The Great Northern Z-1 was a class of ten electric locomotives built for the Great Northern Railway They were used to work the route through the second Cascade Tunnel . They were built between 1926–1928 by Baldwin Locomotive Works , with Westinghouse electrics, and stayed in service until dieselisation in 1956. Each was of 1,830 horsepower (1,360 kW) with a 1-D-1 wheel arrangement, although they were always used in coupled pairs.
114-670: The route West from Wenatchee and on to Seattle needed to cross the Northern Cascades by the Stevens Pass . The initial route, from 1893, had been steeply graded and required a number of switchbacks . As this was also a mountainous area with severe winters, the Cascade Tunnel was built to avoid these and opened in 1900. The Great Northern Railway was steam-hauled from the outset, later by diesel, and did not generally adopt electric power. However problems with poor ventilation inside
228-433: A 1′Do1′ arrangement. A control cab was provided at each end, although only one was equipped. The intention had been that if the locomotives were used as separate units in the future, the second cab could then be equipped to allow for running in the other direction. Each locomotive was equipped with two pantographs, although only one was used at a time and the other was intended as a spare. As they were used as coupled pairs,
342-521: A flywheel ) or as electrical energy (as in a battery or supercapacitor ). Two minor incidents were reported during testing of KERS systems in 2008 . The first occurred when the Red Bull Racing team tested their KERS battery for the first time in July: it malfunctioned and caused a fire scare that led to the team's factory being evacuated. The second was less than a week later when a BMW Sauber mechanic
456-456: A 3,500 ton train. The ends of the electrified section are at a similar elevation of around 750 feet, with the peak of the line at the Eastern portal of the tunnel at 2,800 feet. The Eastbound climb is 20 miles of a constant 2.2% grade, then a similar distance through the tunnel at 1.56%. The Westbound climb is longer and more varied in gradient, with 50 miles between Wenatchee and the tunnel portal, at
570-418: A contributing factor in the fatal crash of Jules Bianchi at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix . Bosch Motorsport Service is developing a KERS for use in motor racing. These electricity storage systems for hybrid and engine functions include a lithium-ion battery with scalable capacity or a flywheel , a four to eight kilogram electric motor (with a maximum power level of 60 kW or 80 hp), as well as
684-689: A drive motor in each front wheel with a second set of parallel windings ( bifilar coil ) for regenerative braking. The Orwell Electric Truck introduced by Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies in England during WW1 used regenerative braking switched in by the driver. In England, "automatic regenerative control" was introduced to tramway operators by John S. Raworth's Traction Patents 1903–1908, offering them economic and operational benefits as explained in some detail by his son Alfred Raworth . These included tramway systems at Devonport (1903), Rawtenstall , Birmingham , Crystal Palace-Croydon (1906), and many others. Slowing
798-551: A forced ventilation fan house was built around the East portal, powered by the same traction current. This involved providing a closed door to the tunnel portal to control airflow, which opened automatically as a train approached. All Z-1s were retired and scrapped in August 1956. The other GN electric locomotives were sold on to other railroads. Wenatchee, Washington Wenatchee ( / w ɛ ˈ n æ tʃ iː / weh- NATCH -ee )
912-462: A house rented by six IWW men and arrested twenty-five migrant workers found carrying IWW literature. Again, the men were all quickly released. In 1922, a Ku Klux Klan chapter of nearly 100 men demanded that black residents leave on threat of violence. By 1923 they hosted meetings of up to 400 members and burned a large cross above Fancher airfield in East Wenatchee. The Wenatchee chapter hosted
1026-401: A kinetic energy recovery system" in 2007. Peugeot was the first manufacturer to unveil a fully functioning LMP1 car in the form of the 908 HY at the 2008 Autosport 1000 km race at Silverstone. On electric bicycles, regenerative braking can be used in principle. However, as of 2024 it is rarely used on bicycles, mainly because it requires a direct-drive hub motor (while many bicycles use
1140-763: A large wildfire spreading over 31 miles (50 km) south of Wenatchee occurred, affecting over 40 nearby homes. The Riverfront Park Ice Arena closed its doors in July 2008, and Awaken Church was later opened at the site. The Wenatchee Valley also boasts one of only two aluminum smelters remaining in the Northwestern United States , at the Alcoa plant in Malaga. The plant announced in November 2015 that it would be shutting down operations on January 5, 2016. Other growing areas of
1254-526: A maximum of 2.2%. The rated speed of the locomotives was such that they could use their full power when climbing any gradient more than 0.7% The first of eight Y-1 locomotives arrived late in 1927, and these served alongside the Z-1s. The Y-1 was a more powerful (3,000 horsepower (2,200 kW)) and heavier (518,250 pounds (235,070 kg) 1-C+C-1 (or (1′Co)+(Co1′) as UIC) locomotive, and they were used individually rather than in pairs. The new Cascade Tunnel
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#17328556294511368-450: A maximum recuperative braking force of 750 kN . From Riksgränsen on the national border to the Port of Narvik, the trains use only a fifth of the power they regenerate. The regenerated energy is sufficient to power the empty trains back up to the national border. Any excess energy from the railway is pumped into the power grid to supply homes and businesses in the region, and the railway
1482-833: A mid-drive motor which drives the chain), and because it cannot be combined with a freewheel mechanism. Also, the amount of energy regenerated is typically too low to be worthwhile. Regenerative braking is also possible on a non-electric bicycle. The United States Environmental Protection Agency , working with students from the University of Michigan , developed the hydraulic Regenerative Brake Launch Assist (RBLA). Many hybrid electric and fully electric vehicles employ regenerative braking in conjunction with friction braking, Regenerative braking systems are not able to fully emulate conventional brake function for drivers, but there are continuing advancements. The calibrations used to determine when energy will be regenerated and when friction braking
1596-401: A moving vehicle or object by converting its kinetic energy or potential energy into a form that can be either used immediately or stored until needed. Typically, regenerative brakes work by driving an electric motor in reverse to recapture energy that would otherwise be lost as heat during braking, effectively turning the traction motor into a generator. Feeding power backwards through
1710-471: A number for the New Haven Railroad . The locomotives were built as pairs of semi-permanently coupled units, and were always used as such. They were boxcab locomotives, with a simple rectangular body over a rigid frame. The four driven axles were carried in this frame, mounted in separate axlebox hornguides for suspension, but with separate traction motors and no mechanical coupling between them, giving
1824-410: A serious accident at Rawtenstall, an embargo was placed on this form of traction in 1911; the regenerative braking system was reintroduced twenty years later. Regenerative braking has been in extensive use on railways for many decades. The Baku-Tbilisi-Batumi railway ( Transcaucasus Railway or Georgian railway) started utilizing regenerative braking in the early 1930s. This was especially effective on
1938-504: A serious safety hazard: in many early electric vehicles with regenerative braking, the same controller positions were used to apply power and to apply the regenerative brake, with the functions being swapped by a separate manual switch. This led to a number of serious accidents when drivers accidentally accelerated when intending to brake, such as the runaway train accident in Wädenswil, Switzerland in 1948, which killed twenty-one people. In
2052-467: A single cab. Four nose-hung DC traction motors were used, one per axle. Drive was by a motor pinion to a flexible gear on the axle shaft. The motors were always connected in parallel. Many similar four-axle Do locomotives used a switching of the motors from parallel to series or series-parallel circuits for their main control between starting and running. For the Great Northern though, the flexibility of
2166-451: A train trapped by snowdrifts at the depot of Wellington , by the West portal of the tunnel. A new tunnel was begun, longer at 7.8 miles (12.6 km), so as to avoid more of the poor winter conditions at each end. This tunnel opened on 12 January 1929 and continues in use today. The Wellington depot was first renamed to Tye, then abandoned and relocated to a new location at Skykomish . In 1926 it
2280-510: Is rectified for DC motors). In areas where there is a constant need for power unrelated to moving the vehicle, such as electric train heat or air conditioning , this load requirement can be utilized as a sink for the recovered energy via modern AC traction systems . This method has become popular with North American passenger railroads where head end power loads are typically in the area of 500 kW year round. Using HEP loads in this way has prompted recent electric locomotive designs such as
2394-490: Is a net generator of electricity. Electric cars used regenerative braking since the earliest experiments, but this initially required the driver to flip switches between various operational modes in order to use it. The Baker Electric Runabout and the Owen Magnetic were early examples, which used many switches and modes controlled by an expensive "black box" or "drum switch" as part of their electrical system. These, like
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#17328556294512508-507: Is a quarter-mile-long banked asphalt oval used for local racing. In the fall of 2008, the Town Toyota Center was completed, and hosts some professional and junior professional sporting events, in addition to touring events and expositions, and the 2010 NAHL Pepsi Robertson Cup. The Wenatchee Valley and the surrounding areas provide an abundance of sports and recreational activities for any season. There are several facilities including
2622-564: Is available. The 240 mm diameter flywheel weighs 5.0 kg and revolves at up to 64,500 rpm. Maximum torque is 18 Nm (13.3 ftlbs). The system occupies a volume of 13 litres. Formula One have stated that they support responsible solutions to the world's environmental challenges, and the FIA allowed the use of 60 kW (82 PS; 80 hp) KERS in the regulations for the 2009 Formula One season . Teams began testing systems in 2008: energy can either be stored as mechanical energy (as in
2736-486: Is converted to unwanted and wasted heat due to friction in the brakes . Similarly, with rheostatic brakes , energy is recovered by using electric motors as generators but is immediately dissipated as heat in resistors . In addition to improving the overall efficiency of the vehicle, regeneration can significantly extend the life of the braking system. This is because the traditional mechanical parts like discs, calipers, and pads – included for when regenerative braking alone
2850-638: Is home to Mariachi Huenachi , a much-celebrated mariachi program in the Wenatchee School District which performed at the US Capitol for National Hispanic Heritage Month in 2017. The group was featured in a 2018 TVW documentary. The Town Toyota Center has featured high school mariachi ensembles from across the region. Mariachi Sol De Mexico gives clinics to high school musicians and gives an evening concert sometimes featuring famous musical artists. The Wenatchee Valley Super Oval in East Wenatchee
2964-400: Is insufficient to safely stop the vehicle – will not wear out as quickly as they would in a vehicle relying solely on traditional brakes. The most common form of regenerative brake involves an electric motor functioning as an electric generator. In electric railways , the electricity generated is fed back into the traction power supply . In battery electric and hybrid electric vehicles,
3078-493: Is land and 0.27 square miles (0.70 km ) is water. Wenatchee experiences a semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk ) with cold winters and hot, dry summers. The 2020 U.S. census counted 35,508 people, 13,793 households, and 8,445 families in Wenatchee. The population density was 3,357.4 per square mile (1,296.3/km ). There were 14,594 housing units at an average density of 1,379.9 per square mile (532.8/km ). The racial makeup
3192-567: Is not by itself sufficient as the sole means of safely bringing a vehicle to a standstill, or slowing it as required, so it must be used in conjunction with another braking system such as friction -based braking. Regenerative and friction braking must both be used, creating the need to control them to produce the required total braking. The GM EV-1 was the first commercial car to do this. In 1997 and 1998, engineers Abraham Farag and Loren Majersik were issued two patents for this brake-by-wire technology. Early applications commonly suffered from
3306-485: Is provided by three law enforcement agencies (Wenatchee Police Department, Chelan County Sheriff's Office, and the Washington State Patrol ), one fire department (Chelan County Fire District No. 1), and two private ambulance companies (Ballard Ambulance and Lifeline Ambulance). East Wenatchee Police and Douglas County Fire District No. 2 (East Wenatchee) also assist with police and fire protection services within
3420-510: Is reduced by regenerative braking on streetcars ( AE ) or trams ( CE ) in Oranjestad, Aruba . Designed and built by TIG/m Modern Street Railways in Chatsworth , USA, the vehicles use hybrid/electric technology: they do not take their power from external sources such as overhead wires when running but are self-powered by lithium batteries augmented by hydrogen fuel cells . The energy of
3534-686: Is similar as it also forms part of the driveline assembly. However, the whole mechanism including the flywheel sits entirely in the vehicle's hub (looking like a drum brake). In the CPC-KERS, a differential replaces the CVT and transfers torque between the flywheel , drive wheel and road wheel. The first of these systems to be revealed was the Flybrid. This system weighs 24 kg and has an energy capacity of 400 kJ after allowing for internal losses. A maximum power boost of 60 kW (82 PS; 80 hp) for 6.67 seconds
Great Northern Z-1 - Misplaced Pages Continue
3648-583: Is the county seat and most populous city of Chelan County , Washington , United States. The population within the city limits in 2010 was 31,925, and has increased to 35,508 as of 2020. Located in the north-central part of the state, at the confluence of the Columbia and Wenatchee rivers near the eastern foothills of the Cascade Range , Wenatchee lies on the western side of the Columbia River, across from
3762-451: Is the need to closely match the generated current with the supply characteristics and increased maintenance cost of the lines. With DC supplies, this requires that the voltage be closely controlled. The AC power supply and frequency converter pioneer Miro Zorič and his first AC power electronics have also enabled this to be possible with AC supplies. The supply frequency must also be matched (this mainly applies to locomotives where an AC supply
3876-460: Is used on some parts of the London Underground , achieved by having small slopes leading up and down from stations. The train is slowed by the climb, and then leaves down a slope, so kinetic energy is converted to gravitational potential energy in the station. This is normally found on the deep tunnel sections of the network and not generally above ground or on the cut and cover sections of
3990-491: Is used to slow down the vehicle affects the way the driver feels the braking action. The regenerative braking system (RBS) of electric automobiles is the key mechanism for recovering braking energy. With the help of RBS, the efficiency has been significantly improved. RBS affects the fuel economy, emissions, safety, and other functions of electric vehicles. It significantly improves the vehicle's energy recovery rate and helps improve stability and reliability. Power consumption
4104-467: The 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix on 26 July 2009. Their second KERS equipped car finished fifth. At the following race, Lewis Hamilton became the first driver to take pole position with a KERS car, his teammate, Heikki Kovalainen qualifying second. This was also the first instance of an all KERS front row. On 30 August 2009, Kimi Räikkönen won the Belgian Grand Prix with his KERS equipped Ferrari. It
4218-531: The 2009 Le Mans Series season , although it was not capable of scoring championship points. Peugeot plans also a compressed air regenerative braking powertrain called Hybrid Air. McLaren began testing of their KERS in September 2008 at the Jerez test track in preparation for the 2009 F1 season, although at that time it was not yet known if they would be operating an electrical or mechanical system. In November 2008 it
4332-453: The ALP-46 and ACS-64 to eliminate the use of dynamic brake resistor grids and also eliminates any need for any external power infrastructure to accommodate power recovery allowing self-powered vehicles to employ regenerative braking as well. A small number of steep grade railways have used 3-phase power supplies and induction motors . This results in a near constant speed for all trains, as
4446-545: The New Haven EP-1 and on the Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad . As there was now only a single overhead wire, current could be collected by diamond pantographs , rather than trolley poles. The insulators and clearances were designed so that the electrification voltage could potentially be doubled to 22 kV in the future. Baldwin and Westinghouse built a series of locomotives based on similar electric supplies , including
4560-569: The Richard Odabashian Bridge . It passes through Wenatchee Confluence State Park . Much of the hillside areas surrounding the city of Wenatchee have been purchased by or have their rights held by the Chelan-Douglas Land Trust which protects them as a natural resource and as a site for hiking in the foothills. Wenatchee has a non-partisan mayor–council form of government, with five council members elected in districts and
4674-676: The Tokachi 24 Hours race in July 2007. BMW has used regenerative braking on their E90 3 Series as well as in current models like F25 5 Series under the EfficientDynamics moniker. Volkswagen have regenerative braking technologies under the BlueMotion brand in such models as the Volkswagen Golf Mk7 and Mk7 Golf Estate / Wagon models, other VW group brands like SEAT , Skoda and Audi . KTM racing boss Harald Bartol has revealed that
Great Northern Z-1 - Misplaced Pages Continue
4788-705: The Wenatchee River , Lake Wenatchee and the Wenatchee National Forest . Wenatchee is referred to as the "Apple Capital of the World" due to the valley's many orchards. The city is also sometimes referred to as the "Buckle of the Power Belt of the Great Northwest" which is a metaphor for the series of hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River. Rock Island Dam is located nearest to the middle of this "belt", and so
4902-562: The Wenatchee Valley Museum & Cultural Center and research findings are available through the Wenatchee World . Several indigenous villages existed in the area prior to and during Anglo American exploration. The village Nikwikwi'estku was a fishing and gathering camp located in present-day downtown Wenatchee. In 1811, North West Company surveyor David Thompson encountered a group of Native American horsemen at Wenatchee and
5016-451: The traction motor connections are altered to turn them into electrical generators. The motor fields are connected across the main traction generator (MG) and the motor armatures are connected across the load. The MG now excites the motor fields. The rolling locomotive or multiple unit wheels turn the motor armatures, and the motors act as generators, either sending the generated current through onboard resistors ( dynamic braking ) or back into
5130-416: The 13,793 households, 30.7% had children under the age of 18; 42.8% were married couples living together; 30.1% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 31.7% of households consisted of individuals and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.5 and the average family size was 3.2. The percent of those with a bachelor's degree or higher
5244-538: The 1926 state Klan convention and marched in the Apple Blossom Parade . In the wave of anti-Filipino sentiment , Filipino immigrant workers were targeted by violence and deportation through the late 1920s. On October 5, 1931, Clyde Pangborn and his copilot Hugh Herndon landed their airplane , named the Miss Veedol , in the hills of East Wenatchee , and thus became the first aviators to fly nonstop across
5358-640: The 1950s and is exemplified in such systems as the Zytek , Flybrid, Torotrak and Xtrac used in F1. Differential based systems also exist such as the Cambridge Passenger/Commercial Vehicle Kinetic Energy Recovery System (CPC-KERS). Xtrac and Flybrid are both licensees of Torotrak's technologies, which employ a small and sophisticated ancillary gearbox incorporating a continuously variable transmission (CVT). The CPC-KERS
5472-437: The 19th century, other white settlers came to homestead the land. Wenatchee was platted in September 1888 and officially incorporated as a city on January 7, 1893. Frank and Belle Reeves founded The Wenatchee Advance , the city's first newspaper, in 1891. The 1900 U.S. Census counted 451 residents. The Great Northern Railway completed its railroad line between St. Paul, Minnesota , and Seattle in 1893. Its route through
5586-452: The 2.6 miles (4.2 km) long tunnel led to an early electrification scheme with four 3 phase AC boxcab locomotives, introduced in 1909. Electrification was only used for a short distance, through the tunnel itself. The electrification scheme here was unusual, although not unique at the time, using 3 phase AC with two overhead wires and trolley pole current collectors. An avalanche in 1910 caused 96 fatalities to passengers and crew of
5700-535: The 2020s, most vehicles equipped with regenerative braking can completely halt reasonably quickly in One Pedal Driving mode. Some car models do not illuminate the braking light when engaging in regenerative braking, leading to safety concerns. Most regulations do not mandate the illumination of a braking light when the vehicle decelerates through regenerative braking. The One Pedal Driving (OPD) mode also lead to concerns over sudden unintended acceleration (SUA), as
5814-499: The Columbia, which includes East Wenatchee, Rock Island , and Malaga , as well as the surrounding towns of Monitor and Cashmere to the west of Wenatchee. The city was named for the nearby Wenatchi Native American people. The name is a Sahaptin word that means "river which comes [or whose source is] from canyons" or "robe of the rainbow". Awenatchela means "people at the source [of a river]". The city of Wenatchee shares its name with
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#17328556294515928-535: The Columbia. Whitewater rafting and inner-tubing is frequent on the Wenatchee River. In the winter, the mountains near Wenatchee provide great snowmobiling, sledding at Squilchuck State Park , as well as skiing and snowboarding at Mission Ridge (30 minutes drive) and Stevens Pass (1 hour and a half drive). Nordic skiing is available at the Stevens Pass Nordic Center, Leavenworth (25 minute drive), and
6042-455: The FOTA teams agreeing to the use of KERS devices once more, meant that KERS returned for the 2011 season. This is still optional as it was in the 2009 season; in the 2011 season 3 teams elected not to use it. For the 2012 season , only Marussia and HRT raced without KERS, and by 2013, with the withdrawal of HRT, all 11 teams on the grid were running KERS. In the 2014 season , the power output of
6156-497: The KERS controller for power and battery management. Bosch also offers a range of electric hybrid systems for commercial and light-duty applications. Automakers including Honda have been testing KERS systems. At the 2008 1,000 km of Silverstone , Peugeot Sport unveiled the Peugeot 908 HY , a hybrid electric variant of the diesel 908, with KERS. Peugeot planned to campaign the car in
6270-494: The Krieger design, could only practically be used on downhill portions of a trip, and had to be manually engaged. Improvements in electronics allowed this process to be fully automated, starting with 1967's AMC Amitron experimental electric car. Designed by Gulton Industries the motor controller automatically began battery charging when the brake pedal was applied. Many modern hybrid and electric vehicles use this technique to extend
6384-522: The MGU-K (The replacement of the KERS and part of the ERS system that also includes a turbocharger waste heat recovery system) was increased from 60 kW to 120 kW and it was allowed to recover 2 mega- joules per lap. This was to balance the sport's move from 2.4-litre V8 engines to 1.6-litre V6 engines. The fail-safe settings of the brake-by-wire system that now supplements KERS came under examination as
6498-606: The Methow Valley (1 hour and 45 minute drive). The city also offers a large system of parks and paved trails known as the Apple Capital Recreation Loop Trail . The 10-mile (16 km) loop along both banks of the Columbia River is used by cyclists, walkers, joggers, and skaters. A project to extend the eastern segment of the trail 5 miles (8.0 km) north to Lincoln Rock State Park was completed on July 9, 2015. An additional 3.2-mile (5.1 km) extension on
6612-540: The Metropolitan and District Lines. What are described as dynamic brakes (" rheostatic brakes " in British English) on electric traction systems, unlike regenerative brakes, dissipate electric energy as heat rather than using it, by passing the current through large banks of resistors . Vehicles that use dynamic brakes include forklift trucks , diesel-electric locomotives , and trams . This heat can be used to warm
6726-578: The Pacific Ocean. The 41-hour flight from Sabishiro Beach , Misawa , Aomori Prefecture , Japan , won them the Harmon Trophy for the greatest achievement in flight of 1931. Miss Veedol ' s propeller is on display at the Wenatchee Valley Museum & Cultural Center . In 1936, with the completion of Rock Island Dam , Wenatchee was protected from the summer flooding of the Columbia River , and
6840-812: The United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture , later called the Section of Fine Arts , of the Treasury Department . The WPA was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency , employing individuals to carry out public works projects. Wenatchee is home to many performing arts groups including the Wenatchee Valley Symphony, Wenatchee Big Band, Columbia Chorale, Wenatchee Valley Appleaires and The Apollo Club. Music Theater of Wenatchee, Stage Kids, and several other theatre companies offer stage productions year-round. Wenatchee also
6954-621: The WRAC tennis club, an Olympic size swimming pool, an ice arena, several 18-hole and 9-hole golf courses, a 9-hole disc golf course, and countless baseball diamonds and soccer fields as well as two skateboard parks. As of 2023, Pickleball is also becoming extremely popular with multiple parks providing outside play in the Valley as well as indoor play. There are many places to hike, fish and hunt for both birds and larger game. Boating and water recreation are also quite common. Many kayak, windsurf and water-ski on
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#17328556294517068-598: The Wenatchee Valley was significant to the development of this region. The railroad not only provided passenger travel to and from Wenatchee, but it provided for freight service for shipments of wheat, apples, and other products to out-of-state markets. By the early 20th century, the Wenatchee Commercial Club, now the Wenatchee Valley Chamber of Commerce , was advertising the region as the "Home of
7182-617: The World's Best Apples." The tree fruit industry provided the economic backbone for the region for a century and still is an important source of revenue. On May 22, 1910, the Wenatchee free speech fight occurred when members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) were arrested for speaking in the street in front of the local hall of the Socialist Party of America . The town had freed imprisoned IWW members by June; however, tensions resumed in September 1911 when police raided
7296-502: The ability to take selected classes online at the Wenatchee Internet Academy. These classes employ use of Moodle and Blackboard software packages for managing the distance-learning program. All classes are designed by educators at Wenatchee High School and operated by local instructors within the Wenatchee School District. Regenerative braking Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism that slows down
7410-404: The average family size was 3.17. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 27.4% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males. The median income for a household in
7524-494: The city of East Wenatchee . The Columbia River forms the boundary between Chelan and Douglas County . Wenatchee is the principal city of the Wenatchee–East Wenatchee, Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Chelan and Douglas counties (total population around 110,884). However, the "Wenatchee Valley Area" generally refers to the land between Rocky Reach and Rock Island Dam on both banks of
7638-859: The city through mutual aid agreements. On September 30, 2022, The Chelan County Fire District #1 and the Douglas County Fire District #2 joined together to form one agency known as the Wenatchee Valley Fire Department with Regional Fire Authority in the Wenatchee Valley. Public K-12 education in Wenatchee is provided by the Wenatchee School District , which also serves the communities of Malaga, Olds Station, South Wenatchee, Sunnyslope, and Wenatchee Heights. The city has seven elementary schools, three middle schools, and one high school ( Wenatchee High School ). The Wenatchee School District voted to close Columbia Elementary at
7752-506: The city was $ 34,897, and the median income for a family was $ 45,982. Males had a median income of $ 35,245 versus $ 26,062 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 19,498. About 10.6% of families and 15.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over. The Wenatchee post office contains an oil on canvas mural, The Saga of Wenatchee , painted in 1940 by Peggy Strong . Murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in
7866-435: The city. The population density was 4,108.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,586.4/km ). There were 13,175 housing units at an average density of 1,695.6 per square mile (654.7/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 76.7% White , 0.4% African American , 1.2% Native American , 1.1% Asian , 0.2% Pacific Islander , 17.3% from other races , and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 29.4% of
7980-429: The city. The population density was 4,049.6 people per square mile (1,563.3/km ). There were 11,486 housing units at an average density of 1,669.8 per square mile (644.6/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 80.93% White , 0.39% African American , 1.13% Native American , 0.95% Asian , 0.13% Pacific Islander , 13.99% from other races , and 2.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.52% of
8094-404: The driver could confuse the accelerator as the brake in stressful situations when the latter is seldomly used during OPD driving. Electric motors , when used in reverse, function as generators and will then convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Vehicles propelled by electric motors use them as generators when using regenerative braking, braking by transferring mechanical energy from
8208-484: The early 1990s Wenatchee had a reputation as the "happy pill town" and "Happy Valley", with psychologist James Goodwin, "the Pied Piper of Prozac". According to CNN 's Money Magazine , Wenatchee had the second fastest forecast real estate value growth in the country for June 2006–June 2007. In November 2018, USA Today listed Wenatchee as experiencing the 22nd highest employment growth in the country. On July 29, 2013,
8322-510: The east side runs south to Kirby Billingsley Hydro Park. A short extension slated for completion in Fall 2017 is planned from the west end of the Odabashian bridge to the corner of Easy Street and the highway. In the winter, cross-country skiers and snowshoers also use the trail. The trail connects in the south at the historic Columbia River Bridge , also known as the pipeline bridge, and in the north at
8436-485: The end of the 2024 School year reducing the number of elementary schools to six. The School District also maintains Westside High School, an alternative high school, and the Valley Academy of Learning, which is an alternative education program where parents play the active role in education of their children. In 2006, the Wenatchee School District began offering students of Wenatchee High School and Westside High School
8550-423: The energy is stored chemically in a battery , electrically in a bank of capacitors , or mechanically in a rotating flywheel . Hydraulic hybrid vehicles use hydraulic motors to store energy in the form of compressed air . In a hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicle, the electrical energy generated by the motor is stored chemically in a battery, similar to battery and hybrid electric vehicles. Regenerative braking
8664-483: The factory raced with a secret kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) fitted to Tommy Koyama 's motorcycle during the 2008 season-ending 125cc Valencian Grand Prix . This was against the rules, so they were banned from doing it afterwards. Automobile Club de l'Ouest , the organizer behind the annual 24 Hours of Le Mans event and the Le Mans Series , was "studying specific rules for LMP1 that will be equipped with
8778-554: The first of 14 hydroelectric projects on the Columbia began generating electric power . The reservoirs thus generated also made it possible to irrigate hundreds of thousands of acres of farmland in the Columbia Basin. In 2019, the Wenatchee Valley was named by Forbes magazine as one of the top 25 places to retire. In 1975, Stemilt Growers moved its headquarters from nearby Stemilt Hill to Olds Station, Wenatchee. The company grows, packs and ships tree fruit. It went on to become
8892-404: The high voltage pantograph busbar of the two units was linked between them to give a longer connection length to the catenary wire. A high voltage transformer in each unit stepped the line voltage down, then supplied a motor-generator set which acted as a rectifier . This use of motor-generators would be seen as a characteristic feature of all Great Northern Railway electrics. The main generator
9006-602: The large amount of agriculture in Wenatchee and the surrounding areas. The city of Wenatchee is bordered by the Wenatchee River on the north, the Columbia River to the east, and the Wenatchee Mountains to the south and west. These ridges and peaks form a wall around the western and southern sides of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 8.04 square miles (20.82 km ), of which 7.77 square miles (20.12 km )
9120-572: The largest fresh market sweet cherry shipper in the world. Every year from the last week of April to the end of the first week of May, Wenatchee hosts the Washington State Apple Blossom Festival , which probably brings in the largest number of people Wenatchee sees annually, with the exception of migrant workers travelling for harvest. It features two relatively large parades: the Apple Blossom Youth Parade on
9234-573: The last Saturday in April and the Apple Blossom Grand Parade on the first Saturday in May, a food fair representing cuisine from around the world, and a traveling carnival . The Wenatchee child abuse prosecutions in Wenatchee, Washington, also known as the "Wenatchee Witch Hunt", that occurred in 1994 and 1995, are examples of the hysteria over child molestation in the 1980s and early 1990s. In
9348-416: The main reasons that not all cars used KERS immediately is because it raises the car's center of gravity, and reduces the amount of ballast that is available to balance the car so that it is more predictable when turning. FIA rules also limit the exploitation of the system. The concept of transferring the vehicle's kinetic energy using flywheel energy storage was postulated by physicist Richard Feynman in
9462-457: The mayor and two council positions elected at-large. The terms are staggered four-year terms elected in November of odd years. The current mayor of Wenatchee is Mike Poirier, who was first elected in 2023. The city lies within the 8th congressional district , which includes all of Chelan County and crosses the Cascades to the rural areas of King , Pierce , and Snohomish counties. The district
9576-482: The motor-generator system and its control over the excitation field winding offered better control. The motor field could be operated as either series-wound, or with separate excitation from the generator with either a constant-current or constant-horsepower characteristics. The first pair of Z-1 arrived in December 1926, followed by a second pair a month later, both before the opening of the new tunnel. These first replaced
9690-414: The motors rotate with the supply frequency both when driving and braking. Kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS) were used for the motor sport Formula One 's 2009 season , and are under development for road vehicles. KERS was abandoned for the 2010 Formula One season , but re-introduced for the 2011 season . By 2013 , all teams were using KERS with Marussia F1 starting use for the 2013 season. One of
9804-414: The oldest of the stock, the Z-1s. Post-WWII the decision was taken, in common with many of the other US electric railways operating with 1920s equipment, to convert to diesel haulage rather than to renew the electrification system. This would allow straight-through haulage by the same locomotives, rather than interchanging between steam and electric. Improved ventilation was needed for the tunnel though, and
9918-444: The outset on the 3-phase boxcabs, although this had been dissipated by a load bank at the power station; with the single phase electrification, it could now be re-used by another train or fed into the supply network. Westinghouse HBFR electro-pneumatic multiple-unit control equipment was fitted. This was normally used to operate the locomotives as permanently-coupled pairs, but these pairs could also be coupled together and operated from
10032-408: The population. There were 10,741 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and
10146-443: The population. There were 12,379 households, of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.6% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
10260-410: The range of the battery pack, especially those using an AC drive train (most earlier designs used DC power). An AC/DC rectifier and a very large capacitor may be used to store the regenerated energy, rather than a battery. The use of a capacitor allows much more rapid peak storage of energy, and at higher voltages. Mazda used this system in some 2018 cars, where it is branded i-ELOOP. During braking,
10374-538: The regional economy are tourism and information technology. Wenatchee Pride began organizing LGBT Pride festivals 2017. The 2023 festival was held at Memorial Park with an estimated 4,000 attendance. Wenatchee is located at the confluence of the Wenatchee and Columbia rivers in the Columbia Basin , just east of the foothills of the Cascade Range . Irrigation from the Columbia River and its tributaries allows for
10488-457: The rolling direction. Braking effort is proportional to the product of the magnetic strength of the field windings, multiplied by that of the armature windings. Savings of 17%, and less wear on friction braking components, are claimed for British Rail Class 390s . The Delhi Metro reduced the amount of carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) released into the atmosphere by around 90,000 tons by regenerating 112,500 megawatt hours of electricity through
10602-486: The speed of the cars or keeping it in control on descending gradients, the motors worked as generators and braked the vehicles. The tram cars also had wheel brakes and track slipper brakes which could stop the tram should the electric braking systems fail. In several cases the tram car motors were shunt wound instead of series wound, and the systems on the Crystal Palace line utilized series-parallel controllers. Following
10716-740: The steep and dangerous Surami Pass . In Scandinavia the Kiruna to Narvik electrified railway, known as Malmbanan on the Swedish side and Ofoten Line on the Norwegian, carries iron ore on the steeply-graded route from the mines in Kiruna , in the north of Sweden, down to the port of Narvik in Norway to this day. The rail cars are full of thousands of tons of iron ore on the way down to Narvik, and these trains generate large amounts of electricity by regenerative braking, with
10830-400: The supply (regenerative braking). Compared to electro-pneumatic friction brakes, braking with the traction motors can be regulated faster improving the performance of wheel slide protection . For a given direction of travel, current flow through the motor armatures during braking will be opposite to that during motoring. Therefore, the motor exerts torque in a direction that is opposite from
10944-486: The system like this allows the energy harvested from deceleration to resupply an energy storage solution such as a battery or a capacitor . Once stored, this power can then be later used to aid forward propulsion . Because of the electrified vehicle architecture required for such a braking system, automotive regenerative brakes are most commonly found on hybrid and electric vehicles . This method contrasts with conventional braking systems, where excess kinetic energy
11058-421: The three phase boxcabs by rewiring the old tunnel as single phase. The electrification voltage was switched on 5 March 1927. After this time the boxcabs were withdrawn and the Z-1s took over. These first two pairs of locomotives operated almost the entire service for 1927, with a mileage of around 50,000 each per annum. Transit times were reduced from 4 hours with a 2,500 ton eastbound train to 1 hour 45 minutes and
11172-469: The two traction motor ventilating blowers and a third blower for the main transformer. This provided three phase AC at first, for starting, and then switched to single phase. A lead-acid battery could power the control and lighting equipment with main power interrupted and was also needed for starting the motor-generator, as this was not self-starting from the AC supply alone. Regenerative braking had been used from
11286-622: The use of regenerative braking systems between 2004 and 2007. It was expected that the Delhi Metro would reduce its emissions by over 100,000 tons of CO 2 per year once its phase II was complete, through the use of regenerative braking. Electricity generated by regenerative braking may be fed back into the traction power supply; either offset against other electrical demand on the network at that instant, used for head end power loads, or stored in lineside storage systems for later use. A form of what can be described as regenerative braking
11400-543: The vehicle interior, or dissipated externally by large radiator -like cowls to house the resistor banks. General Electric's experimental 1936 steam turbine locomotives featured true regeneration. These two locomotives ran the steam water over the resistor packs, as opposed to air cooling used in most dynamic brakes. This energy displaced the oil normally burned to keep the water hot, and thereby recovered energy that could be used to accelerate again. The main disadvantage of regenerative brakes when compared with dynamic brakes
11514-558: The wheels to an electrical load. In 1886 the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company, founded by Frank J. Sprague , introduced two important inventions: a constant-speed, non-sparking motor with fixed brushes, and regenerative braking. Early examples of this system in road vehicles were the front-wheel drive conversions of horse-drawn cabs by Louis Antoine Krieger in Paris in the 1890s. The Krieger electric landaulet had
11628-435: Was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.19. The median age in the city was 35.2 years. 26.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 23.4% were from 45 to 64; and 15.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female. As of the 2000 census , there were 27,856 people, 10,741 households, and 6,884 families residing in
11742-415: Was 65.87% (23,390) white or European American (60.69% non-Hispanic white ), 0.51% (182) black or African-American , 1.4% (497) Native American or Alaska Native , 1.31% (465) Asian , 0.18% (64) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian , 18.87% (6,701) from other races , and 11.85% (4,209) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 32.59% (11,571) of the population. Of
11856-406: Was announced that Freescale Semiconductor would collaborate with McLaren Electronic Systems to further develop its KERS for McLaren's Formula One car from 2010 onwards. Both parties believed this collaboration would improve McLaren's KERS system and help the system filter down to road car technology. Toyota has used a supercapacitor for regeneration on a Supra HV-R hybrid race car that won
11970-500: Was decided that rather than just working through the tunnel by electric haulage, it would now be used over the whole 73 mile stretch from Skykomish to Cascade. The boxcabs working the first tunnel had used a three-phase electrification system. The new extended electrification was to replace this with a single phase system from Westinghouse , at the same 25 Hz frequency but with the voltage raised from 6.6 kV to 11 kV. This had previously been demonstrated by Westinghouse with
12084-529: Was enlarged to include Chelan County during the 2012 redistricting; Wenatchee was previously part of the 4th congressional district . The city is also within the 7th legislative district , which has two state representatives and one state senator. Wenatchee was part of the 12th legislative district with the rest of Chelan County until it was redrawn in 2024 to comply with a U.S. District Court order for districts in Yakima County . Public safety in Wenatchee
12198-452: Was estimated to be 16.7% of the population. 23.3% of the population was under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 108.0 males. As of the 2010 census , there were 31,925 people, 12,379 households, and 7,721 families residing in
12312-404: Was estimated to include 1,000 horses and extend five miles long. A contingent stayed behind to fish at Wenatchapam Fishery in preparation for winter. In 1863, Father Respari, a Catholic priest, began his missionary work with local Native Americans. He was followed some 20 years later by Father De Grassi, who built a log cabin on the Wenatchee River near the present town of Cashmere . Throughout
12426-480: Was given an electric shock when he touched Christian Klien 's KERS-equipped car during a test at the Jerez circuit . With the introduction of KERS in the 2009 season, four teams used it at some point in the season: Ferrari , Renault , BMW , and McLaren . During the season, Renault and BMW stopped using the system. McLaren Mercedes became the first team to win a F1 GP using a KERS equipped car when Lewis Hamilton won
12540-503: Was invited into a village with huts, the largest measuring 209 feet long. Fur traders document friendly relations through the mid 19th century, even during the smallpox epidemic of 1817 and food shortages in 1841. During the Yakima War in 1856, US Army Colonel Wright intervened on a possible alliance between Yakama and Wenatchi tribes by removing the Wenatchi to Kittitas. The resulting march
12654-516: Was labeled the "Buckle". This saying is printed at the top of every issue of Wenatchee's newspaper, The Wenatchee World , but is no longer in common use elsewhere. Archeological digs in nearby East Wenatchee have uncovered Clovis stone and bone tools dating back more than 11,000 years, indicating that people migrating during the last Ice Age spent time in the Wenatchee area. The Columbia River and nearby mountains and sagebrush steppes provided an ample supply of food. Clovis points are on display at
12768-522: Was opened on 12 January 12, 1929. All five pairs of Z-1 had been delivered by this time, as had four of the Y-1. The Great Northern initially used a 'Pullman Green' livery for its electric locomotives. When the W-1 cab unit units arrived in 1947, they were painted in a new 'Empire Builder' scheme of orange and green separated by gold lining. The other electrics were later repainted in these Empire Builder colors, but not
12882-406: Was rated at 600 V DC and 1,500 kW. Additional generators were also provided: a 125 V 75 kW generator supplied field excitation for the main generator and some auxiliary supplies. A third generator was used to provide traction motor field during regenerative braking , and was only energised when braking. A further winding on the motor acted as an AC generator, used to supply
12996-498: Was the first time that KERS contributed directly to a race victory, with second placed Giancarlo Fisichella claiming "Actually, I was quicker than Kimi. He only took me because of KERS at the beginning". Although KERS was still legal in Formula 1 in the 2010 season, all the teams had agreed not to use it. New rules for the 2011 F1 season which raised the minimum weight limit of the car and driver by 20 kg to 640 kg, along with
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