to powered axles, and numbers to unpowered (or idler) axles. "A" refers to one powered axle, "B" to two powered axles in a row, "C" to three powered axles in a row, and "D" to four powered axles in a row. "1" refers to one idler axle, and "2" to two idler axles in a row. A dash ("–") separates trucks or wheel assemblies. A plus sign ("+") refers to articulation, either by connecting bogies with span bolsters or by connecting individual locomotives via solid drawbars instead of couplers . "1A-A1" means there are two trucks (or wheel assemblies) under

146-465: A dolly in a road train or in railway bogie exchange ). It may include suspension components within it (as most rail and trucking bogies do), or be solid and in turn be suspended (as are most bogies of tracked vehicles). It may be mounted on a swivel , as traditionally on a railway carriage or locomotive, additionally jointed and sprung (as in the landing gear of an airliner ), or held in place by other means (centreless bogies). Although bogie

219-479: A semi-trailer , whether permanently attached to the frame (as on a single trailer) or making up the dolly that can be hitched and unhitched as needed when hitching up a second or third semi-trailer (as when pulling doubles or triples ). Some tanks and other tracked vehicles have bogies as external suspension components (see armoured fighting vehicle suspension ). This type of bogie usually has two or more road wheels and some type of sprung suspension to smooth

292-455: A steam locomotive , the leading and trailing wheels may be mounted on bogies like Bissel trucks (also known as pony trucks ). Articulated locomotives (e.g. Fairlie , Garratt or Mallet locomotives) have power bogies similar to those on diesel and electric locomotives. A rollbock is a specialized type of bogie that is inserted under the wheels of a rail wagon/car, usually to convert for another track gauge . Transporter wagons carry

365-555: A bogie to guide the locomotive into curves while also supporting the smokebox was built by John B. Jervis in 1831. The concept took decades before it was widely accepted but eventually became a component of the vast majority of mainline locomotive designs. The first use of bogie coaches in Britain was in 1872 by the Festiniog Railway.The first standard gauge British railway to build coaches with bogies, instead of rigidly mounted axles,

438-515: A certain degree of rotational movement around a vertical axis pivot (bolster), with side bearers preventing excessive movement. More modern, bolsterless bogie designs omit these features, instead taking advantage of the sideways movement of the suspension to permit rotational movement. Modern diesel and electric locomotives are mounted on bogies. Those commonly used in North America include Type A , Blomberg , HT-C and Flexicoil trucks. On

511-700: A hinge. Examples include the Milwaukee Road EF-1 "Boxcab" electrics. "B+B-B+B" means there are four trucks under the unit. Within each truck, there are two powered axles, and pairs of them are connected by span bolsters . One example would be the General Electric U50 , built from 1963 to 1965. The 4500 horsepower (3.4 MW) turbine locomotives built by GE for Union Pacific also used this arrangement. The EFVM railway of Brazil uses narrow gauge GE "BB" locomotives with this arrangement, both with "standard" and wide cabs. A GE Dash 9-40BBW , for instance,

584-410: A pair of high-powered B-B locomotives on a common frame as far as traction and power was concerned). In fact, a usual consist of a D-D unit included a leading C-C unit and a trailing C-C unit, for a total of about 12,600 hp (9.4 MW) (with four total prime-movers). With today's higher horsepower C-C units (about 4,300 hp (3.2 MW) apiece), three such C-C units exceeds the total power of

657-430: A small rail car with axles at either end. The same effect that causes the bogies to rub against the rails at longer radius causes each of the pairs of wheels to rub on the rails and cause the screeching. Articulated bogies add a second pivot point between the two axles ( wheelsets ) to allow them to rotate to the correct angle even in these cases. In trucking , a bogie is the subassembly of axles and wheels that supports

730-623: A visually impressive car body for the Erie-built. The initial windshield configuration utilized rectangular glass panes, whereas those units manufactured after March, 1947 received windshields with a curved upper contour. The Union Pacific Railroad bought the first A-B-A set, which was delivered in December 1945. Subsequent engine troubles and a nine-month strike at the Beloit plant made it difficult to get repeat orders. The largest order came in 1947, when

803-490: Is "Four axle". "B-2-B" means there are three trucks. The center truck has two unpowered axles and the truck at each end has two powered axles. The locomotive frame must either articulate or allow for significant side play to be provided to the center truck. Examples of this type were built as light rail vehicles. "B-B-B" means there are three trucks. Each truck has two powered axles. The locomotive frame must either articulate or allow for significant side play to be provided to

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876-408: Is "Six axle". "1-C+C-1" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with one idler axle, and inboard of it are three powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The PRR FF1 and FF2 electric locomotives used this arrangement. "2-C+C-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under

949-523: Is a guiding truck with two idler axles, and inboard of this, and hinged to it, is a truck with three powered axles. The GE steam turbine-electric locomotives of 1939 were notable examples of this arrangement. "2-C1+2-C1-B" means there are five trucks. Only the first three axles on the four-axle trucks were powered, as were both axles in the last truck; the first and middle trucks had two unpowered axles each. The only examples of this arrangement were three unique coal -fired steam-turbine locomotives built by

1022-570: Is a narrow-gauge adaptation of the SD45 , which required additional axles due to using smaller traction motors. "2-D+D-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. Examples include the Baldwin DR-12-8-1500/2 "Centipede" diesel locomotives and

1095-740: Is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The Little Joes , Baldwin DR-12-8-1500/2 , and Baldwin 4-8+8-4-750/8-DE locomotives used this arrangement. "D-D" means there are two trucks each with four powered axles. Examples include the EMD DD units. D-D locomotives have fallen out of favor as nearly all of these were twin-engined locomotives, which placed too much horsepower in too few axles which made these consists rather inflexible (each locomotive featured two prime movers , making each unit essentially

1168-399: Is a wide cab GE Dash 9-40CW series 4,000 hp (3,000 kW) locomotive with a B+B-B+B wheel arrangement. The EMD SD70ACe-BB produced from 2015 onward also has a B+B-B+B arrangement. "B-B+B-B" means that the locomotive has four trucks. Each truck contains two powered axles. The middle pair of trucks are connected by a span bolster . In most cases, the locomotive is articulated over

1241-436: Is any one of a number of bogie designs that allow railway equipment to safely turn sharp corners, while reducing or eliminating the "screeching" normally associated with metal wheels rounding a bend in the rails. There are a number of such designs, and the term is also applied to train sets that incorporate articulation in the vehicle, as opposed to the bogies themselves. If one considers a single bogie "up close", it resembles

1314-460: Is located off-centre, so more than half the weight rests on the driving axle. The retractable stadium roof on Toronto's Rogers Centre used modified off-the-shelf train bogies on a circular rail. The system was chosen for its proven reliability. Rubber-tyred metro trains use a specialised version of railway bogies. Special flanged steel wheels are behind the rubber-tired running wheels, with additional horizontal guide wheels in front of and behind

1387-492: Is the preferred spelling and first-listed variant in various dictionaries, bogey and bogy are also used. A bogie in the UK, or a railroad truck , wheel truck , or simply truck in North America, is a structure underneath a railway vehicle (wagon, coach or locomotive) to which axles (hence, wheels) are attached through bearings . In Indian English , bogie may also refer to an entire railway carriage . In South Africa ,

1460-546: Is under the back of the unit, and has one idler axle. Examples include the three EMD LWT12 locomotives built by EMD in 1956. Twenty SD70ACe-P4 locomotives were built by EMD with a B1-1B arrangement that has two three axle trucks with each truck having two AC traction motors and one idler axle nearest the fuel tank. The locomotive was designed as an AC traction alternative to the SD70M-2 that uses three DC traction motors on each of two three axle trucks. Only BNSF ordered

1533-465: Is under the back of the unit, and has two idler axles in a row. Examples include the three lightweight RP-210 locomotives built by Baldwin in 1956 and 1957 for use with Pullman-Standard Train-X equipment. "B-A1A" means there are two trucks. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "A1A" truck is under the back of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. Examples include some of

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1606-587: Is under the front of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. The "3" truck is under the back of the unit, and has three idler axles in a row. An example is the Baldwin DR-6-2-10 1,000 hp (750 kW) cab unit, only one of which was built for the Chicago and North Western Railway in 1948. "A1A-A1A" means there are two trucks under the locomotive. Each truck has two powered axles, with an idler axle between them. This spreads

1679-528: Is under the front of the unit, and has three idler axles in a row. The "A1A" truck is under the rear of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. An example is the later built FM OP800 800 hp (600 kW) railcar, six of which were built by the St. Louis Car Company exclusively for the Southern Railway in 1939. "A1-1A" means there are two trucks or wheel assemblies under

1752-454: The ALCO PA and FA and EMD FT . F-M lacked the space and staff to design and manufacture large road locomotives in their own plant at Beloit, Wisconsin , and was concerned that waiting to develop the necessary infrastructure would cause them to miss out on the market opportunity for large road locomotives. Engineering and assembly work was subcontracted out to General Electric , which produced

1825-739: The Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway between 1947 and 1948. This locomotive is sometimes called the M-1. "C-C+C-C" means there are four trucks under the unit. Each truck has three powered axles. The only examples of this type were the 8500 horsepower (6.3 MW) turbine locomotives built by General Electric for Union Pacific . These locomotives consisted of two permanently coupled C-C units. "C+C-C+C" means there are four trucks. Each truck has three powered axles and pairs of them are connected by span bolsters . This arrangement

1898-813: The British Rail Class 28 are the only locomotives to use this wheel arrangement. "C-C" means there are two identical trucks. Each truck has three powered axles. Examples include the EMD SD (Special Duty), GMD GF6C , EMD GM6C , PRR E44 , GE E60 , Virginian EL-C and GE Evolution Series units, except the ES44C4 and ET44C4 which use the A1A-A1A wheel arrangement. This is a currently popular configuration used in low-speed, high-weight applications, such as unit coal trains. General ("manifest") freight trains also use C-C locomotives. See also Co-Co . An American colloquialism of "C-C"

1971-593: The Canadian Pacific Railway where they were incorporated into a quasi-portable CWR rail welding plant located at Smiths Falls, Ontario . These units were painted in a unique paint scheme almost identical to the Erie Lackawanna Railway 's but with Canadian Pacific lettering; these units having been acquired immediately prior to the CPR adopting the red and white CP Rail multi-mark paint scheme. Around 1990,

2044-916: The FM C-liners (most passenger units) built from 1950 to 1955, and the EMD FL9 . "B-B" means there are two identical trucks. Each truck has two powered axles, a currently popular configuration used in high-speed, low-weight applications such as intermodal trains and high-speed rail , as well as switcher locomotives . Examples include the EMD GP (General Purpose), EMD F-units , EMD SW1500 , Acela Express Power Cars , Siemens Charger , Siemens ACS-64 and GE Genesis units. High speed ("time") freight trains, with guaranteed schedules often use B-B locomotives of 3,800 HP (950 HP per axle), but this application, too, has largely been replaced by higher-powered, 4,500 HP C-C locomotives (750 HP per axle). An American colloquialism of "B-B"

2117-608: The GE " Little Joe " electric locomotives . "B-D+D-B" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two powered axles, and inboard of it are four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The W-1 class of electric locomotives built by General Electric for the Great Northern Railway used this arrangement. "1B+D+D+B1" means there are four sets of articulated axles under

2190-519: The Great Northern Z-1 electric locomotives (for the Cascade Tunnel electrification) used this arrangement. "2-D-2" means there are three trucks. At either end are trucks with two idler axles; the center truck has four powered axles. The PRR R1 electric locomotive used this arrangement. "2-D+D-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, theare

2263-601: The Pennsylvania Railroad ordered 16 three-unit A-B-A sets. Kansas City Southern Railway ordered a four-unit, 8,000 hp (6,000 kW), A-B-B-A set to run long trains at faster speed. However, the resulting slack action on trains spanning several up-and-down gradients resulted in an excess of broken draft gear . KCS bought five more units to reconfigure its Erie-Builts to 6,000 hp (4,500 kW) A-B-A sets. Most units rode on conventional General Steel Castings trucks , which looked similar to those used on

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2336-488: The Southern Railway in 1939. "2-B" means there are two trucks or wheel assemblies. The "2" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two idler axles in a row. The "B" truck is under the rear of the unit, and has two powered axles. Examples include the three lightweight power cars built by ALCO / ACF in 1935 and 1937 for use with the Rebel streamliners. "3-A1A" means there are two trucks or wheel assemblies. The "3" truck

2409-531: The Texas Mexican Railway . "2-A1A" means there are two trucks or wheel assemblies. The "2" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two idler axles in a row. The "A1A" truck is under the rear of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. An example is the FM OP800 800 hp (600 kW) railcar, six of which were built by the St. Louis Car Company exclusively for

2482-580: The Virginian Railway 's EL-2B electric locomotives. Bogie A bogie ( / ˈ b oʊ ɡ i / BOH -ghee ) (or truck in North American English) comprises two or more wheelsets (two wheels on an axle ), in a frame, attached under a vehicle by a pivot. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transport. A bogie may remain normally attached (as on many railroad cars and semi-trailers ) or be quickly detachable (as for

2555-455: The "1" truck is under the front of the unit, and has one idler axle. The remaining 4 axles are rigidly mounted to the frame behind this lead truck (or grouped in a second truck). This is roughly the equivalent of a 2-8-0 Consolidation in the Whyte notation, particularly when built as a 1-truck/4 rigid axle locomotive. The only known examples are a series of diesel boxcab locomotives built and owned by

2628-577: The Alco PA but were actually a different design. This drove up the cost as it required new foundry patterns. GE design a welded truck that could be fabricated at the Erie plant, and was fitted to a number of units for UP, KCS, and NYC . However, most customers preferred the cast steel truck, and the engineering cost, jigs and fixtures and necessity for a second inventory meant that the fabricated truck design did not save money The Erie-Builts soon ran into problems with

2701-604: The CWR plant with the Erie-Built hulks were moved from Smiths Falls to a CP yard in the Transcona neighbourhood of Winnipeg, Manitoba in preparation for scrapping. Three sets of trucks from the Erie-Built hulks were salvaged and sent to Oregon, with two being placed under two truckless ex- D&H / ATSF Alco-GE PA-1s that were returned from Mexico, while an unused spare set was stored and eventually scrapped. One Erie-built CWR car did avoid

2774-512: The Erie-Built in 1949, due largely to the difficulty of building it at a profit. It was determined that even if production was moved to Beloit, the high cost of items like the GE 746 traction motor (which was more expensive than the GE 752 used by the Alco PA), the unique cast and fabricate trucks, a secondary electrical power system for radiator fans and traction motor blowers, and a secondary cooling system for

2847-491: The Erie-Built to deliver a 6,000 hp (4,500 kW) locomotive consisting of only three units, versus four units for the 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) EMD FT and 6,000 hp (4,500 kW) ALCO FA . The Erie-Built used GE's model 746 traction motor, as used on the Great Northern Y-1 electric locomotive , making it the first diesel-electric locomotive to deliver 500 hp (370 kW) per axle. The locomotive

2920-738: The OP engine that had not been experienced in Navy service. The 38D 8-1/8 engine as configured for the Erie-Builts Brake Mean Effective Pressure of 95.2 psi, as opposed to the 85 psi rating for Navy engines and 77 to 86.7 for the EMD 567 as used in the E7, FT and F3 . Submarines gave the engines access to cool, sea-level air, but on Western railroads like UP, the engines were operating under load at high altitude, high temperature, and low humidity, and often in

2993-453: The UK, the Class 31 uses this wheel arrangement. "A1A-B+B" means there are three trucks. The first truck has three axles, with the center one unpowered. A pair of two-axle trucks, each with both axles powered, are connected by a span bolster under the rear of the unit. The only example to date of this arrangement was a single experimental EMD SDP45 . "B" means there are two powered axles under

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3066-505: The center truck. The Russian VL85 and US-American EMD GM10B was a notable example. See also Bo-Bo-Bo . "B+B+B" means there are three articulated sets of two powered axles each under the unit. The locomotive frame must allow for significant side play to be provided to the center axle set, as well as allowing for end play for the end sets. The ten Mexican Railway GE boxcab electrics of 1923 are examples of this wheel arrangement. "2-B+B-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under

3139-438: The center trucks. "B-B+B-B+B-B" means that the locomotive has six trucks. Each truck contains two powered axles. The only known locomotives to have this configuration were the two EMD TR3 locomotives made of three permanently coupled B-B units, which had solid drawbars connecting the units instead of the typical couplers. "C" means there are three powered axles under the unit. They are not articulated relative to other parts of

3212-637: The horizontal axis, as well. Some articulated trams have bogies located under articulations, a setup referred to as a Jacobs bogie . Often, low-floor trams are fitted with nonpivoting bogies; many tramway enthusiasts see this as a retrograde step, as it leads to more wear of both track and wheels and also significantly reduces the speed at which a tram can round a curve. In the past, many different types of bogie (truck) have been used under tramcars (e.g. Brill , Peckham, maximum traction). A maximum traction truck has one driving axle with large wheels and one nondriving axle with smaller wheels. The bogie pivot

3285-591: The individual axles to align with curves in addition to the bogie frame as a whole pivoting. For non-radial bogies, the more axles in the assembly, the more difficulty it has negotiating curves, due to wheel flange to rail friction. For radial bogies, the wheel sets actively steer through curves, thus reducing wear at the wheel's flange-to-rail interface and improving adhesion. In the US, radial steering has been implemented in EMD and GE locomotives. The EMD version, designated HTCR,

3358-411: The load and connect the bogies to the cars. Usually, the train floor is at a level above the bogies, but the floor of the car may be lower between bogies, such as for a bilevel rail car to increase interior space while staying within height restrictions , or in easy-access, stepless-entry, low-floor trains. Key components of a bogie include: The connections of the bogie with the rail vehicle allow

3431-508: The locomotive under a crane and removing (and later reinstalling) the locomotive's roof hatch, upper crankcase, upper caps , upper connecting rod caps, and upper crankshaft, making the operation much more time- and resource-intensive than a power assembly change on other engine types. Fairbanks-Morse learned that in shops that maintained multiple locomotive types, where the foreman was under pressure to repair as many locomotives as possible, repair of OP engines that required extensive disassembly

3504-501: The locomotive. This arrangement is only used on very small locomotives (e.g. the PRR B1 ). This arrangement is sometimes referred to as 0-6-0 , the Whyte notation equivalent. "C-B" means there are two trucks. The "C" truck is under the front of the unit, and has three powered axles. The "B" truck is under the rear of the unit, and has two powered axles. The Japanese DE10 , DE11 , and DE15 and

3577-465: The locomotives at its Erie, Pennsylvania , facility, thereby giving rise to the name "Erie-built." At the time, diesel road power was sold as multi-unit locomotives. The Erie-Built used the 2,000 hp (1,500 kW), ten-cylinder version of F-M's Model 38D 8-1/8 opposed piston diesel engine , which had seen success as a submarine powerplant in World War II , as its prime mover . This allowed

3650-452: The lower pistons. This resulted in excessive lower-piston temperatures, and under heavy load this led to piston failure, which could then cause cylinder liner damage and a possible crankcase explosion. F-M immediately attempted to address the problem but it was seven to eight years before a piston was developed that could stand up to railroad service. Replacement of a single power assembly (cylinder liner and its two pistons) required moving

3723-579: The lube oil (a Navy requirement), made the Erie-Builts too expensive to build. 82 cab-equipped lead A units and 29 cabless booster B units were built for American railroads between December 1945 and April 1949. Afterward, F-M continued to market dual service streamlined units under its Consolidated line of locomotives, more commonly referred to as "C-liners". No FM Erie-Built units are known to survive today. After their retirement, four former Pennsylvania Railroad Erie-built B unit hulks were sent to

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3796-469: The model in 2014. The other locomotive with this wheel arrangement is the EMD SD70MACH , which is an SD70MAC rebuilt by Progress Rail for Metra and used for passenger service. In 2020, Metra approved of the purchase of 15 of these locomotives with options to purchase up to 27 more. "B-2" means there are two trucks. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "2" truck

3869-447: The principle of radial steering. The Cleminson system involved three axles, each mounted on a frame that had a central pivot; the central axle could slide transversely. The three axles were connected by linkages that kept them parallel on the straight and moved the end ones radially on a curve, so that all three axles were continually at right angles to the rails. The configuration, invented by British engineer John James Davidge Cleminson,

3942-419: The ride across rough terrain. Bogie suspensions keep much of their components on the outside of the vehicle, saving internal space. Although vulnerable to antitank fire, they can often be repaired or replaced in the field. FM Erie-built The Erie-built was the first streamlined, cab-equipped dual service diesel locomotive built by Fairbanks-Morse , introduced as direct competition to such models as

4015-514: The running wheels, as well. The unusually large flanges on the steel wheels guide the bogie through standard railroad switches , and in addition keep the train from derailing in case the tires deflate . To overcome breaks of gauge some bogies are being fitted with variable gauge axles (VGA) so that they can operate on two different gauges. These include the SUW 2000 system from ZNTK Poznań . Radial-steering trucks, also known as radial bogies, allow

4088-489: The same concept to the level of a flatcar specialized to take other cars as its load. In archbar or diamond frame bogies, the side frames are fabricated rather than cast . Tram bogies are much simpler in design because of their axle load, and the tighter curves found on tramways mean tram bogies almost never have more than two axles. Furthermore, some tramways have steeper gradients and vertical as well as horizontal curves, which means tram bogies often need to pivot on

4161-509: The span bolster. The Union Pacific 's M-10002 diesel streamliner and New York Central 's T-Motor third-rail electric locomotives are examples of this type. This arrangement also includes locomotives made of two permanently coupled B-B units, such as some EMD FT units which had a solid drawbar connecting two units instead of the typical couplers. "B-B-B-B" means there are four trucks. Each truck has two powered axles. The locomotive frame must allow for significant side play to be provided to

4234-574: The term bogie is often alternatively used to refer to a freight or goods wagon (shortened from bogie wagon ). A locomotive with a bogie was built by engineer William Chapman in 1812. It hauled itself along by chains and was not successful, but Chapman built a more successful locomotive with two gear-driven bogies in 1814. The bogie was first used in America for wagons on the Quincy Granite Railroad in 1829. The first successful locomotive with

4307-455: The unit. At each end, there is one unpowered axle and two powered axles, hinged to a set of four powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The "Bi-Polar" electric locomotives used by the Milwaukee Road used this arrangement. "(B+B-B+B)+(B+B-B+B)" means there are 2 units, each with 4 trucks in a B+B-B+B wheel arrangement. An example was

4380-584: The unit. Each truck has one powered axle and one idler axle, with the idler axles to the outside. Examples include Budd RDC diesel multiple unit ( DMU ) cars. "1B-1B" means there are two trucks with a leading idler axle in front of two powered axles. This arrangement was used to upgrade the B-B arrangement of two EMC 1800 hp B-B locomotives owned by the Santa Fe Railroad in 1938, for greater stability at speed. "1-D" means there are two trucks or groups of axles;

4453-591: The unit. Each truck has one powered axle and one idler axle, with the powered axles to the outside. "A1A-2" means there are two trucks. The "A1A" truck is under the front of the unit, and has one powered axle, one idler axle, and one more powered axle. The "2" truck is under the back of the unit, and has two idler axles in a row. An example is the Silver Charger power car for the General Pershing Zephyr . "A1A-3" means there are two trucks. The "A1A" truck

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4526-461: The unit. These axles are not articulated relative to other parts of the locomotive. This arrangement is only used on very small locomotives, such as the EMD Model 40 . It is also used on speeders . This arrangement is sometimes referred to as 0-4-0 , the Whyte notation equivalent. "B-1" means there are two trucks. The "B" truck is under the front of the unit, and has two powered axles. The "1" truck

4599-420: The unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are three powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The Pennsylvania Railroad 's GG1 and Companhia Paulista 's electric locomotives were notable examples of this arrangement. "2+C-C+2" means there are two sets of axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there

4672-570: The unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are two powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by a hinge. The PRR DD1 and DD2 electric locomotives used this arrangement. "2-B+B+B+B-2" means there are two sets of articulated axles under the unit. Within each of these sets, there is a truck with two idler axles, and inboard of it are two powered axles, hinged to yet another set of two powered axles. Two of these articulated sets are placed back to back and connected by

4745-496: The usual D-D consist by 300 hp (220 kW) (with one fewer prime-mover than a usual D-D consist, thereby significantly improving reliability and dramatically reducing maintenance). Although the D-D arrangement is associated with twin-prime-mover locomotives of high power, this does not mean a D-D with a single high-power prime mover may be built in the future, nor does it exclude two-truck, eight-axle electric locomotive. The EMD DDM45

4818-414: The wake of waste heat from leading locomotives. Locomotives had closed-loop cooling systems while submarines drew cooling water from the sea. No FM OP powered submarines used open loop cooling systems. Open loop cooling systems were discontinued prior to WWII. They did use a heat exchanger cooled by sea water, but it was still a closed system. The OP engine had no head, and its exhaust ports were uncovered by

4891-534: The weight of the locomotive more evenly over the track and counteracts the tendency of trucks to oscillate at high speeds, which is a problem with two axle trucks. The idler wheels may be smaller than the powered wheels. Examples of locomotives with this wheel arrangement include the EMD E-units and ALCO PAs , which were high speed passenger locomotives, and the dual service FM Erie-built . BNSF took delivery of ES44C4 locomotives with this type of truck in 2009. In

4964-741: Was first granted a patent in the UK in 1883. The system was widely used on British narrow-gauge rolling stock, such as on the Isle of Man and Manx Northern Railways . The Holdfast Bay Railway Company in South Australia , which later became the Glenelg Railway Company, purchased Cleminson-configured carriages in 1880 from the American Gilbert & Bush Company for its 1600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) broad-gauge line. An articulated bogie

5037-853: Was made standard equipment for the SD70 series , first sold in 1993. The HTCR in operation had mixed results and relatively high purchase and maintenance costs. EMD subsequently introduced the HTSC truck, essentially the HTCR stripped of radial components. GE introduced their version in 1995 as a buyer option for the AC4400CW and later Evolution Series locomotives. However, it also met with limited acceptance because of its relatively high purchase and maintenance costs, and customers have generally chosen GE Hi-Ad standard trucks for newer and rebuilt locomotives. A 19th century configuration of self-steering axles on rolling stock established

5110-503: Was often delayed in favor of other types of locomotives that could be turned around more quickly. Owing to the inferior reliability and higher maintenance costs, several Erie-Builts, including four of NYC's eight freight Erie-Builts and eight of KCS Erie-builts were repowered with an EMD 567 series diesel engine rated at 1,750 hp (1,300 kW). New York Central derated the OP engines in its six passenger Erie-Builts to 1,750 hp (1,300 kW) by 1957. F-M ceased production of

5183-565: Was the Midland Railway in 1874. Bogies serve a number of purposes: Usually, two bogies are fitted to each carriage , wagon or locomotive , one at each end. Another configuration is often used in articulated vehicles , which places the bogies (often Jacobs bogies ) under the connection between the carriages or wagons. Most bogies have two axles, but some cars designed for heavy loads have more axles per bogie. Heavy-duty cars may have more than two bogies using span bolsters to equalize

5256-457: Was too heavy for a four-axle wheel arrangement, and had to be fitted with idler axles. The A1A-A1A wheel arrangement enabled the Erie-Built to meet axle-load limitations while maintaining the simplicity and lower cost of a four-motor transmission, though it meant the Erie-Built was more prone to wheelslip than the FT. F-M retained the services of renowned industrial designer Raymond Loewy to create

5329-655: Was used on the Jawn Henry coal -fired steam-turbine locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Norfolk & Western Railway in May, 1954. "1-D-1" means there are three trucks under the unit. At either end are trucks with one idler axle; the center truck has four powered axles. The original 1904–1909 New York Central S-Motor third-rail electric locomotives (for the Grand Central Terminal electrification) and

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