Misplaced Pages

#209790

98-478: Hugh Arthur Franklin (27 May 1889 – 21 October 1962) was a British suffragist and politician. Born into a wealthy Anglo-Jewish family, he rejected both his religious and social upbringing to protest for women's suffrage . Joining in with the militant suffragettes, he was sent to prison multiple times, making him one of the few men to be imprisoned for his part in the suffrage movement. His crimes included an attempted attack on Winston Churchill and an act of arson on

196-424: A heart attack not long after. William Ball , a working class supporter of women's suffrage, was the subject of a pamphlet Torture in an English Prison not only due to the effects of force-feeding, but a cruel separation from family contact and mental health deterioration, secret transfer to a lunatic asylum and needed lifelong mental institutional care. In December 1912, a Scottish prison put four suffragettes in

294-623: A 31% increase in numbers since the census of 2011. According to the 2011 census, 5,887 Jews lived in Scotland for a total of 277,653 self-identified Jews in the United Kingdom. This does not include much smaller communities in the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories ; notably, there are Jewish communities in Gibraltar , Jersey and Bermuda , amongst others. However, this final figure

392-640: A Jewish plurality. Further afield from London, there is also a significant community in St Albans , as well as other smaller communities throughout the county. There are over 10,300 Jews in Essex , of which 4,380 live in the district of Epping Forest , in the county's southwest. There is also a significant community in Southend . In total, London and the counties around it are host to 70.56% of England and Wales' Jewish population, as of 2021. The next most significant population

490-434: A further 80,000 between 1938 and 1945. The late 1940s and early 1950s proved to be the high point, numerically speaking, for British Jewry. A decline followed, as many of the new arrivals moved to Israel, moved back to Europe, or emigrated elsewhere, and many other individuals assimilated. The decline continued into the 1990s, but has since reversed. The estimates given before the 2001 Census are likely not directly comparable to

588-828: A history filled with Diaspora , dishes varied heavily and included fish, meat, spaghetti, pudding, or soup. Before the 2015 general election , 69% of British Jews surveyed were planning to vote for the Conservative Party , while 22% would vote for the Labour Party . A May 2016 poll of British Jews showed 77% would vote Conservative, 13.4% Labour, and 7.3% Liberal Democrat. An October 2019 poll of British Jews showed 64% would vote Conservative, 24% Liberal Democrat, and only 6% Labour. Jews are typically seen as predominantly middle-class, though historically many Jews lived in working-class communities of London. According to polling in 2015, politicians' attitudes towards Israel influence

686-620: A hunger strike and endured forced feedings while incarcerated at the Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia. Hunger strikes have deep roots in Irish society and in the Irish psyche. Fasting in order to bring attention to an injustice which one felt under his lord, and thus shame him, was a common feature of early Irish society and this tactic was fully incorporated into the Brehon legal system. The tradition

784-501: A hunger strike at Cork County Gaol for 94 days, from August 11 to November 12, 1920. Arthur Griffith called off the strikes after the deaths of MacSwiney, Murphy and Fitzgerald. During the early 1920s, the vessel HMS  Argenta was used as a prison ship for the holding of Irish republicans by the British. Conditions on board were "unbelievable" and there were several hunger strikes, including one involving upwards of 150 men in

882-471: A job in a munitions factory and after the war he ceased his militant activities, although he kept close ties with the suffragettes, including Sylvia Pankhurst . Hugh joined the Labour Party in 1931 and attempted to become an MP, standing in Hornsey in 1931 and St Albans in 1935. Despite his lack of success here, he was prolific in local politics, and eventually won a seat on Middlesex County Council , and he

980-562: A lesser extent over the same period, going from 1,844 to 1,889 (+2.4%). Going into the 19th century, the Jewish population was small, likely no more than 20,000 individuals. However, the population quadrupled in just a few decades after 1881 as a large number of Jews fled oppression in the Russian Empire. The population increased by as much as 50% between 1933 and 1945, with the United Kingdom admitting around 70,000 Jews between 1933 and 1938, and

1078-936: A net gain of Jewish immigrants, to the point Israelis now represent around 6% of the British Jewish community. The majority of the Jews in the UK live in southeastern England, particularly in and around London . Around 145,480 Jews live in London itself - more than half the Jewish population of the entire country - notably the North London boroughs of Barnet (56,620), Hackney (17,430), Camden (10,080), Haringey (9,400), Harrow (7,300), Redbridge (6,410), Westminster (5,630), Brent (3,720), Enfield (3,710), Islington (2,710) and Kensington and Chelsea (2,680). There are also 30,220 Jews living in districts that are not quite London, but are outside

SECTION 10

#1733202702210

1176-423: A perceived wrong. Legends of Saint Patrick , the patron saint of Ireland, have used the hunger strike as well. In India , the practice of a hunger protest, where the protester fasts at the door of an offending party (typically a debtor) in a public call for justice, was abolished by the government in 1861; this indicates the prevalence of the practice prior to that date, or at least a public awareness of it. In

1274-585: A petition to allow Jews to return, the majority of the Protectorate Government turned it down. Despite the Protectorate government's rejection of the Rabbi's petition, the community considers 1656 to mark the readmission of the Jews to England and Wales. In mid-nineteenth century British-ruled Ireland, Daniel O'Connell , known as "The Liberator" for his work on Catholic Emancipation , worked successfully for

1372-607: A political weapon at this time. Meins went on hunger strike for the first time in 1973 together with other prisoners in protest against the prison conditions. The RAF prisoners wanted to be pooled together and claimed prisoner of war status. The 1.83m tall Meins still weighed 39 kg in November 1973 and died in prison. In 1980, seven Irish Republican prisoners, six from the IRA and one from the Irish National Liberation Army , in

1470-464: A previously severely demoralised IRA. Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned in 1908, 1909, 1913, 1917, 1919, 1922, 1930, 1932, 1933, and 1942. Because of Gandhi's stature around the world, British authorities were loath to allow him to die in their custody; Gandhi engaged in several famous hunger strikes to protest British rule in India . In addition to Gandhi, various others used the hunger strike option during

1568-473: A train. He was the first person to be released under the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913 (the so-called "Cat and Mouse law"), and he later married the second, Elsie Duval . Following his release, he never returned to prison, but still campaigned for women's rights and penal reform . He stood unsuccessfully for parliament on two occasions, but did win a seat on Middlesex County Council and

1666-402: Is a method of non-violent resistance where participants fast as an act of political protest , usually with the objective of achieving a specific goal, such as a policy change. Most hunger strikers will take liquids but not solid food. Hunger strikers that do not take fluids are named dry hunger strikers . In cases where an entity (usually the state ) has or is able to obtain custody of

1764-513: Is an active synagogue in St Brelade , Jersey , although the Jewish population of the island is only 49. There is only a small number of Jews on the Isle of Man, with no synagogue. The British Jewish population has an older profile than the general population. In England and Wales, the median age of male Jews is 41.2, while the figure for all males is 36.1; Jewish females have a median age of 44.3, while

1862-569: Is considered an undercount. Demographers David Graham and Stanley Waterman give several reasons as for why: the underenumeration for censuses in general; the question did not record secular Jews; the voluntary nature of the question; suspicion by Jews of such questions; and the high non-response rate for large numbers of Haredi Jews. By comparison, the Jewish Virtual Library estimated a Jewish population of 291,000 ( not limited to adherents of Judaism) in 2012, making Britain's Jewish community

1960-535: Is heavily over-subscribed and applies strict rules on admissions, which led to a discrimination court case, R (E) v Governing Body of JFS , in 2009. In 2011, another large state-funded school opened in North London named JCoSS , the first cross-denomination Jewish secondary school in the UK. The Union of Jewish Students is an umbrella organisation that represents Jewish students at university. In 2011 there were over 50 Jewish Societies. British Jews generally have high levels of educational achievement. Compared to

2058-756: Is in Greater Manchester, a community of more than 28,000, mostly in Bury (10,730), Salford (10,370), Manchester (2,630), and Trafford (2,410). There are also significant communities in Leeds (6,270), Gateshead (2,910), Brighton (2,460), St Albans (2,240), and Southend (2,060). Some historically sizeable communities like Liverpool , Bournemouth and Birmingham have experienced a steady decline and now number fewer than 2,000 self-identifying Jews each; conversely, there are small but growing communities in places like Bristol , Oxford and Cambridge . The most Jewish county in

SECTION 20

#1733202702210

2156-844: Is revered as Amarajeevi (Immortal being) in Coastal Andra for his role in achieving the linguistic re-organisation of states. As a devout follower of Mahatma Gandhi , he worked for much of his life to uphold principles such as truth, non-violence and patriotism, as well as causes such as Harijan movement to end the traditional alienation of, and accord respect and humane treatment to those traditionally called " untouchables " in Indian society. On April 3, 1972, Pedro Luis Boitel , an imprisoned poet and dissident, declared himself on hunger strike. After 53 days on hunger strike, receiving only liquids, he died of starvation on May 25, 1972. His last days were related by his close friend, poet Armando Valladares . He

2254-579: Is thought that the blood libel which accused Jews of ritual murder originated in Northern England, leading to massacres and increasing discrimination. The Jewish presence continued until King Edward I 's Edict of Expulsion in 1290. Jews were readmitted into the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland by Oliver Cromwell in 1655, though it is believed that crypto-Jews lived in England during

2352-436: Is ultimately most likely part of the still older Indo-European tradition of which the Irish were part. Within the 20th century a total of 22 Irish republicans died on hunger strike with survivors suffering long-term health and psychological effects. The tactic was used by physical force republicans during the 1916–23 revolutionary period . Early use of hunger strikes was countered with force-feeding , culminating in 1917 in

2450-678: The Jewish News , Jewish Telegraph , Hamodia , the Jewish Tribune and Jewish Renaissance . In April 2020, The Jewish Chronicle and the Jewish News , which had announced plans to merge in February and later announced plans for a joint liquidation, continued as separate entities after the former was acquired by a consortium. Cookbooks grew in popularity in Britain during the mid-1800s and shaped

2548-406: The 1981 Irish hunger strike . Hunger strikers can experience hallucinations and delirium . Death usually occurs when a hunger striker has lost about 40–50% of their pre-strike weight at about 60–70 days in. Obese individuals can last longer. In the early 20th century suffragettes frequently endured hunger strikes in British prisons. Marion Dunlop was the first in 1909. She was released, as

2646-621: The Battle of Cable Street in 1936, when the fascists were forced to abandon their march through an area with a large Jewish population when the police clearing the way were unable to remove barricades defended by trade unionists, left wing groups and residents. In the aftermath of the Holocaust , undisguised racial hatred of Jews became unacceptable in British society . Outbursts of antisemitism emanating from far right groups continued, however, leading to

2744-518: The Conciliation Bill , which would have granted limited suffrage to female property owners, failed to pass, around 300 suffragettes descended on the Palace of Westminster . The protesters were driven back by police, and many reported being victims of police brutality . Winston Churchill was at that point Home Secretary , and he was widely blamed for the police excesses on display. Hugh Franklin, who

2842-524: The Institute for Jewish Policy Research reported that in England the orthodox community was growing by nearly 5% per year, while the non-haredi community was decreasing by 0.3% per year. It has been also documented that in terms of births, between 2007 and 2015, the estimated number of Strictly Orthodox births per annum increased by 35%, rising from 1,431 to 1,932. Meanwhile, the estimated number of ‘Mainstream’ (non-Strictly Orthodox) births per annum increased to

2940-543: The Irish Free State (a total of over 12,000 republicans had been interned by May 1923). Three men, Denny Barry , Joseph Whitty , and Andy O'Sullivan , died during the 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes. The strike, however, was called off by Republican leadership in the camps (November 23, 1923) before any more deaths occurred. Under de Valera 's first Fianna Fáil government in 1932, military pensions were awarded to dependants of republicans who died in 1920s hunger strikes on

3038-511: The London Borough of Harrow said in 2015 that it had the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in Europe. There are a number of Jewish newspapers , magazines and other media published in Britain on a national or regional level. The most well known is The Jewish Chronicle , founded in 1841 and the world's oldest continuously published Jewish newspaper. Other publications include

Hugh Franklin (suffragist) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3136-635: The Maze Prison launched a hunger strike as a protest against the revocation by the British Government of a prisoner-of-war -like Special Category Status for paramilitary prisoners in Northern Ireland . The strike, led by Brendan Hughes , was called off before any deaths, when the British government seemed to offer to concede their demands; however, the British Government then reneged on

3234-683: The Metropolitan Water Board during the Second World War, and his family relationships. British Jews The first recorded Jewish community in Britain was brought to England in 1070 by King William the Conqueror who believed the Jewish population's commercial skills would make his newly won country more prosperous. At the end of the 12th century, a series of blood libels and fatal pogroms were perpetrated in England, particularly on

3332-483: The Republic of Ireland by electorates who wished to register their opposition to the British Government's policy. The ten men survived without food for 46 to 73 days, taking only water and salt, before succumbing. After the deaths of the men and severe public disorder, the British Government granted partial concessions to the prisoners, and the strike was called off. The hunger strikes gave a significant propaganda boost to

3430-732: The Russian Empire due to pogroms and the May Laws between 1880 and the imposition of tighter immigration restrictions in 1905 sought their way to the Isles. Many German and Polish Jews seeking to escape the Nazi Holocaust arrived in Britain before and after the Second World War . Around 80-90% of British Jews today are Ashkenazi. Following de-colonisation, the late twentieth century saw Yemeni Jews Iraqi Jews and Baghdadi Jews settle in

3528-421: The ' political prisoner ' category rather than 'criminal' second division, but staff at Craiginches Prison , Aberdeen still subjected them to force-feeding when they went on hunger strike. In 1913 the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913 (nicknamed the "Cat and Mouse Act") changed policy. Hunger strikes were tolerated but prisoners were released when they became sick. When they had recovered,

3626-466: The Census, as the Census is based purely on self-identification, whereas the estimates are based on community membership, and it is probably the decline from 450,000 to 266,740 is more like a decline from 450,000 to somewhere between 300,000 and 350,000 going by the metrics of the estimators. Contemporary Jewish demographers like Sergio DellaPergola give figures around 300,000 for the British Jewish population in

3724-586: The English ban on Jews extended to Wales. There is only one known record of a Jew in Wales between 1290 and the annexation, but it is possible individuals did persist there after 1290. A small community of conversos was identified in Bristol in 1609 and banished. In 1656, Oliver Cromwell made it clear that the ban on Jewish settlement in England and Wales would no longer be enforced, but when Rabbi Manasseh Ben Israel brought

3822-674: The Glasgow suburb of Newton Mearns . Glasgow itself has around 970 Jews. Edinburgh counts 1,270 Jews; the remaining 35% of Scottish Jewry is scattered throughout the country. The largest Welsh community is in Cardiff , with almost 700 Jews, comprising about a third of the Welsh Jewish population and 0.19% of the population of Cardiff itself. The only synagogue in Northern Ireland is in Belfast , where

3920-466: The Indian independence movement, including Jatin Das , who fasted to death, and Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt in 1929 In 1952, in independent India, revolutionary Potti Sriramulu undertook a hunger strike for 56 days in an attempt to achieve the formation of a separate state, to be known as Andhra State . His death on December 15 became instrumental in the linguistic re-organisation of states . He

4018-420: The Jewish faith. There are around 454 synagogues in the country , and it is estimated that 56.3% of all households across the UK with at least one Jew living within them held synagogue membership in 2016. The percentage of households adhering to specific denominations is as follows: Those in the United Kingdom who consider themselves Jews identify as follows: The Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue in

Hugh Franklin (suffragist) - Misplaced Pages Continue

4116-502: The Jews from England . The Jewish population emigrated to countries such as Poland which protected them by law . A small English community persisted in hiding despite the expulsion. Jews were not banned from Scotland , which was an independent kingdom until 1707; however, there is no record of a Jewish presence in Scotland before the 18th century. Jews were also not banned in Wales at the time, but England eventually annexed Wales under Henry VIII . When Henry VIII's England annexed Wales,

4214-503: The UK is Hertfordshire, which is 2.23% Jewish; this is followed by the City of London , at 2.06%, and then Greater London at 1.63%. Greater Manchester is 1.00% Jewish, Essex is 0.70% and East Sussex is 0.65%. No other county is as much as 0.50% Jewish. The least Jewish county or principal area in England and Wales is Merthyr Tydfil , which is less than 0.01% Jewish despite once having had a significant community. Hertsmere and Barnet councils are

4312-431: The UK. This has resulted in some synagogues establishing French-language Shabbat services . In 2018, 534 Britons emigrated to Israel , representing the third consecutive annual decline. The figure was one third down on 2015 and was the lowest for five years. Meanwhile, immigration of Jews from Israel is consistently higher than emigration of Jews to Israel, at a ratio of about 3:2, meaning the British Jewish community has

4410-450: The United Kingdom. A multicultural community, in 2006, British Jews celebrated the 350th anniversary of the resettlement in England. According to the 2021 United Kingdom census , there were 271,327 Jews in England and Wales , or 0.5% of the overall population, whilst in the 2021 Northern Irish census, there were 439 self-identified Jews comprising just 0.02% of the population, but marking

4508-568: The WMA's decisions, as neither organization has formal legal powers. The AMA has formally endorsed the WMA Declaration of Tokyo and has written several letters to the US government and made public statements in opposition to US physician involvement in force feeding of hunger strikers in contravention of medical ethics. The United States Code of Federal Regulations rule on hunger strikes by prisoners states, "It

4606-454: The authorities did not want her to become a martyr . Other suffragettes in prison also undertook hunger strikes. The prison authorities subjected them to force-feeding, which the suffragettes categorized as a form of torture . Emmeline Pankhurst 's sister Mary Clarke died shortly after being force-fed in prison, and others including Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton are believed to have had serious health problems caused by force feeding, dying of

4704-504: The borough of Hertsmere in southwestern Hertfordshire adjacent to Jewish areas in Barnet and Harrow . Towns and villages in Hertsmere with large Jewish populations include Borehamwood (6,160), Bushey (5,590), and Radlett (2,980). Some 30% of Radlett's population is Jewish, as is 20% of Bushey's and 17% of Borehamwood's, 21% of neighbouring Shenley 's and 36% of nearby Elstree , which has

4802-633: The boundaries of London itself, of which 21,270 are in southern Hertfordshire and 4,930 are in southwestern Essex, giving a total population of 175,690 Jews in London and the districts and boroughs immediately surrounding it, as compared to 95,640 in the rest of England and Wales combined. In total, including communities some distance from London, just under 46,000 Jews live in the six counties bordering Greater London, of which two-thirds live in areas immediately adjacent to London. There are, in total, more than 26,400 Jews in Hertfordshire , of which 18,350 are in

4900-412: The case of William Ball, a prisoner supposedly driven insane by force feeding. Hugh's final militant act was setting fire to a railway carriage at Harrow on 25 October 1912. He then went on the run, spending two months at the famous radical book store Henderson's , better known as "The Bomb Shop", before being caught and sentenced to six months in prison in February 1913. He was force fed 114 times, and

4998-523: The community has fewer than 100 active members, although 439 people recorded their religion as Jewish in the Northern Irish census of 2021; despite remarkable growth since the previous census in 2011, this still leaves the Northern Irish community as the smallest of the four Home Nations both in overall numbers and percentage terms. There are small communities throughout the Channel Islands, and there

SECTION 50

#1733202702210

5096-443: The country. Jewish cultural studies and Hebrew language instruction are commonly offered at synagogues in the form of supplementary Hebrew schools or Sunday schools. The majority of Jewish schools in Britain are funded by the government. Jewish educational centres are plentiful, large-scale projects. One of the country's most famous Jewish schools is the state-funded JFS in London which opened in 1732 and has about 2100 students. It

5194-707: The death of Thomas Ashe in Mountjoy Prison . During the Anglo-Irish war , in October 1920, the Lord Mayor of Cork , Terence MacSwiney , died on hunger strike in Brixton prison . At the same time, the 1920 Cork hunger strike took place. Two other Cork Irish Republican Army (IRA) men, Joe Murphy and Michael Fitzgerald , died in this protest. Demanding reinstatement of political status and release from prison, nine men undertook

5292-434: The details of the agreement. The prisoners then called another hunger strike the following year. This time, instead of many prisoners striking at the same time, the hunger strikers started fasting one after the other in order to maximise publicity over the fate of each one. Bobby Sands was the first of ten Irish republican paramilitary prisoners to die after 66 days during the 1981 hunger strike, with Mickey Devine being

5390-464: The doorstep of the home of the offender. Scholars speculate that this was due to the high importance the culture placed on hospitality. Allowing a person to die at one's doorstep, for a wrong of which one was accused, was considered a great dishonor. Others say that the practice was to fast for one whole night, as there is no evidence of people fasting to death in pre-Christian Ireland. The fasts were primarily undertaken to recover debts or get justice for

5488-621: The early 1970s, when several republicans successfully used hunger strikes to get themselves released from custody without charge in the Republic of Ireland . Michael Gaughan died after being force-fed in Parkhurst Prison in 1974. Frank Stagg , an IRA member being held in Wakefield Prison , died in 1976 after a 62-day hunger strike which he began as a campaign to be repatriated to Ireland. Members of other movements like Holger Meins of German Red Army Fraction used hunger strikes as

5586-616: The early 2010s, since when it has grown. The great majority (83.2%) of Jews in England and Wales were born in the UK. In 2015, about 6% of Jews in England held an Israeli passport. In 2019, the Office for National Statistics estimated that 21,000 people resident in the UK were born in Israel, up from 11,890 in 2001. Of the 21,000, 8,000 had Israeli nationality. In 2013, it was reported that antisemitic attacks in France led to an exodus of French Jews to

5684-633: The east coast. Notably, on 16 March 1190, during the run up to the Third Crusade , the Jewish population of York was massacred at the site where Clifford's Tower now stands, and King Edward I of England passed the Statute of the Jewry ( Statutum de Judaismo ) in 1275, restricting the community's activities, most notably outlawing the practice of usury (charging interest). Fifteen years later when Edward found that many of these provisions were ignored, he expelled

5782-433: The election. Outside the region, large Jewish constituencies voted for Labour, namely Bury South and Blackley and Broughton . Some MPs, such as Robert Jenrick and Keir Starmer , while not Jewish themselves, are married to Jews and have Jewish children. The earliest Jewish settlement was recorded in 1070, soon after the Norman Conquest . Jews living in England at this time experienced religious discrimination and it

5880-457: The end of his 17-year imprisonment, Antúnez, his wife Iris, and Diosiris Santana Pérez started a hunger strike to support other political prisoners. Leaders from Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Argentina declared their support for Antúnez. On February 23, 2010, Orlando Zapata , a dissident arrested in 2003 as part of a crackdown on opposition groups, died in a hospital while undertaking a hunger strike that had been ongoing for 85 days. His hunger strike

5978-467: The expulsion. Jews were regularly subjected to discrimination and humiliation which waxed and waned over the centuries, gradually declining. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the number of Jews in Britain greatly increased due to the exodus from Russia , which resulted in a large community forming in the East End of London . Popular sentiment against immigration was used by the British Union of Fascists to incite hatred against Jews, leading to

SECTION 60

#1733202702210

6076-431: The family ties were still strong enough that Herbert Samuel, at that point Postmaster General , decided to offer Hugh a position as a private secretary to Matthew Nathan , Secretary of the General Post Office . Hugh took the position reluctantly. It was not to last long, however. Hugh was one of the people present at the rally on Parliament on 18 November 1910 – the rally that was later to be known as Black Friday . When

6174-413: The fifth largest in the world. This equates to 0.43% of the population of the United Kingdom. The absolute number of Jews has been gradually rising since records began; in the 2011 census , 263,346 people in England and Wales answered "Jewish" to the voluntary question on religion, compared with 259,927 in of 2001. The 2001 Census included a (voluntary) religion question ("What is your religion?") for

6272-415: The figure for all females is 38.1. About 24% of the community are over the age of 65 (compared to 16% of the general population of England and Wales). In the 2001 census, Jews were the only group in which the number of persons in the 75-plus cohorts outnumbered those in the 65–74 cohort. About 60% of school-age Jewish children attend Jewish schools. Jewish day schools and yeshivas are found throughout

6370-422: The first three days, the body still uses energy from glucose . After that, the liver starts processing body fat , in a process called ketosis . After depleting fat, the body enters a " starvation mode". At this point the body "mines" the muscles and vital organs for energy, and loss of bone marrow becomes life-threatening. There are examples of hunger strikers dying after 46 to 73 days of strike, for example

6468-440: The first time in its history; 266,740 people listed their religion as "Jewish". However, the subject of who is a Jew is complex, and the religion question did not record people who may be Jewish through other means, such as ethnically and culturally. Of people who chose Jewish as their religion, 97% put White as their ethnic group. However, a report by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) suggests that, although there

6566-434: The formation of the 43 Group led by Jewish ex-servicemen which broke up fascist meetings from 1945 to early 1950. Records of antisemitic incidents have been compiled since 1984, although changing reporting practices and levels of reporting make comparison over time difficult. The Community Security Trust (CST) was formed in 1994 to "[protect] British Jews from antisemitism and related threats". It works in conjunction with

6664-432: The general population, they are 40% less likely to have no qualifications, and 80% more likely to have "higher-level" qualifications. With the exception of under-25s, younger Jews tend to be better educated than older ones. However, dozens of the all-day educational establishments in the Haredi community of Stamford Hill , which are accused of neglecting secular skills such as English and maths, claim not to be schools under

6762-474: The general population; 89.2% of these were students. In a 2010 study, average income per working adult was £15.44 an hour. Median income and wealth were significantly higher than other religious groups. In a 2015 study, poverty has risen the fastest per generation than other religious groups. The 2021 census for England and Wales recorded 72.3% of Jews either owning their home with a mortgage (32.5%) or outright (39.8%). 20.9% rent privately or live rent free and

6860-405: The hunger striker (such as a prisoner ), the hunger strike is often terminated by the custodial entity through the use of force-feeding . Fasting was used as a method of protesting injustice in pre-Christian Ireland , where it was known as Troscadh or Cealachan . Detailed in the contemporary civic codes , it had specific rules by which it could be used, and the fast was often carried out on

6958-416: The implication of their decision and be capable of informed consent. The World Medical Association (WMA) recently revised and updated its Declaration of Malta on Hunger Strikers. Among many changes, it unambiguously states that force feeding is a form of inhumane and degrading treatment in its Article 21. The American Medical Association (AMA) is a member of the WMA, but the AMA's members are not bound by

7056-460: The last to die after 60 days. There was widespread sympathy for the hunger strikers from Irish republicans and the broader nationalist community on both sides of the Irish border . Sands was elected as an MP for Fermanagh and South Tyrone to the United Kingdom's House of Commons and two other prisoners, Paddy Agnew (who was not a hunger striker) and Kieran Doherty , were elected to Dáil Éireann in

7154-483: The meaning of the Department for Education. The annual Limmud festival is a high-profile educational event of the British Jewish community, attracting a wide range of international presenters. The 2001 UK Census showed that 30.5% of economically active Jews were self-employed, compared to a figure of 14.2% for the general population. Jews aged 16–24 were less likely to be economically active than their counterparts in

7252-610: The most Jewish local authorities in England, with Jews composing one in six and seven residents respectively. Finchley and Golders Green is the political constituency with the largest Jewish population in the UK. The Scottish population is concentrated in Greater Glasgow , which counts around 2,500 Jews. Around 30% of the Scottish Jewish population, or around 1,510 people, resides in East Renfrewshire, largely in or around

7350-522: The ordeal left him so weak that he was released as soon as the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913 came into force, making him the first person to be let out under the act. With his licence expiring in May, he fled the country and stayed in Brussels under the assumed name of Henry Forster until the outbreak of World War I . Due to poor eyesight, he was not called to military service. He took

7448-407: The overall cuisine that British Jews experienced by teaching and inspiring housewives how to cook. The shaping of Jewish food overtime told the story of their frequent migration throughout Europe. There was a lot of influence from Eastern European and Ashkenazi food. This resulted in the common staples of Anglo-Jewish women to keep bread, bagels, and potatoes consistently in their homes. Since, they had

7546-469: The police and other authorities to protect Jewish schools, Synagogues, and other community institutions. Polling data from the Campaign Against Antisemitism reveals that almost half of British Jews have contemplated leaving the UK since the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel due to rising antisemitism. British Jewish communal organisations include: Hunger strike A hunger strike

7644-436: The readmission and was unofficially legitimised in 1656, which is the date counted by the Jewish community as the re-admittance of the Jews to England (which at the time included Wales). A trickle of Ashkenazi immigration primarily from German countries continued from the late 17th century to the early 19th century. As for the second wave of Ashkenazi immigration, a large wave of Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants fleeing persecution in

7742-523: The religion question or the ethnicity one. From 2005 to 2008, the Jewish population increased from 275,000 to 280,000, attributed largely to the high birth rates of Haredi (or ultra-Orthodox) Jews . Research by the University of Manchester in 2007 showed that 75% of British Jewish births were to the Haredi community. Ultra-Orthodox women have an average of 6.9 children, and secular Jewish women 1.65. In 2015,

7840-426: The remaining 6.8% live in social housing . In 2016, the Institute for Jewish Policy Research reported that the intermarriage rate for the Jewish community in the UK was 26%. This was less than half of the US rate of 58% and showed little change from the rate in the early 1980s of 23%, though more than twice the 11% level of the end of the 1960s. Around one third of the children of mixed marriages are brought up in

7938-567: The repeal of the "De Judaismo" law , which prescribed a special yellow badge for Jews. Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881), of Jewish birth although he joined the Church of England , served in government for three decades, twice as prime minister . The oldest Jewish community in Britain is the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community , which traces back to the 1630s when it existed clandestinely in London before

8036-484: The same basis as those who were killed in action . During the state of emergency of World War II another De Valera government interned many IRA members, three of whom died on hunger strike: Sean McCaughey , Tony D'Arcy and Jack McNeela . Hundreds of others carried out shorter hunger strikes during the de Valera years. The tactic was revived by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) in

8134-584: The suffrage movement, his lifestyle and the failure of his business. Another nephew, Colin Franklin (and his wife, Charlotte), were interviewed in June 1977, and their niece, Mrs Ursula Richley (and her husband Noel), were interviewed in September 1977. These interviews have a greater focus on Alice Franklin, but provide further information about Hugh, such as his life and career following his suffrage campaigning, his work for

8232-543: The suffragettes were taken back to prison to finish their sentences. About 100 women received medals for hunger striking or enduring force-feeding. Like their British counterparts, American suffragettes also used this method of political protest. A few years before the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , a group of American suffragettes led by Alice Paul engaged in

8330-788: The topic of women's suffrage. Finally, he abandoned his studies in engineering and began to read economics and sociology instead. He became an active member of the Women's Social and Political Union , the Young Purple White and Green Club and the Men’s Political Union for Women’s Enfranchisement . Hugh left Cambridge for a while to promote the WSPU in London – on his return, he did not put his heart into his studies and missed his examinations. By June 1910, he had abandoned university altogether. Although his religious views had led his father to disown him,

8428-566: The vote of three out of four British Jews. As per a 2023 survey, four out of five British Jews identify as Zionists . In London, most of the top constituencies with the largest Jewish populations voted Conservative in the 2010 general election - these are namely, Finchley and Golders Green , Hendon , Harrow East , Chipping Barnet , Ilford North , and Hertsmere in Hertfordshire. The exceptions were Hackney North and Stoke Newington and Hampstead and Kilburn , which both voted Labour in

8526-535: The winter of 1923. In February 1923, 23 women (members of Cumann na mBan) went on hunger strike for 34 days over the arrest and imprisonment without trial of Irish republican prisoners. The Free State subsequently released the women republican prisoners. Most of the male republicans were not released until the following year. After the end of the Irish Civil War in October 1923, up to 8,000 IRA prisoners went on hunger strike to protest their continued detention by

8624-542: Was a member of the Labour Party executive committee. Hugh Franklin was born to Arthur Ellis Franklin and Caroline Franklin (née Jacob), the fourth of six children. The Franklin family was a prominent member of the Anglo-Jewish "cousinhood", and the family was well-off and well-connected. Hugh's uncles included the Liberal politicians Sir Leonard Franklin , Sir Stuart Samuel and Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel . Hugh

8722-418: Was a protest against poor prison conditions. Amnesty International had declared him a prisoner of conscience. Article 8 of the 1975 World Medical Association Declaration of Tokyo states that doctors are not allowed to force-feed hunger strikers. They are supposed to understand the prisoner's independent wishes, and it is recommended to have a second opinion as to the capability of the prisoner to understand

8820-504: Was an apparent option to write down "Jewish" for this question, it did not occur to many, because of "skin colour" and nationality bias, and that if "Jewish" was an explicit option, the results—only 2,594 respondents were Jewish solely by ethnicity—would have been different. The religion question appeared in the 2011 Census , but there was still no explicit option for "Jewish" in the ethnic-group question. The Board of Deputies had encouraged all Jews to indicate they were Jewish, either through

8918-466: Was angered by what he had seen, began to follow Churchill to heckle him at public meetings. On the train back from a meeting in Bradford, Yorkshire, Hugh met Churchill and set on him with a dog whip , shouting "Take this, you cur, for the treatment of the suffragists!" The attack was widely reported, even reaching the headlines of The Times , and for the Franklin family, it was a great embarrassment. Hugh

9016-653: Was buried in an unmarked grave in the Cólon Cemetery in Havana . Guillermo Fariñas did a seven-month hunger strike to protest against the extensive Internet censorship in Cuba . He ended it in Autumn 2006, with severe health problems although still conscious. Reporters Without Borders awarded its cyber-freedom prize to Guillermo Fariñas in 2006. Jorge Luis García Pérez (known as Antúnez) has done hunger strikes. In 2009, following

9114-454: Was educated at Clifton College and, on graduation in 1908, he moved to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge to read engineering. However, on finishing his first year of study, Hugh made several moves that would ultimately lead to his estrangement from his father. Firstly, he wrote his father a letter, declaring his agnosticism and rejecting the Jewish faith. Secondly, he attended a speech by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel on

9212-454: Was forced to resign for supporting female workers and attempting to form a trade union, and Ellis became vice-principal of the Working Men's College . Through Ellis, Hugh was also the uncle of the famous crystallographer Rosalind Franklin . In 1915, Hugh married fellow suffragist Elsie Diederichs Duval (1893–1919), who he had been engaged to since their "Cat and Mouse" days in 1913 – Elsie

9310-448: Was imprisoned for six weeks and dismissed as Sir Nathan's secretary. In March 1911, he was sentenced for another month for throwing rocks at Churchill's house. Hugh took part in the hunger strikes that were then being waged by the suffragettes, and was force fed repeatedly during his imprisonment. The force feeding turned him into an activist for penal reform – not long after he was released, he began petitioning his uncle to investigate

9408-539: Was the final straw for Arthur, who disinherited him. Brian Harrison recorded an oral history interview with Hugh's nephew, Norman Franklin (along with his wife Jill), in September 1979, as part of the Suffrage Interviews project, titled Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews . The first section of the interview centres around Hugh, including his activities for

9506-551: Was the second person to be released under the law, after Hugh. Elsie converted to Judaism, and the couple married in the synagogue. Her mother Jane Emily née Hayes ( c. 1861–1924) was an active suffragette, as Emily Hayes Duval she was imprisoned for six weeks in 1908 following a demonstration at H. H. Asquith 's house. Hugh stayed with Elsie until, probably weakened by her own force feeding, she died in 1919 from Spanish flu . Hugh later married another non-Jewish Elsie in 1921, Elsie Constance Tuke. Tuke never converted to Judaism. This

9604-619: Was ultimately able to join the Labour Party National Executive Committee . He died on 21 October 1962. Hugh was the fourth of six siblings and had three brothers and two sisters; in order, Jacob, Alice , Cecil , Helen and Ellis . Hugh was not the only politically active one – Alice, a staunch socialist, would later become a leader of the Townswomen's Guild ; Helen became forewoman at the Royal Arsenal , where she

#209790