71-580: Zlatoust ( Russian : Златоуст ; IPA: [zlətɐˈust] ) is a city in Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia , located on the Ay River (in the Kama basin ), 160 kilometers (99 mi) west of Chelyabinsk . Population: 174,962 ( 2010 Census ) ; 194,551 ( 2002 Census ) ; 207,794 ( 1989 Soviet census ) ; 181,000 (1971); 161,000 (1959); 99,000 (1939); 48,000 (1926); 21,000 (1910). Apparently,
142-649: A constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. On 29 September 2022, Saeima passed in
213-510: A new education law which requires all schools to teach at least partially in Ukrainian, with provisions while allow indigenous languages and languages of national minorities to be used alongside the national language. The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary. The 2019 Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" gives priority to
284-7453: A formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) Administrative divisions of Chelyabinsk Oblast Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia [REDACTED] Administrative center: Chelyabinsk As of 2015: # of districts (районы) 27 # of cities/towns (города) 30 # of urban-type settlements (посёлки городского типа) 13 # of selsovets (сельсоветы) 242 As of 2002: # of rural localities (сельские населённые пункты) 1,260 # of uninhabited rural localities (сельские населённые пункты без населения) 24 [REDACTED] Map of Chelyabinsk Oblast (with numbered and numerical number) Administrative and municipal divisions [ edit ] [REDACTED] Map Division Structure OKATO OKTMO Urban-type settlement/ district-level town* Rural (selsovet) Administrative Municipal Tryokhgorny (Трёхгорный) city ( ZATO ) urban okrug 75 507 75 707 Ozyorsk (Озёрск) city ( ZATO ) urban okrug 75 543 75 743 Snezhinsk (Снежинск) city ( ZATO ) urban okrug 75 545 75 746 Lokomotivny (Локомотивный) urban-type settlement ( ZATO ) urban okrug 75 558 75 759 Chelyabinsk (Челябинск) city urban okrug 75 401 75 701 ↳ Kalininsky (Калининский) ( under Chelyabinsk ) — 75 401 — ↳ Kurchatovsky (Курчатовский) ( under Chelyabinsk ) — 75 401 — ↳ Leninsky (Ленинский) ( under Chelyabinsk ) — 75 401 — ↳ Metallurgichesky (Металлургический) ( under Chelyabinsk ) — 75 401 — ↳ Sovetsky (Советский) ( under Chelyabinsk ) — 75 401 — ↳ Traktorozavodsky (Тракторозаводский) ( under Chelyabinsk ) — 75 401 — ↳ Tsentralny (Центральный) ( under Chelyabinsk ) — 75 401 — Asha (Аша) city ( under Kunashaksky ) 75 403 75 636 Verkhny Ufaley (Верхний Уфалей) city urban okrug 75 406 75 706 Yemanzhelinsk (Еманжелинск) city ( under Yemanzhelinsky ) 75 409 75 619 Zlatoust (Златоуст) city urban okrug 75 412 75 712 Karabash (Карабаш) city urban okrug 75 415 75 715 Kartaly (Карталы) city ( under Kartalinsky ) 75 418 75 623 Kasli (Касли) city ( under Kaslinsky ) 75 421 75 626 Katav-Ivanovsk (Катав-Ивановск) city ( under Katav-Ivanovsky ) 75 424 75 629 Kopeysk (Копейск) city urban okrug 75 428 75 728 Korkino (Коркино) city ( under Korkinsky ) 75 431 75 633 Kyshtym (Кыштым) city urban okrug 75 434 75 734 Magnitogorsk (Магнитогорск) city urban okrug 75 438 75 738 ↳ Leninsky (Ленинский) ( under Magnitogorsk ) — 75 438 — ↳ Ordzhonikidzevsky (Орджоникидзевский) ( under Magnitogorsk ) — 75 438 — ↳ Pravoberezhny (Правобережный) ( under Magnitogorsk ) — 75 438 — Miass (Миасс) city urban okrug 75 442 75 742 Plast (Пласт) city ( under Plastovsky ) 75 445 75 648 Satka (Сатка) city ( under Satkinsky ) 75 448 75 649 Troitsk (Троицк) city urban okrug 75 452 75 752 Ust-Katav (Усть-Катав) city urban okrug 75 455 75 755 Chebarkul (Чебаркуль) city urban okrug 75 458 75 758 Yuzhnouralsk (Южноуральск) city urban okrug 75 464 75 764 Agapovsky (Агаповский) district 75 203 75 603 10 Argayashsky (Аргаяшский) district 75 206 75 606 12 Ashinsky (Ашинский) district 75 209 75 609 Minyar (Миньяр) town* Sim (Сим) town* Kropachyovo (Кропачёво) 5 Bredinsky (Брединский) district 75 212 75 612 11 Varnensky (Варненский) district 75 214 75 614 13 Verkhneuralsky (Верхнеуральский) district 75 217 75 617 Verkhneuralsk (Верхнеуральск) town* Mezhozyorny (Межозёрный) 8 Yemanzhelinsky (Еманжелинский) district 75 219 75 619 Krasnogorsky (Красногорский) Zauralsky (Зауральский) Yetkulsky (Еткульский) district 75 220 75 620 12 Kartalinsky (Карталинский) district 75 223 75 623 10 Kaslinsky (Каслинский) district 75 226 75 626 Vishnyovogorsk (Вишнёвогорск) 9 Katav-Ivanovsky (Катав-Ивановский) district 75 229 75 629 Yuryuzan (Юрюзань) town* 7 Kizilsky (Кизильский) district 75 232 75 632 14 Korkinsky (Коркинский) district 75 233 75 633 Pervomaysky (Первомайский) Roza (Роза) Krasnoarmeysky (Красноармейский) district 75 234 75 634 15 Kunashaksky (Кунашакский) district 75 236 75 636 9 Kusinsky (Кусинский) district 75 238 75 638 Kusa (Куса) town* Magnitka (Магнитка) 3 Nagaybaksky (Нагайбакский) district 75 242 75 642 Yuzhny (Южный) 9 Nyazepetrovsky (Нязепетровский) district 75 244 75 644 Nyazepetrovsk (Нязепетровск) town* 4 Oktyabrsky (Октябрьский) district 75 247 75 647 13 Plastovsky (Пластовский) district 75 248 75 648 4 Satkinsky (Саткинский) district 75 249 75 649 Bakal (Бакал) town* Berdyaush (Бердяуш) Mezhevoy (Межевой) Suleya (Сулея) 3 Sosnovsky (Сосновский) district 75 252 75 652 16 Troitsky (Троицкий) district 75 254 75 654 25 Uvelsky (Увельский) district 75 255 75 655 10 Uysky (Уйский) district 75 256 75 656 11 Chebarkulsky (Чебаркульский) district 75 257 75 657 9 Chesmensky (Чесменский) district 75 259 75 659 11 References [ edit ] ^ Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. « Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 75 », в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of
355-558: A hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language, which is usually shown in writing not by a change of the consonant but rather by changing the following vowel. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels . Stress , which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically , though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. замо́к [ zamók , 'lock'] and за́мок [ zámok , 'castle']), or to indicate
426-479: A language that "belongs to the European cultural space". The financing of Russian-language content by the state will cease, which the concept says create a "unified information space". However, one inevitable consequence would be the closure of public media broadcasts in Russian on LTV and Latvian Radio, as well as the closure of LSM's Russian-language service. In Lithuania , Russian has no official or legal status, but
497-572: A lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic , Turkic , Persian , Arabic , and Hebrew . According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California , Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Feudal divisions and conflicts created obstacles between
568-607: A minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Azerbaijan , Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Georgia , Russian has no official status, but it
639-641: A new development, when in the 1960s young graduates of art Zlatoust schools started to work at the factory and reveal their talents. Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with nine rural localities , incorporated as the City of Zlatoust —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Zlatoust is incorporated as Zlatoustovsky Urban Okrug . [REDACTED] Media related to Zlatoust at Wikimedia Commons Russian language Russian
710-516: A qualitatively new entity can be said to emerge—the general language of the working class... capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. In 2010, there were 259.8 million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia – 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries – 93.7 million, in Eastern Europe – 12.9 million, Western Europe – 7.3 million, Asia – 2.7 million, in
781-527: Is Belarusian, among ethnic Belarusians this share is 28.5%; the highest share of those who speak Belarusian at home is among ethnic Poles — 46.0%. In Estonia , Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook, and is officially considered a foreign language. School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, and in 2022,
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#1732851167668852-475: Is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan . The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. In Tajikistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under
923-401: Is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian , and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of
994-593: Is a post-posed definite article -to , -ta , -te similar to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects , instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несл и is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi] , not [nʲɪsˈlʲi] ) – this
1065-647: Is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family . It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is the native language of the Russians . It was the de facto and de jure official language of the former Soviet Union . Russian has remained an official language of the Russian Federation , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan , and
1136-485: Is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding , which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the M-1 , and MESM models were produced in 1951. According to
1207-613: Is called yakanye ( яканье ). Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/ , a semivowel /w⁓u̯/ and /x⁓xv⁓xw/ , whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/ , /v/ , and final /l/ and /f/ , respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. There
1278-563: Is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City , Philadelphia , Boston , Los Angeles , Nashville , San Francisco , Seattle , Spokane , Toronto , Calgary , Baltimore , Miami , Portland , Chicago , Denver , and Cleveland . In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially
1349-564: Is odd") – чу́дно ( chúdno – "this is marvellous"), молоде́ц ( molodéts – "well done!") – мо́лодец ( mólodets – "fine young man"), узна́ю ( uznáyu – "I shall learn it") – узнаю́ ( uznayú – "I recognize it"), отреза́ть ( otrezát – "to be cutting") – отре́зать ( otrézat – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like афе́ра ( aféra , "scandal, affair"), гу́ру ( gúru , "guru"), Гарси́я ( García ), Оле́ша ( Olésha ), Фе́рми ( Fermi ), and to show which
1420-402: Is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. In China , Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and
1491-569: Is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin , Polish , Dutch , German, French, Italian, and English, and to
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#17328511676681562-576: Is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia, and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006. Around 1.5 million Israelis spoke Russian as of 2017. The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in
1633-659: Is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine , Moldova , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel . Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. It is the most spoken native language in Europe , the most spoken Slavic language , as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia . It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers , and
1704-518: Is the stressed word in a sentence, for example Ты́ съел печенье? ( Tý syel pechenye? – "Was it you who ate the cookie?") – Ты съе́л печенье? ( Ty syél pechenye? – "Did you eat the cookie?) – Ты съел пече́нье? ( Ty syel pechénye? "Was it the cookie you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Using
1775-461: The 2011 Lithuanian census , Russian was the native language for 7.2% of the population. In Moldova , Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. On 21 January 2021, the Constitutional Court of Moldova declared the law unconstitutional and deprived Russian of the status of the language of interethnic communication. 50% of the population
1846-966: The Apollo–Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su . Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian
1917-413: The Constitution of Tajikistan and is permitted in official documentation. 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. In Turkmenistan , Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. Among 12% of the population who grew up in
1988-575: The Ukrainian language in more than 30 spheres of public life: in particular in public administration , media, education, science, culture, advertising, services . The law does not regulate private communication. A poll conducted in March 2022 by RATING in the territory controlled by Ukraine found that 83% of the respondents believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On
2059-694: The United States Census , in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station – NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to
2130-1666: The federal subjects of Russia Republics Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea Dagestan Donetsk Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Luhansk Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia–Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Oblasts Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Federal cities Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol Autonomous oblast Jewish Autonomous okrugs Chukotka Khanty-Mansi Nenets Yamalo-Nenets Recognized as territory of Ukraine by most of
2201-508: The 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular former Warsaw Pact countries. In Armenia , Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as
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2272-465: The Belarusian society the Russian language prevails, so according to the 2019 census 6,718,557 people (71.4% of the total population) stated that they speak Russian at home, for ethnic Belarusians this share is 61.4%, for Russians — 97.2%, for Ukrainians — 89.0%, for Poles — 52.4%, and for Jews — 96.6%; 2,447,764 people (26.0% of the total population) stated that the language they usually speak at home
2343-519: The Great and developed from the Moscow ( Middle or Central Russian ) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution , the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoisie. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. However,
2414-578: The Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( знак ударения ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress . For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к ( zamók – "lock") – за́мок ( zámok – "castle"), сто́ящий ( stóyashchy – "worthwhile") – стоя́щий ( stoyáshchy – "standing"), чудно́ ( chudnó – "this
2485-515: The Middle East and North Africa – 1.3 million, Sub-Saharan Africa – 0.1 million, Latin America – 0.2 million, U.S., Canada , Australia, and New Zealand – 4.1 million speakers. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by the number of speakers , after English, Mandarin, Hindi -Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Portuguese. Russian is one of the six official languages of
2556-1693: The Russian Federation by federal subject Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine v t e Administrative divisions of Chelyabinsk Oblast Administrative center : Chelyabinsk • Rural localities Districts Agapovsky Argayashsky Ashinsky Bredinsky Chebarkulsky Chesmensky Kartalinsky Kaslinsky Katav-Ivanovsky Kizilsky Korkinsky Krasnoarmeysky Kunashaksky Kusinsky Nagaybaksky Nyazepetrovsky Oktyabrsky Plastovsky Satkinsky Sosnovsky Troitsky Uvelsky Uysky Varnensky Verkhneuralsky Yemanzhelinsky Yetkulsky Urban-type settlements of oblast significance Lokomotivny Cities and towns Asha Bakal Chebarkul Chelyabinsk Karabash Kartaly Kasli Katav-Ivanovsk Kopeysk Korkino Kusa Kyshtym Magnitogorsk Miass Minyar Nyazepetrovsk Ozyorsk Plast Satka Sim Snezhinsk Troitsk Tryokhgorny Ust-Katav Verkhneuralsk Verkhny Ufaley Yemanzhelinsk Yuryuzan Yuzhnouralsk Zlatoust Urban-type settlements Berdyaush Krasnogorsky Kropachyovo Magnitka Mezhevoy Mezhozyorny Pervomaysky Roza Suleya Vishnyovogorsk Yuzhny Zauralsky v t e Administrative divisions of
2627-527: The Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 75 , as amended by the Amendment ;#278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ). ^ Results of the 2002 Russian Population Census — Territory, number of districts, inhabited localities, and rural administrations of
2698-807: The Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ ( /je/ or /ʲe/ ); ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ ( /i/ ); ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ ( /f/ ); ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ ( /u/ ); ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ ( /ju/ or /ʲu/ ); and ⟨ ѧ ⟩ and ⟨ ѩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/ . While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ ъ ⟩ and ⟨ ь ⟩ originally indicated
2769-458: The Russian principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. This strengthened dialectal differences, and for a while, prevented the emergence of a standardized national language. The formation of the unified and centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the gradual re-emergence of a common political, economic, and cultural space created the need for a common standard language. The initial impulse for standardization came from
2840-454: The Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. In Uzbekistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Russian
2911-842: The Tsarist authorities brutally suppressed a strike , organized by the workers of Zlatoust. In 1815, an arms factory was built here, which began to produce sabres and swords . To establish production, more than a hundred experts were invited from renowned arms centers in Europe, including Solingen and Klingenthal ( Germany ). In summer 1816, the first batch of Zlatoust blades was sent to Saint-Petersburg , both combat weapons and decorated samples. Famous artists Ivan Bushuyev and Ivan Boyarshinov authored unique patterns of cold-steel decorated with engravings . Bushuyev's and Boyarshinov's swords are very rare; under 2 dozen are believed to exist today, all in Russian state museums and wealthy Russians' collections ( rare published example ). The flying winged horse
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2982-460: The United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. In Belarus , Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus . 77% of
3053-403: The broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages. The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( современный русский литературный язык – "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter
3124-505: The city's name is derived from the Russian translation of "Chrysostom", literally "golden-mouthed" in the original Greek, for the eloquent Saint John Chrysostom , because the city was founded near a church dedicated to that saint. In other languages the city is sometimes called Ызлататыс (Izlataltıs) or Зылатаус (Zılataus) in Tatar and Залатауыс in Bashkir . Zlatoust was founded in 1754 due to
3195-456: The construction of the ironworks . In 1774–76, the workers of the plant took part in the insurrection led by Yemelyan Pugachev . In the early 19th century, Pavel Anosov made the first Russian bulat steel blades in Zlatoust. It was granted town status in 1865. From 1865 to 1919 Zlatoust was part of Ufa Governorate . The town is also known for the first cannons made of Russian steel . In 1903,
3266-562: The country. There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with Israel Plus . See also Russian language in Israel . Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in Afghanistan . In Vietnam , Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. The Russian language
3337-413: The factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. On the ruins of peasant multilingual, in the context of developing heavy industry,
3408-451: The final reading amendments that state that all schools and kindergartens in the country are to transition to education in Latvian . From 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only. On 28 September 2023, Latvian deputies approved The National Security Concept, according to which from 1 January 2026, all content created by Latvian public media (including LSM ) should be only in Latvian or
3479-672: The generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to
3550-480: The government bureaucracy for the lack of a reliable tool of communication in administrative, legal, and judicial affairs became an obvious practical problem. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries. Since then, the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and
3621-444: The international community. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administrative_divisions_of_Chelyabinsk_Oblast&oldid=1158775451 " Categories : Chelyabinsk Oblast Administrative divisions of the federal subjects of Russia Hidden categories: Articles containing Russian-language text Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2013 Pages using
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#17328511676683692-516: The northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . Russian was also the main foreign language taught in school in China between 1949 and 1964. In Kazakhstan , Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of
3763-515: The other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state language, while after the beginning of Russia's invasion the support for the idea dropped to just 7%. In peacetime, the idea of raising the status of Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the south and east . But even in these regions, only a third of the respondents were in favour, and after Russia's full-scale invasion , their number dropped by almost half. According to
3834-455: The other three languages in the East Slavic branch. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect , although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century,
3905-446: The parliament approved a bill to close up all Russian language schools and kindergartens by the school year. The transition to only Estonian language schools and kindergartens will start in the 2024-2025 school year. In Latvia , Russian is officially considered a foreign language. 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 18 February 2012, Latvia held
3976-453: The peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky , who toward the end of his life wrote: "Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or
4047-455: The population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. In October 2023, Kazakhstan drafted a media law aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language over Russian, the law stipulates that the share of the state language on television and radio should increase from 50% to 70%, at a rate of 5% per year, starting in 2025. In Kyrgyzstan , Russian
4118-418: The population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2019 Belarusian census , out of 9,413,446 inhabitants of the country, 5,094,928 (54.1% of the total population) named Belarusian as their native language, with 61.2% of ethnic Belarusians and 54.5% of ethnic Poles declaring Belarusian as their native language. In everyday life in
4189-475: The pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/ , /ĭ/ . Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz , and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš' . Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration
4260-466: The proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family . It is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language used in Kievan Rus' , which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. From the point of view of spoken language , its closest relatives are Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Rusyn ,
4331-491: The respondents), while according to the 2002 census – 142.6 million people (99.2% of the respondents). In Ukraine , Russian is a significant minority language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 5 September 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed
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#17328511676684402-675: The survey carried out by RATING in August 2023 in the territory controlled by Ukraine and among the refugees, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82% of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16%, Russian is their mother tongue. IDPs and refugees living abroad are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70% of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language. In
4473-459: The syntax of Russian dialects." After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to
4544-770: The two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern , Central (or Middle), and Southern , with Moscow lying in the Central region. The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye ( оканье ). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e⁓i̯ɛ/ in place of Proto-Slavic * ě and /o⁓u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/ , respectively. Another Northern dialectal morphological feature
4615-506: The use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as their first foreign language. In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). According to
4686-682: The world's ninth-most spoken language by total number of speakers . Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station , one of the six official languages of the United Nations , as well as the fourth most widely used language on the Internet . Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script ; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every consonant has
4757-600: Was a favorite element of many of Bushuyev's engravings, so he was given a nickname Ivan the Wingy (Ivanko Krylatko). Since then, a pegasus has been an emblem of the town. In the 1840s the engraving was shifted onto decorative metal plates. This idea was suggested by Zlatoust factory's director - Pavel Petrovich Anosov , who was taking care of factory's profit and decided to expand the product range. Since then Zlatoust engraving on household items and tableware became popular. The Soviets gained control over Zlatoust in March 1918. The town
4828-405: Was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. In Nikolaevsk, Alaska , Russian
4899-421: Was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2014 Moldovan census , Russians accounted for 4.1% of Moldova's population, 9.4% of the population declared Russian as their native language, and 14.5% said they usually spoke Russian. According to the 2010 census in Russia , Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of
4970-611: Was occupied by the Whites between June 1918 and July 1919. On 13 July 1919, Zlatoust was seized by the Red Army . During the Soviet period, Zlatoust became an industrial city, which specialized in metallurgy , mechanical engineering , tool-making, food production, and other industries. Zlatoust is one of the centers of artistic engraving on metal in Russia. Traditionally, such engravings were done on weapons, such as knives , swords and tableware. Zlatoust engraving on metal received an impulse to
5041-402: Was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between
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