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227-464: Xtrac and Flybrid are both licensees of Torotrak's technologies, which employ a small and sophisticated ancillary gearbox incorporating a continuously variable transmission (CVT). The CPC-KERS is similar as it also forms part of the driveline assembly. However, the whole mechanism including the flywheel sits entirely in the vehicle's hub (looking like a drum brake ). In the CPC-KERS, a differential replaces

454-399: A V-belt which runs between two variable-diameter pulleys. The pulleys consist of two cone-shaped halves that move together and apart. The V-belt runs between these two halves, so the effective diameter of the pulley is dependent on the distance between the two halves of the pulley. The V-shaped cross-section of the belt causes it to ride higher on one pulley and lower on the other; therefore,

681-516: A centrifugal clutch , to assist when idling or manually reversing the scooter. The 1974 Rokon RT340 TCR Automatic off-road motorcycle was fitted with a snowmobile CVT. The first ATV equipped with a CVT was the Polaris Trail Boss in 1985. Combine harvesters used variable belt drives as early as the 1950s. Many small tractors and self-propelled mowers for home and garden use simple rubber belt CVTs. Hydrostatic CVTs are more common on

908-488: A lithium-ion battery with scalable capacity or a flywheel, a four to eight kilogram electric motor (with a maximum power level of 60 kW (81 hp)), as well as the KERS controller for power and battery management. Bosch also offers a range of electric hybrid systems for commercial and light-duty applications. Several automakers have been testing KERS systems. At the 2008 1000 km of Silverstone , Peugeot Sport unveiled

1135-421: A 1:39.201 to lead the field, and the #8 had the third-fastest time. Repeating the result from the first practice, the #7 ended up back on top at the end of a dry second practice. The #8 finished fourth. During the last practice, Porsche set the fastest laps of any of the practice sessions and took the top two spots. The #8 and #7 finished third and fourth respectively, decreasing on their times in comparison to

1362-538: A CVT), but in practice, there are many similarities in operation, and a ratcheting CVT is able to produce a zero-output speed from any given input speed (as per an Infinitely Variable Transmission). The drive ratio is adjusted by changing linkage geometry within the oscillating elements so that the summed maximum linkage speed is adjusted, even when the average linkage speed remains constant. Ratcheting CVTs can transfer substantial torque because their static friction actually increases relative to torque throughput, so slippage

1589-459: A Hybrid Propulsion System for a Racecar Application, A. Rufer, P. Barrade, M. Correvon and J.-F. Weber, iamf EET-2008 : European Ele-Drive Conference, International Advanced Mobility Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, 11–13 March 2008). Two minor incidents were reported during testing of various KERS systems in 2008 . The first occurred when the Red Bull Racing team tested their KERS battery for

1816-720: A V engine exhausting outwards to their respective turbochargers. For 2012, Audi introduced an evolution of the original car called the R18 ultra and R18 e-tron quattro , which won Le Mans. Both the Ultra and e-tron quattro R18 were run at the 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans . In addition to the changes required by the regulations (reduced air intake restrictor and 60 litre fuel tank) the car was completely reworked to reduce weight. These changes included Xtrac sequential electrically activated 6-speed racing gearbox with gearbox housing made of new carbon-fiber composite with titanium inserts, carbon clutch, changes to

2043-576: A battery system, in contrast to the previous Porsche 911 GT3 R Hybrid that used a flywheel system. A KERS using a carbon fibre flywheel, originally developed for the Williams Formula One racing team, has been modified for retrofitting to existing London double-decker buses . 500 buses from the Go-Ahead Group will be fitted with this technology from 2014 to 2016, anticipated to improve fuel efficiency by approximately 20%. The team who developed

2270-456: A brand new car, dubbed by the simple name of 'Audi R18' was fully revealed in its final competition design in March 2016. Mostly every peripheral within the design element of the 2016 car was fundamentally different from its predecessors. The front end and overall vehicle length changed, with the nose of the car becoming slimmer than ever before. At the front end of the car, the airflow is directed to

2497-418: A broken throttle linkage, placing it behind four laps, eighteenth place overall. They would need to mount a rapid comeback to get ahead of the two Toyota TS040 Hybrids to reach the minimum position needed to secure the drivers' championship (assuming the #7 Audi wins). A full course yellow, gave the two Audis the advantage over the lone Porsche in front, leading to the #8 and #7 placing first and second by

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2724-448: A chain. Each element of the chain must have conical sides that fit the pulley when the belt is running on the outermost radius. As the chain moves into the pulleys the contact area gets smaller. As the contact area is proportional to the number of elements, chain belts require many very small elements. A belt-driven design offers approximately 88% efficiency, which, while lower than that of a manual transmission , can be offset by enabling

2951-400: A failure of the gathering of energy to the front axle of the car. Having to be wary of the time it was losing to the #1 Toyota, the #17 Porsche team decided to send the car back out onto the track without it front axle energy storage system active, with only the exhaust energy recovery system functioning. At the conclusion of the race, #18 Porsche was able to hold off the #7 Audi by over

3178-518: A flywheel on a bike frame and connecting it with a CVT to the back wheel. By shifting the gear, 20% of the kinetic energy can be stored in the flywheel, ready to give an acceleration boost by reshifting the gear. Automobile Club de l'Ouest , the organizer behind the annual 24 Hours of Le Mans event and the Le Mans Series , has promoted the use of kinetic energy recovery systems in the LMP1 class since

3405-459: A half seconds over the second place #18 Porsche . In third was the #1 Toyota , about fifteen seconds back. The #8 Audi finished fifth place, three laps down. After securing a hard-fought win in Silverstone , the championship moved onto Spa-Francorchamps for the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps . The first practice was run under wet conditions, and it slowed the pace of the track greatly, as

3632-414: A high strength CFRP with an aluminum honeycomb core. The hybrid system is encased in a high voltage protection system. The car was first tested in late 2015 ahead of the 2016 season. Audi's regular season car numbers did not change from last year, as the main two cars still sported the #7 and #8. The driver lineup consisted with the same driver lineup as last year, assigned to the same car numbers, with

3859-461: A higher MJ class reduces the fuel capacity to 49.9 liters in exchange for a higher engine power output of over 390 kW (520 hp). The foundation of the V6 TDI engine still revolves around the variable geometry turbocharger , with a 120-degree cylinder bank angle, and torque output of 850 Newton meters, in use since 2011, but now consumes 32.4 percent less fuel in 2016 in contrast to 2011. Much like

4086-491: A hydrostatic CVT in the form of a variable-displacement axial piston pump with a variable-angle swashplate . A cone CVT varies the drive ratio by moving a wheel or belt along the axis of one or more conical rollers. The simplest type of cone CVT, the single-cone version, uses a wheel that moves along the slope of the cone, creating variation between the narrow and wide diameters of the cone. Some cone CVT designs use two rollers. In 1903, William Evans and Paul Knauf applied for

4313-432: A hydrostatic CVT include: Disadvantages of a hydrostatic CVT include: Uses of hydrostatic CVTs include forage harvesters , combine harvesters , small wheeled/tracked/skid-steer loaders , crawler tractors , and road rollers .  One agricultural example, produced by AGCO , splits power between hydrostatic and mechanical transfer to the output shaft via a planetary gear in the forward direction of travel (in reverse,

4540-414: A hydrostatic CVT, the effective "gear ratio" between the engine and the driving wheel(s) is the result of a difference between the pump's displacement—expressed as cubic inches or cubic centimeters per revolution—and the motor's displacement. In a closed system, that is, a system in which all of the pump's output is delivered to the motor(s), this ratio is given by the equation GR = Dm ÷ Dp , where Dp

4767-458: A lap being trapped in the gravel while the leading Audis lapped them. The Toyota hybrids were able to continue after being rescued by safety marshals. By the end of the third hour, the Porsche trailing the lead Audi in hour two led the race. Between the end of the third hour and fifth, the Porsche continued to lead, and the #2 switched positions with the #1 going into the final hour, as Audi

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4994-520: A lengthy pit stop that included a driver change for the #7. Not much later, the #7 would have a spin, resulting in the #2 Porsche passing it for second place. Chaos ensued for the #1 Porsche at the end of the hour, with a crash involving a GT AM car. The incident would prove terminal for both car's chances to complete the race. Trouble would also be in store for the #8, as the car stopped off track with MGU problems. A full course yellow would be deployed to clean up both incidents. The #2 Porsche gained

5221-501: A limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant angular velocity while the vehicle moves at varying speeds. CVTs are used in cars, tractors, side-by-sides , motor scooters, snowmobiles , bicycles, and earthmoving equipment . The most common type of CVT uses two pulleys connected by a belt or chain ; however, several other designs have also been used at times. The most common type of CVT uses

5448-411: A lithium-ion battery was used instead of a capacitor to store and supply energy. For the opening practice session of the season, Porsche was able to secure the first two positions, both a second and a half clear of the next best LMP1 runner, their best time a 1:42.182. The two Audi cars, the #8 in fourth and the #7 in sixth were separated by two and a half seconds with the #8 running a 1:43.917. In

5675-404: A mechanical problem, and would lose three laps by the end of the hour, placing it fourth, between the #7 which was one lap down in third and the #8 three laps down in fifth. The #7 Audi driven by André Lotterer at the time set a new race lap record ( at the time, which was eventually broken in 2019 ) of 3 minutes and 17.476 seconds. When the race concluded, the #19 Porsche won the race, and

5902-448: A millimeter thick. The conical pulleys have radial grooves. A groove on one side of the pulley is met with a ridge on the other side and so the sliding plates are pushed back and forth to conform to the pattern, effectively forming teeth of the correct pitch when squeezed between the pulleys. Due to the interlocking surfaces, this type of drive can transmit significant torque and so has been widely used in industrial applications. However,

6129-459: A minute to win the race. The duo of Toyotas finished third and fourth, both three laps down, and the #17 car finished fifth, nine laps down. The #8 rounded off the LMP-H category, eleven laps down. The #17 Porsche was still able to earn the drivers championship by a mere five points to the #7 Audi , 166 to 161. With plans to reclaim the manufacturers' title which Audi have not won since 2013 ,

6356-526: A multi-plate clutch, not a torque converter , to prevent idle creep . Use of CVTs then spread in the following years to models including the 1998 Nissan Cube , 1999 Rover 25 and 1999 Audi A6 . The 1999 Nissan Cedric (Y34) used a toroidal CVT—unlike the pulley-based designs used by other manufacturers—marketed as the Nissan Extroid , which incorporated a torque converter. Nissan then switched from toroidal to pulley-based CVTs in 2003. The version of

6583-408: A patent on a continuously variable transmission using two parallel conical rollers pointing in opposite directions and connected by belts that could be slid along the cones to vary the transmission ratio. The Evans Variable Speed Countershaft, produced in the 1920s, is simpler—the two rollers are arranged with a small constant-width gap between them, and the position of a leather cord that runs between

6810-465: A pulley-based CVT. In some toroidal systems, the direction of thrust can be reversed within the CVT, removing the need for an external device to provide a reverse gear. A ratcheting CVT uses a series of one-way clutches or ratchets that rectify and sum only "forward" motion. The on-off characteristics of a typical ratchet means that many of these designs are not continuous in operation (i.e. technically not

7037-490: A race lap record on the Sarthe circuit of a 3-minute and 17.647 lap, and the pace continued to place himself second by the end of the hour with the #7 behind. As the sun began to set over the track in the seventh hour, the #9 was able to pass the #17 Porsche on raw pace after a pit stop, and the #7 followed in third. By the end of hour ten, the Porsche would regain the lead over the #7 and #9 in second and third places. Entering

Kinetic energy recovery system - Misplaced Pages Continue

7264-499: A revised V6 TDI engine with an electric turbocharger, upgrades to the flywheel accumulator system and an exhaust heat recovery system . The system captures the thermal energy from the exhaust and can add power to either the turbocharger or the flywheel accumulator system. Audi later opted not to race with the second Energy Retrieval System, which is known as a Motor Generator Unit-Heat [MGU-H] in Formula One, because it did not result in

7491-414: A ring of steel pole pieces between them to create a planetary gearset using magnets. It is claimed to produce a 3 to 5 percent reduction in fuel consumption compared to a mechanical system. Some CVTs can also function as an infinitely variable transmission (IVT) which offers an infinite range of low gears (e.g. moving a vehicle forward at an infinitely slow speed). Some IVTs prevent back driving (where

7718-459: A role in determining the outcome of the race. Although the #7 was passed by the #18 on the Kemmel Straight with forty-five minutes to go, the Porsche soon took a pit stop for fuel only. Audi would react to the pit stop by leaving the #7 out for a few more laps until pitting in on lap 164 for fuel only, with the gap between the #7 and the #18 at fifty seconds. The #7 Audi would go onto win

7945-510: A season that Audi won as a result of fast race pace and good consistency. Audi would evolve the R18 e-tron quattro into an entirely new and different looking car from its revised 2013 predecessor to adapt to the changes that the new LMP1 regulations (for hybrids) presented. A larger 4.0 L engine (producing over 400 kW (540 bhp)) would power the rear of the car and one MGU hybrid system (producing over 170 kW (230 hp)) would operate in

8172-424: A second within each other taking the first three spots. They were a second over a duo of Toyota TS030 Hybrid cars, one being 2013-spec and the other 2012. The race would show Audi's strong pace, but it was neutralized by Toyota's better fuel consumption in its 2013-spec car, making for a very tight race for Audi. However, a mechanical problem in the closest challenging Toyota provided Audi with an easy 1–2–3 finish as

8399-410: A series of discs and rollers. The discs can be pictured as two almost-conical parts arranged point-to-point, with the sides dished such that the two parts could fit into the central hole of a torus . One disc is the input, and the other is the output. Between the discs are rollers, which vary the ratio and transfer power from one side to the other. When the rollers' axes are perpendicular to the axis of

8626-506: A single Garrett ( Honeywell Turbo Technologies ) TR30R VGT turbocharger, as opposed to the twin TR30R configuration of both the Peugeot 908 HDi FAP and the previous Audi R15 TDI . The R18's V6 engine exhausts inwards between the cylinder banks, where the turbocharger is placed. This is called a 'hot valley' configuration and is opposed to the traditional configuration with each cylinder bank of

8853-457: A specific level of driver involvement with the vehicles. Many small vehicles—such as snowmobiles , golf carts , and motor scooters —use CVTs, typically of the pulley variety. CVTs in these vehicles often use a rubber belt with a non-stretching fixed circumference manufactured using various highly durable and flexible materials, due to the mechanical simplicity and ease of use outweighing their comparative inefficiency. Some motor scooters include

9080-535: A spring-loaded driven pulley often use belt tension to effect the conforming adjustments in the driven pulley. The V-belt needs to be very stiff in the pulley's axial direction to make only short radial movements while sliding in and out of the pulleys. The radial thickness of the belt is a compromise between the maximum gear ratio and torque. Steel-reinforced V-belts are sufficient for low-mass, low-torque applications like utility vehicles and snowmobiles, but higher-mass and -torque applications such as automobiles require

9307-546: Is 875 kilograms. Audi upgraded the R18 to the 6 MJ class, and for the new car, an electrochemical battery storage system will accumulate energy in the hybrid system instead of a flywheel, which will be located in the monocoque. The MGU (motor generated unit) at the front axle will gather kinetic energy through the rotation of the wheels until braking and disperse to help the car accelerate. The MGU can store and output more than 355 kW (476 hp) (limited to 304 kW (408 hp) at Le Mans). Consequently, switching to

Kinetic energy recovery system - Misplaced Pages Continue

9534-564: Is a Le Mans Prototype (LMP) racing car constructed by the German car manufacturer Audi AG . It is the successor to the Audi R15 TDI . Like its predecessor, the R18 uses a TDI turbocharged diesel engine but with a reduced capacity of 3.7 litres and in a V6 configuration. For the first time since the 1999 R8C , the Audi Le Mans prototype used a closed cockpit design. The R18 is also

9761-433: Is impossible in properly designed systems. Efficiency is generally high because most of the dynamic friction is caused by very slight transitional clutch speed changes. The drawback to ratcheting CVTs is the vibration caused by the successive transition in speed required to accelerate the element, which must supplant the previously operating and decelerating power-transmitting element. The design principle dates back to before

9988-400: Is the pump's effective displacement, Dm is the motor's displacement, and GR is the "gear ratio." In a hydrostatic CVT, the effective "gear ratio" is varied by varying effective displacement of the pump, which will vary the volume of oil delivered to the motor(s) at a given engine speed (RPM).  There are several ways in which this may be accomplished, one being to divert some of

10215-451: Is used to supply power needed by vehicle electrical systems. When used in conjunction with Mazda's start-stop system , i-Stop, the company claims fuel savings of up to 10%. Bosch and PSA Peugeot Citroën have developed a hybrid system that uses hydraulics as a way to transfer energy to and from a compressed nitrogen tank. An up to 45% reduction in fuel consumption is claimed, corresponding to 2.9 L/100 km (81 mpg, 69 g CO 2 /km) on

10442-557: The 6 Hours of Silverstone . Toyota had brought a revised version of the successful TS040 Hybrid that won them both the drivers' and manufacturers' championships in the 2014 FIA WEC season . Porsche , newcomers to the FIA WEC in 2014, have also updated their prototype, most notably moving their prototype to the 8MJ class. In the first practice, the Audi #8 topped the time sheets setting 1 minute 42.121 second lap. The other Audi , #7 finished

10669-404: The 6 hours of Bahrain , and Audi would not dominate as they did for the majority of the season. The #1 car started the race in third and the #2 in fourth. The #1 would finish second place and the #2 would retire due to mechanical issues. Despite the result, Audi would still win the manufacturer's title by sixty-four and a half points. The season for Audi's R18 e-tron quattro would be defined as

10896-510: The Audi Le Mans R18 hybrid cars would use Williams Hybrid Power. Since 2014, the power capacity of the KERS units were increased from 60 kilowatts (80 bhp) to 120 kilowatts (160 bhp). This was introduced to balance the sport's move from 2.4 litre V8 engines to 1.6 litre V6 turbo engines. Bosch Motorsport Service is developing a KERS for use in motor racing. These electricity storage systems for hybrid and engine functions include

11123-513: The Audis , allowing it to leap both the #7 and the #8 by the end of the race. The final standings were the #17 and #18 Porsches finishing first and second while the #7 and #8 were third and fourth. Porsche claimed the manufacturers' titles with the first and second-place finish. Porsche would also have the opportunity to clinch the drivers' (with the #17 Porsche driver lineup) with a fourth-place finish or better next round. The #7 Audi driver lineup

11350-504: The FIA allowed the use of 60 kW (82 PS; 80 bhp) KERS in the regulations for the 2009 Formula One season . Teams began testing systems in 2008: energy can either be stored as mechanical energy (as in a flywheel) or as electrical energy (as in a battery or supercapacitor ). With the introduction of KERS in the 2009 season, only four teams used it at some point in the season: Ferrari , Renault , BMW and McLaren . Eventually, during

11577-511: The LM GTE's and Prototype racers. In qualifying, the #7 Audi , after being mostly at the bottom of the LMP1-H standings for both of the free practice sessions, the #7 was able to rebound to earn a pole for the race. Following averaging a tenth behind was the #8, which snapped an 11-race streak starting from pole for Porsche . The race got under way with the air temperature at 9 °C (48 °F) and

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11804-403: The LMP1 class was altered, and as a consequence, the e-tron quattro received an additional 0.5 kg/h of fuel flow to its V6 engine powerplant and a 0.5-litre reduction in fuel tank capacity from 53.7 to 54.2 litres. The first practice session of the race week was affected by weather in the area. That did not stop Audi from setting the pace during the first session of the week. The #7 set

12031-400: The LMP1 grid. In the race, Audi would find pace, particularly with their #2 car, as Lotterer set the best lap in the first hour at 1 minute 46.388 seconds, positioned in fourth place by the conclusion of the first hour. The second hour would see the lap time lower to a 1-minute and 46.126-second lap by the #2 car as well as a position gain by one position, to third. The #1 car's position

12258-565: The NEDC cycle for a compact frame like Peugeot 208 . The system is claimed to be much more affordable than competing electric and flywheel systems and was expected on road cars by 2016 but was abandoned in 2015. In 2020, FIAT launched the series of the FIAT Panda mild-hybrid with KERS technology. KTM racing boss Harald Bartol revealed that the factory raced with a secret kinetic energy recovery system fitted to Tomoyoshi Koyama 's motorcycle during

12485-506: The Peugeot 908 HY , a hybrid electric variant of the diesel 908, with KERS. Peugeot planned to campaign the car in the 2009 Le Mans Series season , although it was not allowed to score championship points. McLaren began testing of their KERS system in September 2008 at Jerez in preparation for the 2009 F1 season , although at that time it was not yet known if they would be operating an electrical or mechanical system. In November 2008, it

12712-483: The Porsche in third ever since the end of the fourth hour. The #2 would finish fourth place and the #1 would finish in fifth. Toyota would lock the top two spots and win the race. The southwest Asian nation of Bahrain would host the 6 Hours of Bahrain at Bahrain International Circuit for the penultimate round of the 2014 season. Two of Toyota's drivers, Anthony Davidson and Sébastien Buemi in

12939-468: The Porsches . By the end of the first hour, the #7 sat in second and the #8 sat in fourth, both cars behind Porsches . By the beginning of the second hour, Audi would struggle to match the Porsche's pace and the #7 dropped back to third and the #8 still in fourth. As the hour went on the Audi cars would pickup more and more consistent speed. By the end of the third hour, Audi would make up ground and

13166-600: The Toyota in second. At the end of hour 4, the #2 would slip back to second, but would eventually battle back to win the race, twenty-three seconds ahead of their rival Toyota . The 6 hours of Fuji in the 2013 season would be the shortest race in FIA WEC history. Despite Audi qualifying the #1 car on pole and #2 car in fourth position, the race would only last eight total green flag laps, which started under safety car due to heavy rain. The Audi #1 would pit for service in response to

13393-419: The new rules for Le Mans in 2011 the car featured a stabilisation fin on the engine cover and has a new six-speed gearbox. The new gearbox was electrically controlled instead of pneumatically controlled, saving weight by eliminating the pneumatic system. Despite the capacity reduction, the 3.7L V6 is claimed to develop more than 397 kilowatts (532 bhp) of power, less than the outgoing R15. The new engine has

13620-458: The #1 Toyota in fourth place. In the fourth hour, the #7 slipped back to second after having to deal with a faulty wheel nut, and by consequence, the #7 Audi had to take an extra stop to change a wheel. In the fifth hour, the #8 had a three-minute stop and hold penalty after the #8 crew fitted the car with the wrong front tires, requiring an additional stop, taking the team over their maximum allocation of thirty-four tires. The #17 Porsche had

13847-512: The #1 car's chances of finishing the race. That left the #2 Audi to survive the remaining five hours, in fourth place, one lap down behind two Toyotas and a Porsche in that order. By the end of hour two, the #2 Audi had slipped behind the Rebellion Racing , entry three laps down. The car would pass the Rebellion by the end of hour three. By the end of hour 4, the #2 would be completely out of

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14074-604: The #1 car, who regained the lead from the end of the second hour until the end of the race after losing the lead briefly in the first hour to Rebellion. The #2 car finished in second place three laps behind the sister car. The championship would move north to Austin, site of the 6 hours of the Circuit of the Americas . Dominant runs in practice and qualifying would place the Le Mans-winning #2 crew on pole position ahead of its sister car

14301-415: The #1 ending the session in third and the #2 finished in fourth place. Their lap times decreased to the 1 minute and 50 second range, separated by around five-tenths. Much of the same weather conditions from the first two practices were present in the third practice, and the #1 finished the session in fourth and the #2 finished in sixth position. In the first two of the practice sessions, Toyota led and in

14528-419: The #1, which followed behind three tenths off the pace. The race would prove to be a worthy challenge for Audi by their rivals Toyota. By the end of hour 1, the #2 car sat in second place behind the lone Toyota machine and the #1 car in fourth behind the Rebellion Racing entry, one lap down from the lead. However, during hour two until the end of three, the #2 car regained the lead, being followed closely by

14755-472: The #1. Toyota would finish the season not only with the drivers title, but with the manufacturers' title as the Toyota TS040 Hybrid proved to be the best overall LMP1-H during the season, combining speed, reliability, and solid fuel efficiency to consistently produce good results for the majority of the rounds. Audi would revise their R18 e-tron quattro. Audi chose to upgrade the prototype to

14982-489: The #17 finishing second. The #7 would be the only Audi on the podium, finishing third, two laps down. The #8 and #9 would complete the race as well, in fourth, three laps down and seventh, eight laps down. The result would place Porsche in the lead in the manufacturers' points championship, with a lead of sixteen points over Audi . For the 6 Hours of Nürburgring , the EoT (Equivalence of Technology) in regards to fuel flow for

15209-422: The #2 Porsche, placing the car in sixth after the issues were resolved. The #8 Audi would move up to second place and try to catch the leading Porsche , but around forty minutes into the hour, the #5 Toyota was able get by the #8 Audi and eventually to the lead past the #1 Porsche , with the #7 Audi behind in fourth place. In the second hour, the #1 Porsche would suffer from two tire punctures, dropping

15436-434: The #2 after the end of hour three, but would eventually regain the lead again by the end of hour five, thanks to a solid stint by McNish and the lack of hybrid drive in the #1 car. The #2 car would win the race after battling with its sister car throughout the race, winning an entire lap over Toyota . The addition of a third entry was prepared by Audi prior to the 6 hours of Spa-Francorchamps . The #3 car would be driven by

15663-439: The #2 car placing in third with the #1 closely following in fourth. The Porsches had the first two positions. By the end of the second hour, both Audi cars moved back a position each, the #2 car in fourth and the #1 in fifth. At the end of hour three, both cars were lapped by the fast-paced Toyota , and, in the end, the #2 car could not catch the Porsche in third position, who was on the same lap. The #2 kept losing time to

15890-418: The #2 car remained in sixth. By the end of the fifth hour, both cars moved up the order, the #1 in third and the #2 in fourth. The finale of the season concluded with the #1 car taking a podium position in third and the #2 car settle back to fifth. Porsche won the race, their first of the season. All throughout the race Audi brought a significant challenge to get both of their cars on the podium, particularly

16117-426: The #2 for fourth respectively. The race would play out as the tale of two halves, with #1 and #2 both by the end of the third hour being one lap down to the leader. However, by the end of hour five, the #1 made back a lap and found itself 30 seconds off the lead. The #1 car's pace would pay off at the end and resulted in a fifteen-second victory over the second-place Toyota TS030 hybrid . The season would conclude with

16344-505: The #2, and the #1 being behind the #2 and the second of the Toyotas in sixth. The race got underway in hot, dry and clear conditions. As the Toyota built a lengthy lead in the first hour, both the Audi cars would make moves, passing both the Porsche 919 Hybrids . Weather would soon take its toll on a particular part of the track (turn 11) and the drivers in the second hour, and pit strategy played an important role in who would come out of

16571-459: The #7 Audi. In the third free practice, the #7 Audi was briefly on top early, but by the end a very fast lap by one of the Porsches would put it well ahead of the #7 Audi by two and a half seconds. The #8 Audi made contact with a LMP2 car during the session, damaging the car enough take it out for the remainder of the session. The car placed sixth. Qualifying would favor the Porsches, as they took

16798-501: The #7 being the better of the Audis but almost two seconds off the pace of the Porsche, which was leading at the end. The second practice session would only see one of the Audis take part, that being the #7. The #7 would place fifth overall. The #8 was receiving repairs to its front axle drivetrain. The duo of Toyotas led the way, the fastest of the two lapping over a second and a half clear of

17025-448: The #7 driven by André Lotterer , Benoît Tréluyer , and Marcel Fässler . The #8 car would be operated by Oliver Jarvis , Lucas Di Grassi , and Loïc Duval . The 2016 season began at Silverstone Circuit as it did for all the years of the FIA WEC seasons. Defending champions Porsche brought a new version of the 919 Hybrid , redesigned to be lighter to counter the regulation of electrical power and fuel capacity. The foundation of

17252-417: The #7 finished second and #8 finished third. The next round was the 6 Hours of Fuji . Audi chose to race with a revised chassis package for this race. The #7 was the fastest during the first practice and the #8 finished third fastest in the opening practice. The Porsche would rebound in the second practice, edging out the #7 Audi by about four-tenths. The #8 placed fourth. In the third practice session,

17479-427: The #7 held off both of the rival Porsches until it pitted with 3 hours and 45 minutes to go. By the end of the third hour, the #7 placed second and the #8 placed fourth. As the race was nearing the end of the fourth hour, the #7 was overtaken by one of the rival Porsches and its sister car, the #8, after trying to gamble unsuccessfully on slicks. The consequence was a pit stop to change back to wet tires, and rejoining

17706-414: The #7 in second and #8 in third with the #18 Porsche in fourth. In the last hour, the #18 Porsche made gains to get ahead of both the Audis. Both the Porsche and Audi cars would take one more stop before the race ended, and ultimately, it would determine the finishing order of the #18 Porsche and Audis #7 and #8. After the #7 and #8 pitted, the #18 would pit, and would get out the pit quicker than

17933-478: The #7 in third and the #8 in fourth. The 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas was the next race on the calendar and the first race in North America for the season. The first free practice session was battled out at record-setting paces for both Audi and Porsche . The fastest time for a LMP1 around the track was set in the first practice session by Porsche , setting a 1:47.231 (at the time). The #8 finished

18160-428: The #7 lead the race, and the #8 was situated in fifth, five laps down. The standings with two hours and fifteen minutes to go had the #7 Audi still leading the field with a Toyota and the #18 Porsche behind it. The #8 Audi was still in fifth place, four laps down. Heading into the last hour, the #7 and #18 battled it out once again, before being separated with the Porsche pitting. With fifteen minutes to go in

18387-415: The #7 placed third and the #8 placed fourth, with the #8 spending most of the time in the garage with a gearbox issue. During the qualifying session, the #7 settled in the third slot. The #8 sat about two tenths away from the #7 car in fourth place. The race got underway in wet conditions, with the safety car leading the field when the race timer started. The track temperature was at 17 °C (63 °F) and

18614-426: The #7 reached second place, the #8 was following behind in third, and the #9 car gained two positions and was now up to fifth. The third hour would again feature the #18 Porsche and the #7 Audi setting fast laps at the front of the field. However, the #18 would start to increase its lead as the third hour continued. The #9 was in an intense battle with the #2 Toyota for fourth position. The third hour ended with

18841-400: The #7 still chasing down the #18 Porsche in second place followed by the #8 in third. The #9 was in seventh, one lap down. When hour five concluded, the #7 Audi was leading the race, with the #18 Porsche only eight seconds off the lead. The #9 went up to fourth position, two laps down, and the #8 was five laps down in eighth position. Towards the end of the race, pit strategy would play

19068-429: The #7 would find itself in second place and the #8 in third. This position for both the Audis would last until the end of hour five, with the second of the Porsches racing the #8 hard to gain third. Going into the last hour is where Audi began to lose its advantage of the two podium spots it claimed, as the pace of the Porsches increased, and the second of the Porsches got second place. The race would finish with

19295-449: The #8 Toyota TS040 Hybrid had the ability to clinch the drivers' championship with a position of fifth place or better or the #2 Audi finishing lower than first place. The #2 car's driver crew was second place, and they would need a very solid finish and the #8 car to finish last in the LMP1-H standings after the race concluded. The first practice result had both of the Audi cars toward

19522-420: The #8 in fourth. Both the Audis had already taken three pit stops in contrast to both Porsche's two, using their slicks and drying line forming on the track to catch the Porsches , who were trying to conserve their wet tires over the race session. The standings would stay this way until the end of the fifth hour, where both Audi's and Porsche's cars were all even at five pit stops, the #17 Porsche leading

19749-428: The #8 in third and the #7 in fourth. The result from the final practice would follow into the qualifying session, with the #8 and #7 placing third and fourth on the starting grid. The race was a hot one, with track temperatures at 41 °C (106 °F) and 34 °C (93 °F). From the first to the end of the third hour of the first hour, #8 and #7 remained in the same positions they started in, third and fourth. In

19976-444: The #8 placing third and the #7 placing fourth on the grid for the race. The #8 was about seven and a half tenths off the leading Porsche's time. Brendon Hartley set the fastest qualifying record (at the time), with an individual time of 1:42.621 seconds to lead the duo of Porsches to the front row starting positions. A wet race track with track temperatures at 15 °C (59 °F) and air temperature of 14 °C (57 °F)

20203-402: The #9 Audi . The car placed fifth by the end of the session with a 2-minute and 28 second lap time. As of these two practices, the Porsche 919 Hybrid's finished leading both sessions by the end. The third practice, however, would be dry, and that's when Audi took advantage of a faster racetrack. The #7 ended the third practice on top with a 1-minute a.nd 57.368 second lap time. The #8 car

20430-399: The #9 qualified eighth. On race day, the rain held up to a temperature of 13 °C (55 °F), and out the rolling start formation, the positioning of the LMP1-H field changed quickly. The #7 Audi would get as high as third place on the first lap. The #8 would lose a position to the #2 Toyota , but soon regain the position back. Thirty minutes into the first hour, and reminiscent of

20657-502: The 125cc race of the 2008 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix . Koyama finished 7th. The system was later ruled illegal and thus was banned. The Lit C-1 electric motorcycle will also use a KERS as a regenerative braking system. KERS is also possible on a bicycle. The EPA , working with students from the University of Michigan, developed the hydraulic Regenerative Brake Launch Assist (RBLA) This has also been demonstrated by mounting

20884-502: The 1930s, with the original design intended to convert rotary motion to oscillating motion and back to rotary motion using roller clutches. This design remains in production as of 2017, for use with low-speed electric motors. An example prototyped as a bicycle transmission was patented in 1994. The operating principle for a ratcheting CVT design, using a Scotch yoke mechanism to convert rotary motion to oscillating motion and non-circular gears to achieve uniform input to output ratio,

21111-410: The 1950s. CVTs with flywheels are used as a speed governor between an engine (e.g. a wind turbine) and the electric generator . When the engine is producing sufficient power, the generator is connected directly to the CVT which serves to regulate the engine's speed. When the power output is too low, the generator is disconnected, and the energy is stored in the flywheel. It is only when the speed of

21338-532: The 2015 season. Audi would have to compete with one more new competitor in Nissan Motorsports , who, after months of delay, had brought a trio of LMP1-H cars. However, they would prove to be largely ineffective at challenging any of the LMP1 field, due to a failed hybrid system. The #9 car in testing set the fastest lap of all the Audi prototypes during the first test day of a 3-minute and 22.307-second lap to be on pace for second place, three tenths off

21565-427: The 2016 R18 had also been changed from a flywheel system to a lithium-ion battery , and had been upgraded from the 4  MJ class to the 6  MJ class for additional boost. The engine remained the same 4.0 L turbodiesel V6. Audi dropped the e-tron quattro name badge for the 2016 season. Audi raced two R18s all across the 2016 WEC season. They finished first at Silverstone; however, an irregularity concerning

21792-444: The 4 MJ hybrid output class from the 2 MJ. Although the 2015-spec car is a car that resembles the previous year's model, the aerodynamics been altered. The new aerodynamic package allowed for airflow through and around the front end, through the side panels, and at the rear of the car with the diffuser. The monocoque remains unchanged from last year, but except for a modified sidepod airflow with new radiator configurations in

22019-539: The CVT and transfers torque between the flywheel, drive wheel and road wheel. The first of these systems to be revealed was the Flybrid. This system weighs 24 kg (53 lbs) and has an energy capacity of 400 kJ after allowing for internal losses. A maximum power boost of 60 kW (81.6  PS , 80.4 HP) for 6.67 seconds is available. The 240 mm (9.4 in) diameter flywheel weighs 5.0 kg (11 lbs) and revolves at up to 64,500 rpm. Maximum torque at

22246-549: The CVT available in the Rex kei car . Subaru has also supplied its CVTs to other manufacturers (e.g., the 1992 Nissan Micra and Fiat Uno and Panda ). Also in 1987, second-generation Ford Fiesta and first-generation Fiat Uno were introduced with steel-belted CVTs, which are called CTX and Unomatic in Ford and Fiat, respectively. The 1996 sixth-generation Honda Civic introduced a pulley-based Honda Multi Matic (HMM) CVT which included

22473-449: The CVT used with the VQ35DE engine in the fourth-generation Nissan Altima is claimed to be capable of transmitting higher torque loads than other belt CVTs. The 2019 Toyota Corolla (E210) is available with a CVT assisted by a physical "launch gear" alongside the CVT pulley. At speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph), the launch gear is used to increase acceleration and reduce stress on

22700-653: The CVT. Above this speed, the transmission switches over to the CVT. Marketing terms for CVTs include "Lineartronic" ( Subaru ), "Xtronic" ( Jatco , Nissan , Renault ), INVECS-III ( Mitsubishi ), Multitronic ( Volkswagen , Audi ), "Autotronic" ( Mercedes-Benz ) and "IVT" ( Hyundai , Kia ). In the United States, Formula 500 open-wheel racing cars have used CVTs since the early 1970s. CVTs were prohibited from Formula One in 1994 (along with several other electronic systems and driving aids) due to concerns over escalating research and development costs and maintaining

22927-403: The R18 did not enter the 2011 12 Hours of Sebring ; however, two evolved R18s (chassis numbers 101 and 102) were tested. In the 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans , Allan McNish (car #3) and Mike Rockenfeller 's (#1) cars were involved in collisions. The remaining Audi R18 (#2 of Marcel Fässler , André Lotterer and Benoît Tréluyer ) went on to win the race by 13.854 seconds. This was the 11th win in

23154-506: The R18 ultra, with a 500 kJ flywheel accumulator system designed by Williams Hybrid Power , two 74 kW; 100 hp (101 PS) Bosch Motor Generator Units driving the front wheels with water-cooled integrated power electronics, providing the car with four wheel drive (quattro), and a smaller 58-litre fuel tank. The quattro system, as per the regulations, is available only at speeds above 120 km/h (75 mph). The e-tron has six automatic modes that are driver-selectable on

23381-584: The Reeves CVT was also used by several other manufacturers. The 1911 Zenith Gradua 6HP motorcycle used a pulley-based Gradua CVT. A year later, the Rudge-Whitworth Multigear was released with a similar but improved CVT. Other early cars to use a CVT were the 1913–1923 David small three-wheeled cyclecars built in Spain, the 1923 Clyno built in the U.K., and the 1926 Constantinesco Saloon built in

23608-555: The Spaniard Marc Gené , Oliver Jarvis , and young Brazilian Lucas Di Grassi . The car would be only eligible to earn manufacturer points in Le Mans. Audi determined to use this car for its Le Mans effort, using the race at Spa as a test bed for both the #3 car and team. A damp practice session would be dominated by the e-tron quattro's and would continue into the dry qualifying session, with cars #1, #3, and #2 (in that order) qualifying

23835-565: The Tokachi 24-Hour endurance race in July 2007. This Supra became the first hybrid car in the history of motorsport to win such a race. At the NAIAS 2011 , Porsche unveiled a RSR variant of their Porsche 918 concept car which uses a flywheel-based KERS that sits beside the driver in the passenger compartment and boosts the dual electric motors driving the front wheels and the 565 BHP V8 gasoline engine driving

24062-677: The U.K. The first mass-production car to use a CVT was the 1958 DAF 600 from the Netherlands . Its Variomatic transmission was used in several vehicles built by DAF and Volvo until the 1980s. In 1987, the ECVT , the first electronically controlled steel-belted CVT, was introduced as an optional transmission on the Subaru Justy , Production was limited to 500 units per month due to Van Doorne's limited production output. In June of that year, supplies increased to 3,000 per month, leading Subaru to make

24289-543: The Ultra finishing in third and fifth. The leading car covered 5151.8 km, making 33 pit stops. Audi intended to run one of each model for the remaining five races in the season. Audi has instead run two e-tron Quattros since Bahrain . The 2013 season would see Audi utilize the hybrid system completely; retiring the non-hybrid turbodiesel R18 Ultra. The #1 car would be piloted by André Lotterer , Benoît Tréluyer , and Marcel Fässler . The #2 entry would be raced by Tom Kristensen , Allan McNish , and Loïc Duval . Round 1

24516-499: The ability to win the manufacturers' title in Shanghai . The championship moved westward to Shanghai for the 6 Hours of Shanghai . Audi retained the aero package raced at Fuji for Shanghai. The #7 and #8 finished the first practice in positions first and second, besting the duo of Porsches in third and fourth. An opposite result occurred in the second free practice within the first four spots, with both Porsche prototypes leading

24743-428: The air temperature at 15 °C (59 °F). After forty minutes, the race went green and the #7 took the lead immediately, ahead of the Porsches . At the end of the hour, the #7 and #8 took advantage of the wet conditions, placing first and second. By the end of the second hour, the #7 placed first and the #8 in fourth, both cars having taken a pit stop. The third hour began with a three-way fight for first place, and

24970-464: The back end of the class field, with the #1 car in fourth place and the #2 car in fifth, in between the set of Porsche prototypes. The second practice was very much like the first in terms of the #1 and #2 cars positioning. In the third practice session, the #2 only participated, and placed fourth. In qualifying, the #2 posted a time of a 1-minute 44.792 lap, positioning it fifth. The #1 did not partake in qualifying, and by default, they started last in

25197-421: The beginning of the second hour so track marshals could clean an oily track, but as soon as the track was declared green, the close racing between the Porsches and the Audis resumed. At the end of the hour, the #7 led the race, using the traffic to get ahead of the three Porsches ahead. The #9 and #8 sat fifth and sixth respectively. In the fifth hour, #9 Audi driven by Filipe Albuquerque managed to set

25424-498: The belt is wrapped around a pulley, the sides of the elements form a conical surface. In the stack of bands, each band corresponds to a slightly different drive ratio, and thus the bands slide over each other and need sufficient lubrication . An additional film of lubricant is applied to the pulleys. The film needs to be thick enough to prevent direct contact between the pulley and the chain, but thin enough to not waste power as each chain element enters it. Some CVTs transfer power to

25651-406: The car down to fourteenth overall. The put the #8 in second place behind the leading Toyota . Meanwhile, the #7 Audi would suffer from floor damage after running over a curb, resulting in a visit to the garage. The car would drop in the order to seventeenth overall. At the conclusion of the third hour, the #7 would move up to fourteenth place, but continued to lose laps after a pit stop to clean

25878-415: The car. More than ever, the new R18 directs airflow more efficiently to the underfloor to escape via the rear diffuser, which helps create a downforce to assist the car in cornering. The monocoque is 4,560 millimeters in length (which is the maximum length per the regulations). The regulations also called for larger openings in the front wheel arches to keep the car grounded. The high torsional stiffness of

26105-479: The car. Finally, there are numerous smaller upgrades to vision and ergonomics to improve drivability. On 29 November 2015, Audi Sport debuted the redesigned R18 that the team planned to race in the 2016 FIA World Endurance Championship season. The new R18 featured significantly altered aerodynamics, including a raised nose similar to pre-2014 Formula One nose designs, air scoops above the front fenders, integrated mirrors, and other body modifications. The KERS for

26332-453: The carbon-fiber composite aluminum honeycomb monocoque built by Dallara , Single Garrett ( Honeywell Turbo Technologies ) turbocharger with boost pressure limited to 280 kPa absolute, Bosch MS24 engine management, 1 x 45.8 mm diameter air restrictor, OZ magnesium forged wheels, Michelin Radial 360/710R18 front and 370/710R18 rear tires. The R18 e-tron quattro is a hybrid version of

26559-401: The cars in the race pitted, the battle between the two resumed for the overall lead. The battle would continue to rage on throughout the race, with clean and professional racing between the two rival prototypes and back markers along the way. While the battle between the #7 and #18 continued, the #8 gained time on the two upfront as it aimed to get back on the lead lap. By the end of hour four,

26786-470: The chassis build has been built around the drive shaft for the hybrid system, with new mounting points for the front wishbone suspension . The spring damper elements are activated through pushrods at the front and pull rods at the rear. The transmission was optimized to be a lighter, six-speed gear unit. The car uses a high-pressure central hydraulics system to reduce weight while still actuating braking, transmission, and engine operations. The vehicle weight

27013-473: The chassis was carried over from 2015, with a few revised aerodynamic changes. Coming of the rather flat 2015 season that saw the defending champs uncompetitive to the likes of their German rivals, Toyota came with a brand new model, the TS050 Hybrid , which most notable change was the implementation of a smaller 2.4 liter, twin-turbocharged V6 engine. The powerplant of the hybrid system was also of note, as

27240-498: The competition presented by Toyota and their brand new car, the TS040 Hybrid , and Audi's sister company Porsche returned to prototype racing with the 919 Hybrid prototype racer. For practice one, Audi respectively sat in second and fourth, but by the second practice session the #1 and #2 car led the entire field, with the #1 ahead of the #2 by four-tenths flat and the #2 ahead of the nearest competitor by five-tenths. However, by

27467-508: The contribution of power from the electric motor and the internal combustion engine. These differ from standard CVTs in that they are powered by an electric motor in addition to the engine, often using planetary gears to combine their outputs instead of a belt used in traditional CVTs. A notable example is the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive . Friction-disk transmissions were used in several vehicles and small locomotives built in

27694-415: The discs, the effective diameter is the same for the input discs and the output discs, resulting in a 1:1 drive ratio. For other ratios, the rollers are rotated along the surfaces of the discs so that they are in contact with the discs at points with different diameters, resulting in a drive ratio of something other than 1:1. An advantage of a toroidal CVT is the ability to withstand higher torque loads than

27921-406: The ducts to prevent overheating after a piece of rubber clogged a portion of the air duct. By the end of the fourth hour, the #8 would drop a lap to the leading #5 Toyota , but remain in second place. The #7 Audi would move up to seventh overall, seven laps down. The race would have a completely different look by the end of the fifth hour that would favor Audi . The #8 would gain the lead with

28148-455: The early 20th century, including the Lambert and Metz automobiles. Used today in snow blowers , these transmissions consist of an output disk that is moved across the surface of the input disk upon which it rolls. When the output disk is adjusted to a position equal to its own radius, the resulting drive ratio is 1:1. The drive ratio can be set to infinity (i.e. a stationary output disk) by moving

28375-446: The eleventh hour, the gap between the #19 Porsche and #7 would come down after the #19 Porsche pitted and by lap 161, they were nose to tail. Through pitstops, the #19 Porsche was able to keep its lead over the two Audis trailing in second and third. The #8 was in fifth, one lap down. Through the midway point hour, the #19 Porsche had a sixty-five second lead over the #7 Audi , with the #9 fifty seconds back. Fifteen minutes into

28602-530: The end of hour four, the #1 was the only car on the lead lap in second place, while #3 was in fifth and #2 in sixth third one lap down. By the end of the race, #1 claimed second place. #2 came in fifth one lap down and #3 brought it home in sixth two laps down. A win at Le Mans placed Audi in prime position to overtake Toyota in Austin, at the 6 hours of Circuit of the Americas . The first practice session took place in overcast and cool weather. The #2 finished

28829-420: The end of qualifying practice the #1 and #2 were in the same places that they finished by the end of the first practice, the #1 in second and the #2 in fourth. The rainy weather would play a significant role in the result of the race, and it did not favor Audi . Di Grassi 's #1 lost traction and crashed in the first hour while leading the race at Woodcote, resulting in suspension damage that would be terminal to

29056-415: The end of the field. The #7 and #8 finished off the hour second and third. During the second hour, Audi's decision to race on intermediate tires, resulted in an extra pit stop over the run to the end of the second hour, placing the #8 Audi in third and the #7 Audi in fourth. The #18 Porsche was able to reclaim its starting position rather quickly. By the end of the third hour, the #7 sat in seventh and

29283-407: The end of the first hour. This positioning would last until the end of the third hour, until a brake disc failure knocked the leading Audi #8 out of first place in eighth place. When the car returned to the track, it was eight laps down on the leader, which happened to be the #7 Audi , which was threatening for the drivers' title. Meanwhile, the #17 Porsche was up to fifth place, two laps behind

29510-458: The engine to run at its most efficient RPM regardless of the vehicle's speed. When power is more important than economy, the ratio of the CVT can be changed to allow the engine to turn at the RPM at which it produces the greatest power. In a chain-based CVT, numerous chain elements are arranged along multiple steel bands layered over one another, each of which is thin enough to easily bend . When part of

29737-420: The fastest Audi being the #7 setting a lap in the 3 minute and 19 second range. The pace would significantly decrease for qualifying practice two, as the #7 Audi set a lap of a 3-minute and 20.561-second lap to place second behind the leading Porsche by a difference of 1 second and sixth tenths. The #8 and #9 would place fifth and sixth. For the final qualifying practice, two of the Audis were able to top

29964-439: The fastest lap, not just in this session, but the entire practice sessions, driven by Duval . The #2 would follow up behind the #1 car in second place, about seven-tenths off the pace. Qualifying was next up and Toyota would set the fastest time average between their two drivers in one of their TS040 Hybrids . Both Porsche machines qualified second and third. This left Audi having to settle for fourth, its fastest car being

30191-399: The fastest time set was by the #18 Porsche of a 2-minute and 16.616 lap time. The fastest Audi was the #9, setting a 2-minute 20.337 lap in the wet, placing it fifth place in the results. The #8 car placed sixth and the #7 placed eighth. Wet track conditions would continue into the next practice session as well. Audi chose to send one car out for the second practice session, that being

30418-411: The field, #2 in fourth place, and #3 in seventh. In the next session, the #2 would be the best of the cars in third place. Qualifying would be a little more difficult. The #2 was the only car that started inside the top three in third position, about a second off the pace of the leading Porsche. Car #2 qualified sixth and car #3 qualified seventh. The race got underway under clear conditions and during

30645-400: The final practice, the Porsches took the first two positions, and Audi finished with the #7 in third and #8 in fourth. In the last qualifying session of the season, Porsche was able to take pole position once again on average time between their two drivers. With the pole position at Bahrain, Porsche earned pole position spots for each for each round of the championship. The #7 finished

30872-460: The first driver to take pole position with a KERS car, his teammate, Heikki Kovalainen qualifying second. This was also the first instance of an all KERS front row. On August 30, 2009, Kimi Räikkönen won the Belgian Grand Prix with his KERS equipped Ferrari. It was the first time that KERS contributed directly to a race victory, with second placed Giancarlo Fisichella claiming "Actually, I

31099-473: The first hour it was very close amongst Audi and its rivals Toyota and Porsche . By the end of the first hour, the #2 and #1 stood in the middle of the LMP1 fray, third and fourth respectively, with the #3 car hanging onto sixth position. During hour two, rivals Toyota leaped two positions to take fourth and third away from the Audis . The #1 car also passed the #2. By the end of hour two cars #1, #2, and #3 stood in positions fourth, fifth, and sixth. By

31326-453: The first hour, the #7 was in fourth and the #8 was in fifth. During the second hour, the #8 car sustained rear chassis damage from a GTE AM car, which resulted in a lost lap in the pits for repair, dropping from third place to fifth. With four hours and twenty-six minutes to go, the #7 and the rival leading Porsche #18 were battling for overall lead of the race. The battle was briefly halted by both cars pitting in for service, but after all

31553-469: The first hour, the #7, #8, #9 were able to get by the #19 Porsche that started third. Twenty minutes into the race, with the aid of slower cars, the #8 and #7 were both able to reach the second place #18 Porsche and challenge for the position. Meanwhile, the #9 fell behind the #19 Porsche . By the end of the first hour, Audi had positions third through fifth, and all top six runners were separated by no more than eight seconds. A safety car came out at

31780-411: The first practice session first, and the #1 finished the session right behind the #2, two tenths off the pace. Practice session two was run under wet track conditions, and this time the Toyota got the upper hand, taking the first and third positions. The Audi cars finished the wet sessions with the #1 in second place and the #2 in fourth place. For the third and final practice session, the #1 car set

32007-407: The first practice, behind one of the Toyotas . Consistent with the first practice, the #1 car would finish the session in third again while the #2 improved on its positioning by one spot to be placed fourth. In the third practice, the Audi's would place at the back of the hybrid field with the #2 car fifth and the #1 sixth. Qualifying placed the Audis toward the back of the LMP1-H grid, as out of

32234-500: The first racing car from Audi to feature hybrid power. Although Audi have previously given each new developed model of endurance racing car a distinct model number, the head of Audi Sport, Wolfgang Ullrich , suggested the R18 designation for Audi endurance racing cars could be used for the foreseeable future. There were five further evolutions of R18 until Audi quit the FIA World Endurance Championship in 2016. As

32461-423: The first such vehicles to be fitted with a hydrostatic CVT. The design used a variable-displacement swash-plate pump and fixed-displacement gear-type hydraulic motor combined into a single compact package. Reverse ratios were achieved by reversing the flow of the pump through over-centering of the swashplate. Acceleration was limited and smoothed through the use of pressure accumulator and relief valves located between

32688-505: The first time in July: it malfunctioned and caused a fire scare that led to the team's factory being evacuated. The second was less than a week later when a BMW Sauber mechanic was given an electric shock when he touched Christian Klien 's KERS-equipped car during a test at the Jerez circuit. Formula One has stated that they support responsible solutions to the world's environmental challenges, and

32915-502: The first two podium positions, with #2 winning and #1 in second place. Audi gained the manufacturers championship lead after this race, leading by 18 over rival Toyota . Oyama, Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan 's Fuji Speedway was host to the 6 Hours of Fuji as the season moved onto the fifth round. Now holding the manufacturers lead, Audi hoped to continue the success and fight it showed in Austin . The first two practice sessions got

33142-422: The first two practices. Porsche did not waste any time setting pace within the qualifying session, with both cars times being in the low 1:36 range. Audi could only manage laps in the 1:37 range and just as the third practice, the #8 was third and the #7 was fourth. The race day was hot and humid, with a track temperatures of 37 °C (99 °F) and air temperatures of 29 °C (84 °F). The start of

33369-465: The flywheel is 18 Nm (13.3 ftlbs), and the torque at the gearbox connection is correspondingly higher for the change in speed. The system occupies a volume of 13 litres. Already in 2006, a first KERS system based on supercapacitors has been studied at EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) in the framework of the development of the "Formula S2000". A 180kJ system has been developed in collaboration with other institutes (Multiphysic Modeling of

33596-480: The flywheel is sufficient that the kinetic energy is converted into electricity, intermittently, at the speed required by the generator. Some drill presses and milling machines contain a simple belt-drive CVT system to control the speed of the chuck , including the Jet models J-A5816 and J-A5818. In this system, the effective diameter of only the output shaft pulleys is continuously variable. The input pulley connected to

33823-493: The forward-reverse shuttle times are reduced. The speed and power output of the CVT is used to control the travel speed and sometimes steering of the equipment. In the latter case, the required speed differential to steer the equipment can be supplied by independent CVTs, allowing the steering to be accomplished without several drawbacks associated with other skid steer methods (such as braking losses or loss of tractive effort). The 1965 Wheel Horse 875 and 1075 garden tractors were

34050-420: The fourth hour, the #8 went to second place briefly before a pit stop infringement pushed the car back to fourth, and the #7 car was promoted to second by the end of the fourth hour. At the end of the fifth hour, the #8 and #7 were in third and fourth, but were down a lap off the lead Porsches . In the last hour, the #7 passed the #8 and a garage visit by one of the Porsches moved both Audis up one position and

34277-453: The front axle of the car. A flywheel capable of storing over 600 kJ of energy would be inside the car as well. An ERS-K (to store kinetic energy) and ERS-H (to store energy generated from heat) would also be included within the platform of the electric turbocharged engine. As for the aerodynamics, Audi switched the chassis constructor from Dallara to YCOM. The car became smaller in width and taller in height. The newly built monocoque

34504-407: The gear ratio is adjusted by moving the two sheaves of one pulley closer together and the two sheaves of the other pulley farther apart. As the distance between the pulleys and the length of the belt does not change, both pulleys must be adjusted (one bigger, the other smaller) simultaneously to maintain the proper amount of tension on the belt. Simple CVTs combining a centrifugal drive pulley with

34731-401: The grid for the race. The best lap for each car during each of the qualifying sessions would average to determine each car's starting position. In the first qualifying practice, the Porsches locked out the top three positions, with the best Porsche , #18 setting a 3-minute and 16.887 lap. All the Audi prototypes would be seconds back off the pace, sitting in positions fourth through sixth,

34958-610: The larger units. In mowing or harvesting operations, the CVT allows the forward speed of the equipment to be adjusted independently of the engine speed; this allows the operator to slow or accelerate as needed to accommodate variations in the thickness of the crop. Hydrostatic CVTs are used in small- to medium-sized agricultural and earthmoving equipment. Since the engines in these machines are typically run at constant power output (to provide hydraulic power or to power machinery), losses in mechanical efficiency are offset by enhanced operational efficiency. For example, in earthmoving equipment,

35185-468: The last hour, the last pit stop for the Audi brought its advantage over Porsche to seven seconds. With the aid of lap traffic, the Audi was able to keep the lead. A late pit stop by the #2 Porsche sealed the race victory for Audi. However, the celebration for Audi would be short lived, due to a post-race scrutineering infringement, with the thickness of the skid block not complying with the regulations. With

35412-432: The last practice, Porsche led. For the qualifying session, Audi found themselves at the back of the hybrid starting grid, the #1 being fifth place and #2 sitting in sixth. The start of the race would be dry and in comparison to the previous practices and qualifying sessions, there would not be rain in the forecast for the remainder of the six-hour session. The first hour would see both the Audis be very competitive, with

35639-440: The last round, the #7 Audi and #18 Porsche battled again, this time for second place up to this point in the race. However, a mistake by the #7 sent the car spinning at the bus stop chicane, dropping the #7 to fourth place behind the #8. The #9 car would be in seventh place. This was how the positioning for first hour would end for the Audis . By the end of the second hour, Audi would press on and promote their positions, as

35866-421: The late 2000s. Peugeot was the first manufacturer to unveil a fully functioning LMP1 car in the form of the 908 HY at the 2008 Autosport 1000 km race at Silverstone. The 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans saw Hope Racing enter with a Flybrid Systems mechanical KERS, to be the first car ever to compete at the event with a hybrid. The system consisted of high speed slipping clutches which transfer torque to and from

36093-476: The lead over the #8, with the pole-sitting #7 in third. Going into the second hour, the leading Porsche began to stretch its legs on the field, lapping in the 1:40's gaining up to a fifteen-second lead on the pair of Audis in second and third. As the hour continued, the #7 would take second back from the #8. As the LMP1 hybrids concluded their second pit stop cycle, the #1 Porsche had a lead of about forty seconds after

36320-410: The lead, with the #7 behind in second. The full course yellow would extend into half of the third hour. When the race returned to green, the #7 would gain on the sole Porsche and overtake it for first place. Through the fourth to the end of the fifth hour, the #7 would defend its lead against the Porsche , maintaining good pace, even with a safety car period that brought them nose-to-tail. Going into

36547-455: The leading #18 Porsche . On test day two the #7 Audi was the fastest Audi in the field, setting a 3-minute and 22.556 second lap time, placing it third behind two Porsche prototypes. When the race week started with the first practice, every Audi finished in the top six, with the #8 placing in second, setting a lap of 3 minutes and 21.950 seconds. The #7 placed in fifth and the #9 placed sixth. There were three qualifying sessions to form

36774-422: The leading #5 Toyota losing a massive amount of laps, suffering engine problems. Behind the #8, the #2 Porsche was laps down in third. When the race ended, the #8 Audi would come across the line in first place, over the #2 Porsche , which was two laps down after struggling predominately from a disabled hybrid system for the majority of the race. The #5 Toyota finished last the order after dominated half of

37001-501: The maximum speed is significantly lower than other pulley-based CVTs. The sliding plates will slowly wear over years of usage. Therefore the plates are made longer than is needed, allowing for more wear before the chain must be refurbished or replaced. Constant lubrication is required and so the housing is usually partially filled with oil. Toroidal CVTs, as used on the Nissan Cedric (Y34) , and those built by CVTCORP, consist of

37228-496: The monocoque structure to not only aid in necessary engine cooling, but to cut down on the drag created from the openings. The engine cover at the rear of the car is slimmer, so the car can cut through the air more efficiently. The headlights have been updated with Audi's Matrix LED and Laserlight technologies. With the increased megajoule output, the electrical hybrid machine in the front axle produced 203 kW (272 bhp), which recovers energy during braking. The flywheel (in

37455-425: The motor is usually fixed in diameter (or sometimes with discrete steps to allow a selection of speed ranges). The operator adjusts the speed of the drill by using a hand wheel that controls the width of the gap between the pulley halves. A tensioner pulley is implemented in the belt transmission to take up or release the slack in the belt as the speed is altered. Audi R18#R18 e-tron quattro The Audi R18

37682-408: The motor to turn more rapidly. Another method is to employ a variable displacement pump .  When the pump is configured for low displacement, it produces a low volume of oil flow, causing the hydraulic motor(s) to turn more slowly.  As the pump's displacement is increased, a greater volume of oil flow is produced for any given engine RPM, causing the motor(s) to turn faster. Advantages of

37909-399: The next round in Shanghai, China for the 6 Hours of Shanghai . The first practice was held on a wet track, and #2 ended the session third and the #1 finished the session fourth. Both cars obtained laps within the 1 minute and 52 second range, separated by a little over three and a half hundredths. The second practice took place on a wet track as well, and the Audis switched positions, with

38136-459: The output disk to the center of the input disk. The output direction can also be reversed by moving the output disk past the center of the input disk. The transmission on early Plymouth locomotives worked this way, while on tractors using friction disks, the range of reverse speeds was typically limited. Still in development, the magnetic CVT transmits torque using a non-contact magnetic coupling. The design uses two rings of permanent magnets with

38363-509: The output pulley via tension in the belt (a "pulling" force), while others use compression of the chain elements (where the input pulley "pushes" the belt, which in turn pushes the output pulley). Positively Infinitely Variable (PIV) chain drives are distinct in that the chain positively interlocks with the conical pulleys. This is achieved by having a stack of many small rectangular plates in each chain link that can slide independently from side-to-side. The plates may be quite thin, around

38590-486: The output shaft can freely rotate, like an automotive transmission in neutral) due to providing high back-driving torque. Other IVTs, such as ratcheting types, allow the output shaft to freely rotate. The types of CVTs which are able to function as IVTs include epicyclic, friction-disk, and ratcheting CVTs. In 1879, Milton Reeves invented a CVT (then called a variable-speed transmission ) for use in sawmilling. In 1896, Reeves began fitting this transmission to his cars, and

38817-410: The passenger side of the car) can store up to 700 kilojoules of energy. The 4.0 liter V6 engine has been further developed to produce 416 kW (558 bhp), with better-optimized fuel consumption, despite a reduction in the regulations for a lower fuel capacity. The prototype weighs in at 870 kg. The season started once again at Silverstone Circuit , on the traditional grand prix layout for

39044-570: The past 13 years for Audi. Audi competed in the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). For the 2012 12 Hours of Sebring , they entered three 2011 R18s; the #2 of McNish, Tom Kristensen and Rinaldo Capello took the overall victory with 325 laps completed, marking Audi's tenth victory at Sebring. The victory also marked Kristensen's sixth Sebring win, and as a three-driver team, the third ( 2006 and 2009 ). The #3 car of Timo Bernhard , Romain Dumas and Loïc Duval finished 2nd four laps behind (321);

39271-494: The performance gain engineers had hoped for and was therefore considered an unnecessary risk to take. The aerodynamics have been heavily revised in accordance with the new rules: the width is reduced by 10 cm, the height is increased by 20 mm and there are a new set of front wings. The exhaust-blown diffuser on the 2013 model has been banned and removed. The safety monocoque has been strengthened with additional fabric. Wheel tethers and extra crash structures are also added to

39498-581: The power transfer is fully hydrostatic).  This arrangement reduces the load on the hydrostatic portion of the transmission when in the forward direction by transmitting a significant portion of the torque through more efficient fixed gears. A variant called the Integrated Hydrostatic Transaxle (IHT) uses a single housing for both hydraulic elements and gear-reducing elements and is used in some mini-tractors and ride-on lawn mowers . The 2008–2010 Honda DN-01 cruiser motorcycle used

39725-403: The practice in third place, separated by a Porsche and a time difference of about two tenths. Audi had even a better result in free practice two, with the #7 leading and the #8 in second position. A wet third practice had the Audis separated, on opposite end of the LMP1-H leaderboard. The #7's result was first and the #8 was sixth. For all the rounds except Le Mans, in all car categories

39952-421: The practice session in third place behind the second of the Porsches in second and the #7 finished the session last in the hybrid class, having to cut the practice short due to alternator issues. The second practice session took place at night, with the #8 claiming second in the session standings and the #7 taking the fourth position. In the final practice session, both Audis were behind both Porsches , with

40179-461: The pump and motor, to prevent the sudden changes in speed possible with direct hydraulic coupling. Subsequent versions included fixed swash plate motors and ball pumps. The 1996 Fendt Vario 926 was the first heavy-duty tractor to be equipped with a IVT transmission. It is not the same thing as a hydrostatic CVT. Over 100,000 tractors have been produced with this transmission. CVTs have been used in aircraft electrical power generation systems since

40406-412: The pump's output back to the reservoir through an adjustable valve.  With such an arrangement, as more oil is diverted by opening the valve, the effective displacement of the pump is reduced and less oil is delivered to the motor, causing it to turn more slowly.  Conversely, closing the valve will reduce the volume of oil being diverted, increasing the effective displacement of the pump and causing

40633-447: The qualifying session for the LMP1-H field, except the position of the #1 and #2, who switched starting grid positions, with the #2 starting fifth and the #1 starting sixth. The pole position belonged to Toyota . The race got off to an exciting start, with multiple position swaps amongst the LMP1-H cars. By the end of the first hour, the #2 car gained one position, passing one of the Porsches . The #1 stayed in sixth position. When

40860-414: The qualifying session in third and the #8 finished in fourth. Typical of the region, the race would be dry, with the track temperature at 31 °C (88 °F) and the air temperature at 24 °C (75 °F). In the first hour, the Porsches would break away from the Audis , but very slowly, as the Audis were not much slower. One of the Porsches would encounter trouble, the #17 Porsche , due to

41087-406: The race after Benoît Tréluyer crashed the car into the wall and trapped it in the gravel. Both cars would finish non-classified and would gain no points in the event. In addition to the disappointing start to the season of earning no points, the cars were damaged so terribly, that new cars would have to be completely re-built. At Spa-Francorchamps , the first practice session had the #1 leading

41314-410: The race by thirteen seconds over the rival #18 Porsche . The #9 would finish the race in fourth, two laps down and the #8 would finish in seventh place, eight laps down. So far in the season for manufacturers' points, Audi held a seventeen-point advantage over Porsche , led by pace and strategy, which resulted in victories. The eighty-third annual 24 Hours of Le Mans would be the next round of

41541-459: The race concluded, with the #1 winning in Belgium. Entering Le Mans, with victories at Silverstone and Spa-Francorchamps , Audi had a 20-point advantage over Toyota , winning races off of sheer pace. The Le Mans test was dominated by Audi in the order of car #2, #3, and #1. The same result was repeated in the qualifying sessions, with the #2 car setting a time of 3 minutes and 22.349 seconds. During

41768-413: The race got off to a rather easy start, with the Porsche gaining an early grasp of the lead of the race, as the leading Porsche had a four-second advantage within the first five laps. A full course yellow would slow the field up and bunch the leading LMP1 cars. Audi was presented with an opportunity to regain the lead of the race. Initially, through traffic, the Audis struggled to keep pace with

41995-424: The race weekend off to a great start, as the #1 locked the first position and the #2 took the second position through the first and second practices. However, in the third practice, both of Toyota's and Porsche's prototypes earned faster times than the #1 and #2, who in contrast to the first two practices, sat at the opposite end of the LMP1-H leaderboard. The same result from the third practice session stood for

42222-411: The race, besides a brief overtake of the lead by Toyota by virtue of a pit stop, Audi stood in control of the entire race and #2 took the 24 hour classic's honors, with the other car, #3 finishing third, extending their championship lead. The 6 hours of São Paulo was next on the calendar, and Audi once again showed its pace and just edged its rival Toyota by two tenths. The race was dominated and won by

42449-401: The race, the leading #7 Audi received a timed stop and go penalty, right after heading into the pits the previous lap. Meanwhile, the #18 Porsche decreased the gap more and more. Going into the final lap, the gap between the #7 Audi and the #18 Porsche was just under six seconds. When the six hours elapsed, the #7 Audi was on top of the standings and winning the race by about four and

42676-506: The race. Both the Ultra and e-tron Quattro made their racing débuts at the 2012 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps as part of a four-car Audi entry in the FIA World Endurance Championship . The #3 car of Romain Dumas, Loïc Duval and Marc Gené gave the Ultra victory over the e-tron Quattro. Audi finished 1–2–3–4 in the race. Audi had entered a four car line-up for Le Mans . The e-tron Quattro finished first and second with

42903-452: The race. The #7 Audi would salvage a fifth-place finish, five laps down off the lead. With the win, Audi's first of the season, Audi would remain in third place, but gain forty points in the manufacturers championship, three points behind Toyota and sixteen behind Porsche . (key) Races in bold indicates pole position . Races in italics indicates fastest lap. Audi TDI 3.7 L Turbo Hybrid Diesel V6 The R18 e-tron quattro

43130-488: The rain unaffected. Audi chose to pit in both their e-tron Quattros, changing from racing slicks to rain tires. Porsche pitted for new racing slicks and Toyota chose to be brave and try and out last the drenched track. As the Toyotas and Porsches struggled to adjust to the rain that their lack of grip slicks gave them, Audi came out of the storm on top, with one of the Porsches trailing them. Both Toyota TS040 Hybrids ended up swallowing their pride; they lost

43357-415: The rear to a combined power output of 767 BHP. This system has many problems including the imbalance caused to the vehicle due to the flywheel. Porsche is currently developing an electrical storage system. In 2011, Mazda has announced i-ELOOP, a system which uses a variable-voltage alternator to convert kinetic energy to electric power during deceleration. The energy, stored in a double-layer capacitor ,

43584-425: The rest of the car, the safety measures of the car have been revised. Audi's technology of Matrix LED headlights and LaserLight was carried over and revised for 2016, and rearward vision is displayed through an AMOLED monitor connected to a rearview camera. A brake force distribution system works automatically and is connected to the hybrid system to regulate energy generated under braking. The monocoque consists of

43811-400: The rest of the race. Audi , although setting faster laps than the rest of the LMP1 field for the first time during a race in the season would struggle to run consistent lap times. In addition, the Audi #2 finished too low; and did not earn enough points, giving Anthony Davidson and Sébastien Buemi in the #8 Toyota TS040 Hybrid the drivers' championship title in the penultimate round of

44038-426: The retirement of the #8 car during the event and the exclusion of the #7 with the failure to comply to regulations, Audi would receive one point (from winning pole position) for Silverstone and would sit last in the manufacturer standings below Porsche and Toyota . Spa-Francorchamps would be the second race on the calendar . At the end of the first free practice, the Audi prototypes were placed fourth and sixth,

44265-652: The rollers determines the transmission ratio. In an epicyclic CVT (also called a planetary CVT), the gear ratio is shifted by tilting the axes of spherical rollers to provide different contact radii, which in turn drive input and output discs. This is similar in principle to toroidal CVTs. Production versions include the NuVinci CVT . Several hybrid electric vehicles —such as the Toyota Prius, Nissan Altima, Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, and Ford Escape Hybrid —use electric variable transmissions (EVTs, sometimes eCVT) to control

44492-539: The season, Renault and BMW stopped using the system. Nick Heidfeld was the first driver to take a podium position with a KERS equipped car, at the Malaysian Grand Prix. McLaren Mercedes became the first team to win an F1 GP using a KERS equipped car when Lewis Hamilton won the Hungarian Grand Prix on July 26, 2009. Their second KERS equipped car finished fifth. At the following race, Lewis Hamilton became

44719-404: The season. The finale of the 2014 FIA World Endurance Championship would be at the famous Brazilian circuit Autódromo José Carlos Pace for the 6 Hours of São Paulo . This would be Audi #1's Tom Kristensen's last race as a race car driver as well. The first practice made for a promising start for the #1 car, as it placed third by the end of the first practice. The #2 car was fifth in

44946-458: The second practice, the Porsche was once again the fastest setting a 1:39.655, with the #8 Audi being the fastest Audi, with a best time of 1:42.454. The #7 placed fifth. Snowfall plagued free practice, three and session was red-flagged and eventually was suspended. In qualifying, the fastest times of the drivers assigned to a given car are averaged to form the starting grid order for every FIA WEC class. There were two qualifying sessions, one for

45173-465: The six cars, the #2 qualified fourth and the #1 qualified sixth. Early on in the running of the race, the #1 looked to move up the order against its rivals in the first hour and placed in fourth by the end of the hour. The #2 was sixth by the end of the first hour. By the second hour, the #1 attempted to threaten for the lead of the race, ending the hour off in second place. The #2 still remaining in sixth. The #1 car would move back to fourth by hour four and

45400-421: The speedy Porsches , with the #7 and #9 placing first and second. The #8 Audi placed sixth. The average time of the Audi would be for the #8, 3 minutes and 19.866 seconds, the #7, 3 minutes and 20.571 seconds, and the #9, 3 minutes and 20.997 seconds. They would take the grid third, fourth, and fifth. The start of the race was sunny with track temperatures ranging from 23 to 25 °C (73 to 77 °F). In

45627-462: The steering wheel. The modes manage engine mapping, short bursts accelerating from corners, quattro four wheel drive, wet weather, etc. Allan McNish said "I don't have to press a button ... It does it automatically ... It is like traction control." Changes from 2013 R18 e-tron quattro include the introduction of blue laser beam backlights with a yellow phosphor crystal lens complementing the LED headlights,

45854-571: The technology were awarded the Dewar Trophy of the Royal Automobile Club in 2015. Parry People Mover railcars use a small engine and large flywheel to move. The system also supports regenerative braking. Continuously variable transmission A continuously variable transmission ( CVT ) is an automated transmission that can change through a continuous range of gear ratios . This contrasts with other transmissions that provide

46081-456: The third hour concluded, Audi switched positions, with the #1 in fourth place and the #2 going down one lap in sixth place. Eventually, by the end of the race, the #1 Audi lost a lap and soon was passed by the second of the Porsches , moving the #1 back to fifth. The #1 would finish fifth and #2 would finish sixth, the #1 being two laps down and the #2 being three laps down on the leading Toyota TS040 Hybrid . Audi attempted to double stint

46308-403: The time the car pitted, with the time it lost already from the drag it carried, it was sent in the garage for short repairs. When the car returned, it was in fifth place, two laps down. The #9 would stay in contention for the lead in second place. The race would continue to wear on Audi as it neared its conclusion. In the twenty-first hour, the #9 Audi would be wheeled into the garage to fix

46535-404: The times for the top two fastest drivers were averaged together, and the car grid was set by fastest time based on the fastest duos first. For the qualifying run, the #8 qualified third behind the two Porsches with a time of 1 minute and 40.352 second average time and the #7 qualifying fifth. The race started under partly cloudy skies, with the air temperature at 12 °C (54 °F). Through

46762-510: The tires during the race. The pit strategy did not help their cause, as grip came at a premium during the race, and that strategy cost them a lot of time. Audi only earned 18 points in Fuji , and with Toyota claiming pole position and finishing first and second, they would gain 43 points and leap ahead of Audi by eight points in the manufacturers championship. The championship would stay in Asia for

46989-404: The top of the car and between the wheel well outlets. This, in turn, enters the cooling ducts through the body hull and travels to the underfloor. To avoid vortices and turbulent airflow, which creates a loss of energy in the airflow (an increase in air resistance), Audi created a smaller monocoque space within the chassis structure, to allow high energy air to flow with ease through the chassis of

47216-543: The top two positions. The #1 Porsche would have the best lap time of the weekend, setting a 1:55.691. The #8 and #7 would be placed in positions fourth and sixth, with the #8 setting a 1:57.716. The race would take place under a clear sky, with the air temperature being 24 °C (75 °F) and the track temperature being 49 °C (120 °F). At the beginning of the first hour, the #1 Porsche would get off clean and quick, and its sister car would follow. However, not very long after, hybrid system problems would plague

47443-416: The track temperature at 7 °C (45 °F). Both Audis got away cleanly and the #7 gained a significant lead off the start. However, it would only be a few laps until the Porsche in third showed its ability to challenge the first of the Audis for second, that car being the #8. By lap seven, the Porsche made the pass on the #8 Audi and eventually by the end of the first hour, the #1 Porsche would take

47670-434: The track, the #7 was in fourth position, two laps down. Throughout this point to the end of the race the positions of the Audis would not change, and the #8 and #7 finished third and fourth, with the #7 setting the fastest lap of the race at a 1:26.008. Porsche ended up winning the race. Audi was positioned second in the manufacturers standings, fifty-three points behind Porsche going into Shanghai . Porsche also had

47897-458: The twelfth hour, the #19 Porsche pitted in, handing the lead over to the #7. When the #19 rejoined the track, the #7 led by five seconds. About ten minutes later, the #7 made a pit stop. By the end of the thirteenth hour, four cars were on the lead lap, and that included the #7 in second and #9 in third. In the sixteenth hour, on the run to the Ford Chicane, the #7 lost its engine cover, and by

48124-402: The two Audis in the first two positions. The #8 and #7 placed in third and fourth, with the first Audi about eight tenths off the lead. In the final practice, The results from the second practice still held for the manufacturer positioning, except the #7 finished the practice ahead of the #8 in third place. Qualifying had much of the same result seen in the last two practice sessions, with

48351-403: The two ran much of the race in the same lap until the latter stages when the #3 car fell behind pace of the #2 and made contact with another car, causing a lengthy final pit stop for nose repair (besides the refuel). The #1 of the 2011 Le Mans-winning team finished 16th overall and 5th among WEC LMP1 competitors (310); the car was less reliable than the other two, marred by a gearbox issue midway in

48578-592: The underbody of the winning car resulted in post-race disqualification; Audi decided not to dispute this decision. They won at Spa-Francorchamps and Bahrain, and finished third at Le Mans. They finished second in the Manufacturers' Championship. The R18 TDI made its race debut at the 2011 1000 km of Spa round of the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup in May, finishing 3rd. Due to developmental and logistic reasons,

48805-535: The vehicle, coupled to a 60,000 rpm flywheel. Audi and Toyota both developed LMP1 cars with kinetic energy recovery systems for the 2012 and 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Audi R18 e-tron quattro uses a flywheel -based system, while the Toyota TS030 Hybrid uses a supercapacitor -based system. When Porsche announced its return to Le Mans in 2014, it also unveiled an LMP1 car with a kinetic energy recovery system. The Porsche 919 Hybrid , introduced in 2014, uses

49032-417: The weather, and in turn Toyota passed it and led until the race was stopped and called. However, the #2 car would finish third. The championship would then visit China for the 6 hours of Shanghai . The practice sessions would be very competitive, and although the Audi prototypes lead both practices, they were being closely matched for pace by Toyota . In qualifying, the #1 car would settle for second and

49259-413: Was announced that Freescale Semiconductor would collaborate with McLaren Electronic Systems to further develop its KERS for McLaren's Formula One cars from 2010 onwards. Both parties believed this collaboration would improve McLaren's KERS system and help the system to transfer its technology to road cars. Toyota has used a supercapacitor for regeneration on its Supra HV-R hybrid race car that won

49486-436: Was fifth place, one lap down by the end of the second hour. By the end of the fourth hour, the rapid pace by the #2 dissolved, and now the car dropped to fourth, one lap down. Behind was the sister car, also one lap down. The #1 car set the second-fastest lap behind its sister car, the #2, of a lap time of 1 minute and 46.142 seconds. However, it lost another lap during this hour. The two cars' positioning would not change for

49713-425: Was made bigger and more layered on the outside for safety purposes; to withstand higher loads during a collision. Wheel tethers (two per wheel) were prescribed by the regulations for safety purposes, attached to the outer wheel suspensions. The front two wheels had tethers attached to the monocoque and the rear wheels to the chassis structure. Silverstone was the first race on the 2014 calendar, and in addition to

49940-417: Was on a mission to take the lead away from the Porsche , which led by a little over three seconds. Fortunes would soon swing in the way of the Audi within the last hour. The leading Porsche would soon fall off the pace and lose the lead from a lack of engine power, and the duo of #2 and #1 (who was about a minute back), swarmed the Porsche and took the lead and second position. Audi would go on to take

50167-461: Was patented in 2014. A hydrostatic CVT uses an engine-driven, positive-displacement pump to deliver oil under pressure to one or more hydraulic motors , the latter creating the torque that is applied to the vehicle's driving wheel(s).  The name "hydrostatic CVT," which misuses the term " hydrostatic ," differentiates this type of transmission from one that incorporates a hydrodynamic torque multiplier ("torque converter") into its design. In

50394-410: Was present for the start of the race. In the first hour, the leading Porsche was able to get away from the field while and Audis tried to keep pace. During the hour, the #7 was engaged with the second of the Porsches , the #18. Consequently, they clashed, however, the Audi #7 was able to stay the course and not lose too much time, gaining a position to second place while the Porsche fell behind to

50621-519: Was quicker than Kimi. He only took me because of KERS at the beginning". Although KERS was still legal in F1 in the 2010 season, all the teams had agreed not to use it. New rules for the 2011 F1 season which raised the minimum weight limit of the car and driver by 20 kg to 640 kg, along with the FOTA teams agreeing to the use of KERS devices once more, meant that KERS returned for the 2011 season. Use of KERS

50848-443: Was second in the drivers' championship standings. The season would conclude in the desert nation of Bahrain for the 6 Hours of Bahrain . Porsche edged out Audi in the first free practice, by seventeen thousandths, placing the #7 in second and the #8 about sixth tenths back in third. In the second practice which took place at night, the Audi locked out the first two positions, with the #7 and #8 placing first and second. In

51075-402: Was still optional as in the 2009 season; and at the start of the 2011 season three teams chose not to use it. WilliamsF1 developed their own flywheel-based KERS system but decided not to use it in their F1 cars due to packaging issues, and have instead developed their own electrical KERS system. However, they set up Williams Hybrid Power to sell their developments. In 2012 it was announced that

51302-455: Was stuck in the middle of the field in fifth place trailing the Audi and the three Porsches ahead. The #9 was the last of the hybrid prototypes in eighth. In qualifying, the three Porsches locked down the first three starting grid positions, with the fastest of them averaging a 1-minute and 54.767 second lap time. The fastest Audi was the #7 car averaging a 1-minute and 55.540 second lap time to place in fourth. The #8 qualified fifth and

51529-401: Was the 6 hours of Silverstone . Despite a disappointing qualifying attempt for both entries, with the #2 starting 3rd behind the two rival 2012-spec Toyota TS030 Hybrids and the #1 starting 5th behind a privateer Rebellion Racing Lola B12/60 , the race would yield better results, and rather quickly. The #2 led the race with the #1 behind it by the end of the first hour. The #1 would leapfrog

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