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66-479: The Zillertal Railway or Zillertalbahn is a 760 mm ( 2 ft  5 + 15 ⁄ 16  in ) gauge independent railway running along the valley of the river Ziller ( Zillertal ) in Tyrol, Austria . The 32 kilometres (20 mi) line starts in Jenbach and terminates in Mayrhofen . Running through a valley in a high-amenity rural area, the line is used by tourists and for commuter transport by local people. Railway enthusiasts from all over

132-747: A "second Piedmont". The recognition of the Bulgarian Exarchate by the Ottomans in 1870 had been intended to separate the Bulgarians, religiously from the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople , and politically from Serbia. Pan-Slavism required the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans. How and whether that goal would be realised was the major question to be answered at the Congress of Berlin. The Balkans were

198-440: A compensation for Southern Bessarabia, but even so it did not benefit of substantial gain of territory despite its consistent war effort alongside Russia. Romanians deeply resented the loss of Southern Bessarabia and Russo-Romanian relationship remained very cold for decades. Montenegro obtained Nikšić , along with the primary Albanian regions of Podgorica , Bar and Plav-Gusinje . The Ottoman government, or Porte , agreed to obey

264-481: A disintegrating Ottoman Empire. According to historian Erich Eyck , Bismarck supported Russia's position that "Turkish rule over a Christian community (Bulgaria) was an anachronism which undoubtedly gave rise to insurrection and bloodshed and should therefore be ended". He used the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875 as proof of growing animosity in the region. Bismarck's ultimate goal during the Congress of Berlin

330-671: A display of Pan-Slavic hegemonic ambition in southeastern Europe. In Imperial Russia, Pan-Slavism meant the creation of a unified Slavic state, under Russian direction, and was essentially a byword for Russian conquest of the Balkan peninsula. The realisation of the goal would have given Russia control of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus , thus economic control of the Black Sea and substantially greater geopolitical power. That desire evolved similarly to

396-631: A large Principality of Bulgaria as an autonomous vassal of the sultan. That expanded Russia's sphere of influence to encompass the entire Balkans, which alarmed other powers in Europe. Britain, which had threatened war with Russia if it occupied Constantinople , and France did not want another power meddling in either the Mediterranean or the Middle East, where both powers were prepared to make large colonial gains . Austria-Hungary desired Habsburg control over

462-452: A major stage for competition between the European great powers in the second half of the 19th century. Britain and Russia had interests in the fate of the Balkans. Russia was interested in the region, both ideologically, as a pan-Slavist unifier, and practically, to secure greater control of the Mediterranean. Britain was interested in preventing Russia from accomplishing its goals. Furthermore,

528-401: A minor stumble on the road to Russian hegemony in the Balkans, it actually gave Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia over to Austria-Hungary's sphere of influence and essentially removed all Russian influence from the area. The Serbs were upset with "Russia... consenting to the cession of Bosnia to Austria": Ristić who was Serbia's first plenipotentiary at Berlin tells how he asked Jomini, one of

594-416: A special administration, and the region of Macedonia was returned to the Ottomans on condition of reforms to its governance. The results were initially hailed as a success for peace in the region, but most of the participants were not satisfied with the outcome. The Ottomans were humiliated and had their weakness confirmed as the " sick man of Europe ". Russia resented the lack of rewards, despite having won

660-472: A stronger Austria-Hungarian Empire, which threatened basically no one, to a powerful Russia, which had been locked in competition with Britain in the so-called Great Game for most of the century. Gorchakov said, "I consider the Berlin Treaty the darkest page in my life". Many Russians were furious over the European repudiation of their political gains, and though there was some thought that it represented only

726-612: Is a siding to serve a timber company. In 2010 the annual freight traffic amounted to 320,000 tonnes, predominantly in connection with the forest products industry. 1.54 million passengers were carried in that year, a half-hourly service (of train and bus journeys combined) being introduced. Some of the Zillertal Railway's redundant rolling stock was donated by the railway to the Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway in Wales . In July 2019

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792-473: The Congress of Vienna , they were to be sadly disappointed. Bismarck, unhappy to be conducting the Congress in the heat of the summer, had a short temper and a low tolerance for malarky. Thus, any grandstanding was cut short by the testy German chancellor. The ambassadors from the small Balkan territories whose fate was being decided were barely even allowed to attend the diplomatic meetings, which were between mainly

858-567: The First and Second Balkan Wars (1912 and 1913 respectively). Continuing nationalism in the Balkans was one of the causes of the First World War in 1914. In the decades leading up to the congress, Russia and the Balkans had been gripped by Pan-Slavism , a movement to unite all the Balkan Slavs under one rule. The Treaty of San Stefano , which had created a " Greater Bulgaria ", was opposed as

924-719: The First World War . In the 'Salisbury Circular' of 1 April 1878, the British Foreign Secretary, the Marquess of Salisbury , clarified the objections of him and the government to the Treaty of San Stefano because of the favorable position in which it left Russia. In 1954, the British historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote: "If the treaty of San Stefano had been maintained, both the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary might have survived to

990-596: The Ottoman Empire . Delegates from Greece , Romania, Serbia and Montenegro attended the sessions that concerned their states, but they were not members. The Congress was solicited by Russia's rivals, particularly Austria-Hungary and Britain, and was hosted in 1878 by Bismarck. It proposed and ratified the Treaty of Berlin . The meetings were held at Bismarck's Reich Chancellery , the former Radziwill Palace, from 13 June to 13 July 1878. The congress revised or eliminated 18 of

1056-450: The Ottomans ; and four Balkan states: Greece , Serbia , Romania and Montenegro . The congress concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin , replacing the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano which had been signed three months earlier. The leader of the congress, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck , sought to stabilise the Balkans, reduce the role of the defeated Ottoman Empire in

1122-548: The Pan-Germanism and Pan-Italianism , which had resulted in two unifications, took different forms in the various Slavic nations. Balkan Slavs felt they needed both an equivalent to Piedmont to serve as a base and an outside sponsor corresponding to France. The state that was meant to serve as the locus for unification of the Balkans under a "Slavic" rule was not always clear, as initiative wafted between Serbia and Bulgaria. Italian rhetoric by contrast cast Romania as Latin ,

1188-454: The Unifications of Italy and of Germany had stymied the ability of a third European power, Austria-Hungary, to expand its domain to the southwest any further. Germany, as the most powerful continental nation since the 1871 Franco-Prussian War had little direct interest in the settlement and so was the only power that could mediate the Balkan question credibly. Russia and Austria-Hungary,

1254-403: The 1878 Berlin Congress permitted Austria-Hungary to occupy and govern Bosnia-Herzegovina instead of Turkey, the 190 km (120 mi) long Brod – Zenica military railway was built to support manoeuvres and supply troops. It was completed in 1879, using the 760 mm ( 2 ft  5 + 15 ⁄ 16  in ) temporary tracks and rolling stock used during the construction of

1320-526: The 20th century. Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Gyula Andrássy and the occupation and administration of Bosnia-Herzegovina also obtained the right to station garrisons in the Sanjak of Novi Pazar , which remained under Ottoman administration. The Sanjak preserved the separation of Serbia and Montenegro, and the Austro-Hungarian garrisons there would open the way for a dash to Salonika that "would bring

1386-599: The 29 articles in the Treaty of San Stefano . Furthermore, by using as a foundation the Treaties of Paris (1856) and of Washington (1871), the treaty rearranged the East. The principal mission of the participants at the Congress was to deal a fatal blow to the burgeoning movement of pan-Slavism . The movement caused serious concern in Berlin and even more so in Vienna, which was afraid that

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1452-477: The Austrian proposals relative to Bosnia-Herzegovina about to come before the congress while Austria would support British demands". The Congress of Berlin is frequently viewed as the culmination of the battle between Alexander Gorchakov of Russia and Otto von Bismarck of Germany. Both were able to persuade other European leaders that a free and independent Bulgaria would greatly improve the security risks posed by

1518-527: The Austro-Hungarian Empire in later decades. The League of the Three Emperors , established in 1873, was destroyed since Russia saw lack of German support on the issue of Bulgaria's full independence as a breach of loyalty and the alliance. The border between Greece and Turkey was not resolved. In 1881, after protracted negotiations, a compromise border was accepted after a naval demonstration of

1584-479: The Austro-Hungarian Empire. At the time of their introduction, the Bosnia-Herzegovian National Railways ' 2-4-2 express locomotives of 1894-96 were the fastest narrow gauge locomotives in Europe, with a 60 km/h (37 mph) permitted top speed. The establishment of the fast-growing network, whose length by the start of the 20th centuries exceeded 1,000 km (620 mi) making it

1650-516: The Balkans, and Germany wanted to prevent its ally from going to war. German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck thus called the Congress of Berlin to discuss the partition of the Ottoman Balkans among the European powers and to preserve the League of Three Emperors in the face of the spread of European liberalism . The Congress was attended by Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy , Russia and

1716-541: The Balkans. Although Austria-Hungary gained substantial territory, this angered the South Slavs and led to decades of tensions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, culminating in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand . In the long term, the settlement led to rising tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary, and disputes over nationalism in the Balkans. Grievances with the results of the congress festered until they exploded in

1782-464: The British, who considered the entire Mediterranean to be a British sphere of influence and saw any Russian attempt to gain access there as a grave threat to British power. On 4 June, before the Congress opened on 13 June, British Prime Minister Lord Beaconsfield had already concluded the Cyprus Convention , a secret alliance with the Ottomans against Russia in which Britain was allowed to occupy

1848-474: The Congress of Berlin was considered to be a dismal failure. After finally defeating the Turks despite many past inconclusive Russo-Turkish wars, many Russians had expected "something colossal", a redrawing of the Balkan borders in support of Russian territorial ambitions. Instead, the victory resulted in an Austro-Hungarian gain on the Balkan front that was brought about by the rest of the European powers' preference for

1914-854: The Opposition proposed that the Foreign Minister should be impeached for violating the constitution by his policy during the Near East Crisis and by the occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The motion was lost by 179 to 95. By the Opposition rank and file the gravest accusations were raised against Andrassy. United Kingdom [REDACTED] Russia [REDACTED] Germany [REDACTED] Austria-Hungary [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Kingdom of Italy [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire [REDACTED] Romania [REDACTED] Greece [REDACTED] Serbia [REDACTED] Montenegro [REDACTED] Albanians in

1980-563: The Russian delegates, what consolation remained to the Serbs. Jomini replied that it would have to be the thought that 'the situation was only temporary because within fifteen years at the latest we shall be forced to fight Austria.' 'Vain consolation!' comments Ristić. Italy was dissatisfied with the results of the Congress, and the tensions between Greece and the Ottoman Empire were left unresolved. Bosnia-Herzegovina would also prove to be problematic for

2046-647: The Russo-Turkish War of 1812 but lost to Moldavia/Romania in 1856 after the Crimean War . The Bulgarian state that Russia had created by the Treaty of San Stefano was divided into the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia , both of which were given nominal autonomy, under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Bulgaria was promised autonomy, and guarantees were made against Turkish interference, but they were largely ignored. Romania received Northern Dobruja as

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2112-601: The Welshpool & Llanfair Light Railway announced that it had signed a contract with the Zillertalbahn to hire newly overhauled U-class 0-6-2T locomotive, No. 2 'Zillertal', for approximately two years. The Zillertaler Verkehrsbetriebe AG (ZVB) is (2010) owned by the Jenbach Marktgemeinde (i.e. local government unit) and other local communities (61%); individual shareholders (34%); and the Austrian state (5%). In 2018,

2178-588: The ZVB unveiled its plans to move away from the ageing diesel trainsets in favour of hydrogen-powered units by 2025. The Zillertalbahn will then be the first fully hydrogen-powered small-gauge railway in the world. Hydrogen will be produced locally in Mayrhofen, where fuelling will take place in an all-new station. The five hydrogen-fuelled trainsets were set to achieve operational status by 2022, but financing issues postponed operation to winter 2024/25. Plans for an alteration of

2244-519: The Zillertalbahn became the first railway in Austria to use "Zugfunk"—train control by radio. In 1976 extraction of magnesium ore from Tux came to an end; this traffic had been an important source of income for the line since 1928. Since 2005, points on the line have been operated remotely from the Jenbach Control Centre using fibre-optic technology. As a consequence of the valley's shape,

2310-631: The administration of Bosnia-Herzegovina and secured the control of a corridor leading to the Aegean Sea . Both of these territories had to remain de jure part of the Ottoman Empire, but in 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus, whereas Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed by Austria in 1908. Thus, the Berlin Congress sowed the seeds of further conflicts, including the Balkan Wars and (ultimately)

2376-486: The alliances in Europe before the First World War were thus noticeable. One reason that Bismarck was able to mediate the various tensions at the Congress of Berlin was his diplomatic persona. He sought peace and stability when international affairs did not pertain to Germany directly. Since he viewed the current situation in Europe as favourable for Germany, any conflicts between the major European powers that threatened

2442-497: The great powers had resulted in the cession of Thessaly and the Arta Prefecture to Greece. Two states that didn't participate in the war, Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, achieved great benefits from this Congress. The former was granted administrative control of Cyprus in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect the Ottoman Empire against possible Russian aggression. The latter obtained

2508-584: The lower classes, and was actively expressed through the Slav committees". Eventually, Russia sought and obtained Austria-Hungary's pledge of benevolent neutrality in the coming war, in return for ceding Bosnia Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary in the Budapest Convention of 1877 . act: The Berlin Congress in effect postponed resolution of the Bosnian question and left Bosnia and Herzegovina under Habsburg control. This

2574-434: The main line network are carried on transporter wagons . In Jenbach the Zillertal Railway meets the ÖBB standard gauge line between Salzburg and Innsbruck and the metre gauge Achensee Railway . Jenbach is the only location in Austria where railways of three different track-gauges meet. The line was opened on 31 July 1902, serving the needs of residents of the upper Ziller valley and giving them access to Jenbach and

2640-550: The main line railway in the Inn Valley. In 1956 the present day company name, Zillertaler Verkehrsbetriebe AG, (i.e. The Zillertaler Transport Company ) was adopted when the company absorbed a local bus operation that had been founded in 1935. In 1965 the line was extended by 2.5 km to bring materials and equipment to a power station; the extension line has subsequently been removed once more. However at that time two diesel locomotives and some transporter wagons were acquired and

2706-419: The most important strategic section of the Balkans, was too multinational to be part of Bulgaria and permitted it to remain under the Ottoman Empire. Eastern Rumelia, which had its own large Turkish and Greek minorities, became an autonomous province under a Christian ruler, with its capital at Philippopolis . The remaining portions of the original "Greater Bulgaria" became the new state of Bulgaria. In Russia,

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2772-678: The narrow-gauge railways of Austria-Hungary. In operation: Operation suspended since 2009 : Congress of Berlin The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a diplomatic conference to reorganise the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, which had been won by Russia against the Ottoman Empire . Represented at the meeting were Europe's then six great powers : Russia , Great Britain , France , Austria-Hungary , Italy , and Germany ;

2838-635: The nominal rule of the Ottoman Empire. That sparked the Great Game , the massive British fear of the growing Russian influence in the Middle East . The new principality, including a very large portion of Macedonia as well as access to the Aegean Sea , could easily threaten the Dardanelles Straits , which separate the Black Sea from the Mediterranean Sea . The arrangement was not acceptable to

2904-486: The once largest interconnected narrow gauge network in Europe, secured a high reputation for the Monarchy's engineering corps amongst international professional circles. It was the success of the Bosnian narrow gauge net which gave impetus after the turn of the century to the large-scale building of 760 mm gauge lines across other territories of the Monarchy. The technical solutions pioneered there were used later on all

2970-406: The present day. The British, except for Beaconsfield in his wilder moments, had expected less and were therefore less disappointed. Salisbury wrote at the end of 1878: We shall set up a rickety sort of Turkish rule again south of the Balkans. But it is a mere respite. There is no vitality left in them." Though the Congress of Berlin constituted a harsh blow to Pan-Slavism , it, by no means, solved

3036-453: The question of the area. The Slavs in the Balkans were still mostly under non-Slavic rule, split between the rule of Austria-Hungary and the ailing Ottoman Empire. The Slavic states of the Balkans had learned that banding together as Slavs benefited them less than playing to the desires of a neighboring great power. That damaged the unity of the Balkan Slavs and encouraged competition between the fledgling Slav states. The underlying tensions of

3102-470: The railway follows the river Ziller, as does the main road ( Zillertalstraße ). Both road and rail remain mostly on the eastern "right" bank. It is single track for most of the route, broadening to two or even three tracks in some stations. Road crossings are mostly level, some protected by barriers. The sections Ramsau–Hippach–Zell am Ziller (3.33 km) and Kaltenbach-Stumm–Angersbach–Ahrnbach (2.0 km) have been made double track. At Fügen -Hart there

3168-420: The recently finished Timisoara – Oršava line. The Zenica – Sarajevo extension opened in 1882, with a loading gauge the same as that used on 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) gauge railways, which was thought to be sufficient for general traffic including passenger services. The Brod–Zenica–Sarajevo Bosna Bahn provided the basis for the narrow-gauge railway network which

3234-463: The region would continue to simmer for thirty years until they again exploded in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. In 1914, the assassination of Franz Ferdinand , the Austro-Hungarian heir, led to the First World War . In hindsight, the stated goal of maintaining peace and balance of powers in the Balkans obviously failed since the region would remain a source of conflict between the great powers well into

3300-501: The region, and balance the distinct interests of Britain, Russia and Austria-Hungary. He also wanted to avoid domination of the Balkans by Russia or the formation of a Greater Bulgaria , and to keep Constantinople in Ottoman hands. Finally Bismarck wanted to encourage the development of civil rights for Jews in the region. The affected territories were instead granted varying degrees of independence. Romania became fully independent, though

3366-603: The representatives of the great powers. According to Henry Kissinger , the congress saw a shift in Bismarck's Realpolitik . Until then, as Germany had become too powerful for isolation, his policy was to maintain the League of the Three Emperors. Now that he could no longer rely on Russia's alliance, he began to form relations with as many potential enemies as possible. Bowing to Russia's pressure, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro were all declared independent principalities. Russia recovered Southern Bessarabia , which it had annexed in

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3432-674: The repressed Slavic nationalities would revolt against the Habsburgs . The British and the French governments were nervous about both the diminishing influence of the Ottoman Empire and the cultural expansion of Russia to the south, where both Britain and France were poised to colonise Egypt and Palestine . By the Treaty of San Stefano, the Russians, led by Foreign Minister Alexander Gorchakov , had managed to create in Bulgaria an autonomous principality, under

3498-400: The road. However, further financing issues have postponed the proposed infrastructure modernisations indefinitely. As of January 2023, no construction works have commenced, nor have any of the hydrogen-powered trainsets been ordered. 47°13′53″N 11°52′53″E  /  47.23139°N 11.88139°E  / 47.23139; 11.88139 Bosnian gauge After a British proposal

3564-487: The specifications contained in the Organic Law of 1868 and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects. The region of Bosnia-Herzegovina was handed over to the administration of Austria-Hungary, which also obtained the right to garrison the Sanjak of Novi Pazar , a small border region between Montenegro and Serbia. Bosnia and Herzegovina were put on the fast track to eventual annexation. Russia agreed that Macedonia ,

3630-427: The status quo was against German interests. Also, at the Congress of Berlin, "Germany could not look for any advantage from the crisis" that had occurred in the Balkans in 1875. Therefore, Bismarck claimed impartiality on behalf of Germany at the Congress, which enabled him to preside over the negotiations with a keen eye for foul play. Though most of Europe went into the Congress expecting a diplomatic show, much like

3696-405: The strategically-placed island of Cyprus . The agreement predetermined Beaconsfield's position during the Congress and led him to issue threats to unleash a war against Russia if it did not comply with Ottoman demands. Negotiations between Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Gyula Andrássy and British Foreign Secretary Marquess of Salisbury had already "ended on 6 June by Britain agreeing to all

3762-543: The trajectory were also announced. The section Aschau - Zell am Ziller will be completely replaced by a trajectory that more closely follows the Ziller river and directly connects to the Zillertaler ARENA skiing lifts near Zell am Ziller. Moreover, the historic Zillerbrücke will be bypassed and is destined for use by pedestrians and cyclists only. The section that runs through Zell am Ziller will be levelled and incorporated into

3828-456: The two powers that were most invested in the fate of the Balkans, were allied with Germany in the conservative League of Three Emperors , which had been founded to preserve the monarchies of Continental Europe . The Congress of Berlin was thus mainly a dispute among supposed allies of Bismarck and his German Empire, the arbiter of the discussion, would thus have to choose before the end of the congress which of their allies to support. That decision

3894-541: The war that the conference was supposed to resolve, and felt humiliated by the other great powers in their rejection of the San Stefano settlement. Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece all received far less than they thought they deserved, especially Bulgaria which was left with less than half of the territory envisioned by the Treaty of San Stefano. Bismarck became hated by Russian nationalists and Pan-Slavists , and later found that he had tied Germany too closely to Austria-Hungary in

3960-610: The western half of the Balkans under permanent Austrian influence". "High [Austro-Hungarian] military authorities desired... [an] immediate major expedition with Salonika as its objective". On 28 September 1878 the Finance Minister, Koloman von Zell, threatened to resign if the army, behind which stood the Archduke Albert , were allowed to advance to Salonika. In the session of the Hungarian Parliament of 5 November 1878

4026-404: The world are attracted to it because of its use of steam engines and its small track gauge . Most of the passenger train services operate using modern diesel locomotives and railcars but the Zillertal Railway also has several steam locomotives which are used with heritage verandah rolling stock for special trains targeting tourists. Goods traffic is carried; standard gauge wagons to and from

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4092-428: Was forced to give part of Bessarabia to Russia, and gained Northern Dobruja . Serbia and Montenegro were also granted full independence but lost territory, with Austria-Hungary occupying the Sanjak of Novi Pazar along with Bosnia and Herzegovina . Britain took possession of Cyprus . Of the territory that remained within the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria was made a semi-independent principality, Eastern Rumelia became

4158-618: Was later established in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In barely two decades a national 760 mm network was built. By the 1890s this stretched through Mostar to the Dalmatian border at Metkovic, and to Gruž , a suburb of Dubrovnik , on the coast of the Adriatic Sea . This narrow gauge main line carried much heavier traffic than many of the minor 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge main lines across

4224-535: Was not to upset Germany's status on the international platform. He did not wish to disrupt the League of the Three Emperors by choosing between Russia and Austria as an ally. To maintain peace in Europe, Bismarck sought to convince other European diplomats that dividing up the Balkans would foster greater stability. During the process, Russia began to feel cheated despite eventually gaining independence for Bulgaria. Problems in

4290-403: Was the goal of Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Count Gyula Andrássy . After the Bulgarian April Uprising in 1876 and the Russian victory in the Russo-Turkish War in 1877–1878 , Russia had liberated almost all of the Ottoman European possessions. The Ottomans recognised Montenegro , Romania and Serbia as independent, and the territories of all three of them were expanded. Russia created

4356-431: Was to have direct consequences on the future of European geopolitics. Ottoman brutality in the Serbian–Ottoman War and the violent suppression of the Herzegovina Uprising fomented political pressure within Russia, which saw itself as the protector of the Serbs, to act against the Ottoman Empire. David MacKenzie wrote that "sympathy for the Serbian Christians existed in Court circles, among nationalist diplomats, and in

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