50-574: (Redirected from Archduke Albert ) Albert of Austria may refer to: Albert I of Germany (1255–1308, r. 1298–1308), King of Germany and Duke of Austria Albert II, Duke of Austria (1298–1358) Albert III, Duke of Austria (1349–1395) Albert IV, Duke of Austria (1377–1404) Albert II of Germany (1397–1439), King of Germany, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, Duke of Austria as Albert V Albert VI, Archduke of Austria (1418–1463) Albert VII, Archduke of Austria (1559–1621), Governor of
100-766: A campaign against Ottokar II. Ladislaus's troops played a decisive role in Rudolf's victory in the Battle on the Marchfeld on 26 August. Ottokar was killed in the battlefield. After the battle, King Rudolf I gave Ladislaus "his thanks, declaring that through his help all Austria and Styria had been restored to him", according to Ladislaus's chronicler, Simon of Kéza . Pope Nicholas III sent Philip, bishop of Fermo , to Hungary to help Ladislaus restore royal power on 22 September 1278. The papal legate arrived in Hungary in early 1279. With
150-585: A quarrel with the Kingdom of France over the Burgundian frontier, but the refusal of Pope Boniface VIII to recognize his election led him to change his policy, and, in 1299, he made a treaty with King Philip IV , by which his son Rudolph was to marry Blanche, the King's half-sister. He afterwards became estranged from Philip, but in 1303, Boniface recognized him as German king and future emperor; in return, Albert recognized
200-455: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Albert I of Germany Albert I of Habsburg ( German : Albrecht I. ) (July 1255 – 1 May 1308) was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination. He was the eldest son of King Rudolf I of Germany and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg . Sometimes referred to as 'Albert
250-618: The Abas , Csáks , Kőszegis , and Gutkeleds – fought against each other for supreme power. Ladislaus was declared to be of age at an assembly of the prelates, barons, noblemen, and Cumans in 1277. He allied himself with Rudolf I of Germany against Ottokar II of Bohemia . His forces had a preeminent role in Rudolf's victory over Ottokar in the Battle on the Marchfeld on 26 August 1278. However, Ladislaus could not restore royal power in Hungary. A papal legate , Philip , bishop of Fermo , came to Hungary to help Ladislaus consolidate his authority, but
300-548: The Dominican Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island, and gave her in marriage to a Czech aristocrat, Záviš of Falkenstein . According to Archbishop Lodomer, Ladislaus even stated, "If I had 15 or more sisters in as many cloistered communities as you like, I would snatch them from there to marry them off licitly or illicitly; in order to procure through them a kin-group who will support me by all their power in
350-706: The Elector of the Palatinate to form a league against him. Aided by the Imperial cities , however, he soon crushed the rising. Albert was on the way to suppress a revolt in Swabia when he was murdered on 1 May 1308, at Windisch on the Reuss , by his nephew Duke John , afterwards called "the Parricide" or "John Parricida". His full name and titles were: Albert, by the grace of God, King of
400-610: The Illuminated Chronicle , they "spread a terrible devastation of fire throughout the whole country" to the east of the Danube. Local forces resisted the invaders at many places, including, for example, at Regéc . The invasion lasted for two months before the Mongols withdrew. Ladislaus's favoritism towards the Cumans made him so unpopular that many of his subjects accused him of inciting
450-526: The 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld . By the 1283 Treaty of Rheinfelden his father entrusted Albert with their sole government, while Rudolf II ought to be compensated by the Further Austrian Habsburg home territories – which, however, never happened until his death in 1290. Albert and his Swabian ministeriales appear to have ruled the Austrian and Styrian duchies with conspicuous success, overcoming
500-883: The Babonići rose up in rebellion in Slavonia. Joachim Gutkeled died while battling against the Babonići in April 1277. A month later, an assembly of the prelates, barons, noblemen, and Cumans declared Ladislaus to be of age. The estates of the realm also authorized the 15-year-old monarch to restore internal peace with all possible means. Ladislaus then invaded the Kőszegis's domains in Transdanubia, but could not defeat them. He met Rudolf I of Germany in Hainburg an der Donau on 11 November to confirm their alliance against Ottokar II of Bohemia. After
550-462: The Cumans seized and imprisoned Philip of Fermo in early January 1280. However, Finta Aba , voivode of Transylvania captured Ladislaus and handed him over to Roland Borsa . In less than two months, both the legate and the king were set free and Ladislaus took a new oath to enforce the Cuman laws. However, many Cumans decided to leave Hungary instead of obeying the legate's demands. Ladislaus followed
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#1732845314871600-409: The Cumans to submit to the legate, but many Cumans preferred to leave Hungary. Ladislaus vanquished a Cuman army that invaded Hungary in 1282 . Hungary also survived a Mongol invasion in 1285 . Ladislaus had, by that time, become so unpopular that many of his subjects accused him of inciting the Mongols to invade Hungary. After he imprisoned his wife in 1286, he lived with his Cuman mistresses. During
650-507: The Holy See to promote her canonization in 1275. In the same year, a new civil war broke out between Joachim Gutkeled and Peter Csák. Ladislaus took part in Csák's military expedition against the Kőszegis, who were Gutkeled's supporters. However, Gutkeled and his supporters removed their opponents from power at an assembly of the barons and noblemen at Buda around 21 June 1276. Taking advantage of
700-511: The Kőszegis. The Kőszegis resisted, forcing the king to lift the siege in early 1283. Ladislaus even reconciled with Ivan Kőszegi and appointed him palatine before 6 July. Ladislaus abandoned his wife, Isabella, and settled among the Cumans by the end of the year. The Mongols of the Golden Horde invaded Hungary under the command of Khans Talabuga and Nogai in January 1285. According to
750-514: The Mongols to invade Hungary. In fact, Ladislaus employed Mongol prisoners of war, known as nyögérs , when he subjugated a rebellion in the Szepesség in September 1285. The king preferred the Cumans' way of life, including their costumes and hairstyle, and took Cuman girls as his mistresses. According to Lodomer , archbishop of Esztergom , Ladislaus copulated with his favorite concubine, Aydua, whom
800-609: The One-eyed' because of a battle injury that left him with a hollow eye socket and a permanent snarl. From 1273 Albert ruled as a landgrave over his father's Swabian ( Further Austrian ) possessions in Alsace . In 1282 his father, the first German monarch from the House of Habsburg , invested him and his younger brother Rudolf II with the duchies of Austria and Styria , which he had seized from late King Ottokar II of Bohemia and defended in
850-614: The Romans, Duke of Austria and Styria, Lord of Carniola , over the Wendish Mark and of Port Naon , Count of Habsburg and Kyburg , Landgrave of Alsace . In 1274, Albert had married Elizabeth , daughter of Count Meinhard II of Tyrol , who was a descendant of the Babenberg margraves of Austria who predated the Habsburgs' rule. The baptismal name Leopold, patron saint margrave of Austria ,
900-627: The Spanish Netherlands Archduke Albert, Duke of Teschen (1817–1895), Austrian General [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_of_Austria&oldid=1138116079 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
950-455: The archbishop described as a "poisonous viper ", in public. In September 1286, Ladislaus imprisoned his wife and granted all her revenues to his mistress. Archbishop Lodomer liberated the queen the following September. The archbishop summoned the prelates, the barons, and the noblemen to an assembly in Buda and excommunicated Ladislaus. In response, the infuriated king stated that "beginning with
1000-542: The archbishop of Esztergom and his suffragans , I shall exterminate the whole lot right up to Rome with the aid of Tartar swords", according to Archbishop Lodomer. The barons captured Ladislaus in the Szepesség in January 1288. Although his partisans soon liberated him, he acquiesced in concluding an agreement with Archbishop Lodomer. The archbishop absolved Ladislaus on condition that the king would live in accordance with Christian morals. However, Ladislaus broke his promise. He abducted his sister, Elizabeth , prioress of
1050-507: The authority of the pope alone to bestow the Imperial crown, and promised that none of his sons should be elected German king without papal consent. Albert had failed in his attempt to seize the counties of Holland and Zeeland , as vacant fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire , on the death of Count John I in 1299, but in 1306 he secured the crown of Bohemia for his son Rudolph III on the death of King Wenceslaus III . He also renewed
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#17328453148711100-614: The claim made by his predecessor, Adolf, on Thuringia, and interfered in a quarrel over the succession to the Hungarian throne. The Thuringian attack ended in Albert's defeat at the Battle of Lucka in 1307 and, in the same year, the death of his son Rudolph weakened his position in eastern Europe. His action in abolishing all tolls established on the Rhine since 1250 led the Rhenish prince-archbishops and
1150-563: The command of Ladislaus's aunt, Anna , captured the castle of Sárospatak , where Ladislaus and his mother were staying, and imprisoned them. Ladislaus initially was kept in the Turóc Castle by Andrew Hont-Pázmány , but two months later, he was sent to the court of Boleslaw the Chaste , Duke of Cracow , who was Béla IV's son-in-law. After his grandfather and father made peace in March 1265, Ladislaus
1200-454: The end of September. Kőszegi was killed in the battle. Peter Csák then launched a campaign against Kőszegi's son and Ladislaus accompanied him. At the end of 1274, Rudolf I , the new king of Germany , and Ladislaus concluded an alliance against Ottokar II of Bohemia. Ladislaus contracted an unidentified serious illness, but recovered from it. He attributed this recovery to a miracle by his deceased saintly aunt, Margaret , and approached
1250-618: The fortress of Koprivnica in Slavonia . Historian Pál Engel suggests that Joachim Gutkeled planned to force Stephen V to divide Hungary with Ladislaus. Stephen V besieged Koprivnica, but could not take it. Stephen fell seriously ill and died on 6 August. Joachim Gutkeled departed for Székesfehérvár as soon as he was informed of Stephen V's death, because he wanted to arrange the boy–king's coronation . Ladislaus's mother joined him, infuriating Stephen V's partisans who accused her of having conspired against her husband. Stephen V's master of
1300-471: The fulfillment of my will". Ladislaus spent the last years of his life wandering from place to place. Hungary's central government lost power because the prelates and the barons ruled the kingdom independently of the monarch. For example, Ivan Kőszegi and his brothers waged wars against Albert I , Duke of Austria , but Ladislaus did not intervene, although the Austrians captured at least 30 fortresses along
1350-482: The implementation of a hereditary monarchy , chose Count Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg as King of the Romans . An uprising among his Styrian dependents compelled Albert to recognize the sovereignty of his rival and to confine himself for a time to the government of the Habsburg lands at Vienna . He did not abandon his hopes of the throne, however, which were eventually realised: In 1298, he was chosen German king by some of
1400-466: The kingdom. In November of that year, Henry Kőszegi returned from Bohemia and assassinated Ladislaus's cousin, Béla of Macsó . Duke Béla's extensive domains, which were located along the southern borders, were divided among Henry Kőszegi and his supporters. In retaliation for Hungarian incursions into Austria and Moravia , Austrian and Moravian troops invaded the borderlands of Hungary in April 1273. They captured Győr and Szombathely , plundering
1450-400: The last years of his life, he wandered throughout the country with his Cuman allies, but he was unable to control the most powerful lords and bishops any more. Pope Nicholas IV planned to declare a crusade against him, but three Cuman assassins murdered Ladislaus. Ladislaus was the elder son of Stephen V , son of Béla IV of Hungary , and Stephen's wife Elizabeth the Cuman . Elizabeth
1500-593: The legate's demand, prescribed that the Cumans should leave their tents and live "in houses attached to the ground". The Cumans did not obey the laws, however, and Ladislaus, himself a half-Cuman, failed to force them. In retaliation, Bishop Philip excommunicated him and placed Hungary under interdict in October. Ladislaus joined the Cumans and appealed to the Holy See , but the Pope refused to absolve him. On Ladislaus's demand,
1550-441: The legate's mediation, Ladislaus concluded a peace treaty with the Kőszegis. Bishop Philip soon realized, however, that most Cumans were still pagans in Hungary. He extracted a ceremonious promise from the Cuman chieftains of giving up their pagan customs, and persuaded the young King Ladislaus to swear an oath to enforce the keeping of the Cuman chieftains' promise. An assembly held at Tétény passed laws which, in accordance with
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1600-600: The moving Cumans as far as Szalánkemén (now Stari Slankamen in Serbia), but could not hinder them from crossing the frontier. Ladislaus launched a campaign against Finta Aba and seized his castles in the summer of 1281. According to the Austrian Rhymed Chronicle , Bishop Philip of Fermo left Hungary around the same time, stating that he would never come back, "not for the sake of the Holy Father ". A Cuman army invaded
1650-418: The new monarch, however, could not stabilize his rule. Béla IV's closest advisors – Duchess Anna, and Béla IV's former palatine , Henry Kőszegi – left Hungary and sought assistance from Anna's son-in-law, King Ottokar II of Bohemia . The newly appointed ban of Slavonia , Joachim Gutkeled , also turned against Stephen V and kidnapped Ladislaus in the summer of 1272. Gutkeled held Ladislaus in captivity in
1700-417: The prelate was shocked at the presence of thousands of pagan Cumans in Hungary. Ladislaus promised that he would force them to adopt a Christian lifestyle, but they refused to obey the legate's demands. Ladislaus decided to support the Cumans, for which Philip of Fermo excommunicated him. The Cumans imprisoned the legate, and the legate's partisans captured Ladislaus. In early 1280, Ladislaus agreed to persuade
1750-599: The princes in order to enforce his decrees. The serfs, whose wrongs seldom attracted notice in an age indifferent to the claims of common humanity, found a friend in this severe monarch, and he protected even the despised and persecuted Jews. Stories of his cruelty and oppression in the Swiss cantons (cf. William Tell ) did not appear until the 16th century, and are now regarded as legendary. Albert sought to play an important part in European affairs. He seemed at first inclined to press
1800-454: The princes, who were bothered about Adolf's attempts to gain his own power bases in the lands of Thuringia and Meissen , again led by the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II. The armies of the rival kings met at the Battle of Göllheim near Worms , where Adolf was defeated and slain. Submitting to a new election but securing the support of several influential princes by making extensive promises, he
1850-509: The resistance by local nobles. King Rudolf I was unable to secure the succession to the German throne for his son, especially due to the objections raised by Ottokar's son King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia , and the plans to install Albert as successor of the assassinated King Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1290 also failed. Upon Rudolf's death in 1291, the Prince-electors , fearing Albert's power and
1900-704: The royal army captured the rebellious Nicholas Geregye 's fortress at Adorján (now Adrian in Romania), Ladislaus held a "general assembly" for seven counties along the River Tisza in early summer of 1278. The assembly condemned two rebellious local noblemen to death. In Transdanubia, Ivan Kőszegi attempted to play off Ladislaus's father's first cousin, Andrew the Venetian , against Ladislaus. Andrew demanded Slavonia for himself, but returned to Venice without success. Ladislaus joined forces with Rudolf I of Germany to launch
1950-454: The scene of Albert's death, where he was supposedly comforted by a passing peasant woman. From Friendship's Offering annual, 1826. Ladislaus IV of Hungary Ladislaus IV ( Hungarian : IV. (Kun) László , Croatian : Ladislav IV. (Kumanac) , Slovak : Ladislav IV. (Kumánsky) ; 5 August 1262 – 10 July 1290), also known as Ladislaus the Cuman , was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1272 to 1290. His mother, Elizabeth ,
2000-456: The southern parts of Hungary in 1282. The Illuminated Chronicle writes that Ladislaus, "like the brave Joshua , went out against" the Cumans "to fight for his people and his realm." He vanquished the invaders's army at Lake Hód, near Hódmezővásárhely , in the autumn of 1282. At the end of 1282, Ladislaus laid siege to Borostyánkő (now Bernstein im Burgenland in Austria), which was held by
2050-506: The treasury , Egidius Monoszló , laid siege to her palace in Székesfehérvár, but Gutkeled's supporters routed him. Monoszló fled to Pressburg (now Bratislava, Slovakia); he captured the town and ceded it to Ottokar II of Bohemia. Archbishop Philip of Esztergom crowned Ladislaus king in Székesfehérvár on about 3 September. In theory, the 10-year-old Ladislaus ruled under his mother's regency, but in fact, baronial parties administered
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2100-486: The war between Rudolf I and Ottokar II, Ladislaus made an incursion into Austria in the autumn. Sopron soon accepted Ladislaus's suzerainty and Ottokar II promised to renounce of all towns he occupied in western Hungary. However, new armed conflicts began in Hungary during 1277: the Transylvanian Saxons captured and destroyed Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia in Romania), the see of the bishop of Transylvania , and
2150-481: The western borders. The Kőszegis offered the crown to Andrew the Venetian, who arrived in Hungary in early 1290. One of their opponents, Arnold Hahót , captured the pretender, however, and surrendered him to Duke Albert. Ladislaus appointed Mizse , who had recently converted from Islam to Christianity, palatine. Pope Nicholas IV was even planning to proclaim a crusade against Ladislaus. However, Ladislaus, who had always been partial towards his Cuman subjects,
2200-720: The western counties. Joachim Gutkeled recaptured the two forts two months later, but Ottokar II of Bohemia invaded Hungary and seized many fortresses, including Győr and Sopron in the autumn. Peter Csák and his allies removed Joachim Gutkeled and Henry Kőszegi from power, but Gutkeled and Kőszegi seized Ladislaus and his mother in June 1274. Although Peter Csák liberated the king and his mother, Gutkeled and Kőszegi captured Ladislaus's younger brother, Andrew , and took him to Slavonia . They demanded Slavonia in Duke Andrew's name, but Peter Csák defeated their united forces near Polgárdi at
2250-482: Was assassinated by three Cumans, named Arbuz, Törtel, and Kemence, at the castle of Körösszeg (now Cheresig in Romania) on 10 July 1290. Mizse and the Cuman Nicholas, who was the brother of Ladislaus's Cuman lover, took vengeance for Ladislaus's death, slaughtering the murderers. Upon Pope Nicholas IV's orders, an inquiry was carried out to find out "whether the king died as a Catholic Christian". The results of
2300-456: Was chosen at the Imperial City of Frankfurt on 27 July 1298, and crowned at Aachen Cathedral on 24 August. Although a hard, stern man, Albert had a keen sense of justice when his own interests were not involved, and few of the German kings possessed so practical an intelligence. He encouraged the cities, and not content with issuing proclamations against private war, formed alliances with
2350-465: Was given to one of their sons. Queen Elizabeth was in fact better connected to mighty German rulers than her husband: she was a descendant of earlier German kings, including Emperor Henry IV ; she was also a niece of the Wittelsbach dukes of Bavaria , Austria's important neighbor. Albert and Elizabeth had twelve children: The poem [REDACTED] A Monarch's Death-bed ., by Felicia Hemans recalls
2400-415: Was set free and returned to his father. Ladislaus's father made an alliance with King Charles I of Sicily in September 1269. According to the treaty, Charles I's daughter, Elizabeth , who was about four years old at that time, was engaged to the seven-year-old Ladislaus. The children's marriage took place in 1270. Béla IV died on 3 May 1270, and Ladislaus's father was crowned king two weeks later;
2450-421: Was the daughter of a chieftain from the pagan Cumans who had settled in Hungary. At the age of seven, he married Elisabeth (or Isabella) , a daughter of King Charles I of Sicily . Ladislaus was only 9 when a rebellious lord, Joachim Gutkeled , kidnapped and imprisoned him. Ladislaus was still a prisoner when his father Stephen V died on 6 August 1272. During his minority, many groupings of barons – primarily
2500-448: Was the daughter of a chieftain of the Cumans who had settled in Hungary. She was born as a pagan and was baptized before her marriage to Stephen. Ladislaus was born under the sign of Mars in 1262, according to Simon of Kéza , who was his chaplain in the 1270s. Conflicts between Ladislaus's father and grandfather developed into a civil war in 1264. Béla IV's troops, which were under
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