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55-717: Zhangpu is bordered by the Longhai City in the north, the counties of Pinghe and Yunxiao in the west, and the Taiwan Strait in the south and east. Besides Sui'an , Zhangpu oversees 16 other towns ( 镇 ): The last two (Liu'ao and Gulei) share names with the long peninsulas where they are situated, which project into the Taiwan Strait to form large bays. There are also four townships ( 乡 ): Nanpu ( 南浦 ), Chitu ( 赤土 ), Huxi ( 湖西 ) and Chiling ( 赤岭 ). The latter two are protected ethnic (minority) townships ( 民族乡 ), both for

110-559: A constant nuisance during the previous government. The emperor also successfully repelled Altan Khan 's Mongol army, which had breached the Great Wall and reached Beijing. A peace treaty was signed shortly after, allowing for the resumption of the exchange of horses for silk. During the reign of the Longqing Emperor, like many previous Ming emperors, there was a heavy reliance on court eunuchs. One particular eunuch, Meng Cong ( 孟沖 ), who

165-620: A decade and was considered the most competent administrator of the late Ming dynasty. In the years that followed, the reforms persisted, with the Longqing Emperor approving changes proposed by experienced statesmen such as Gao Gong, Chen Yiqin, and Zhang Juzheng. An evaluation was conducted on the government officials, including those from the princely households. Competent officials were promoted, while inadequate ones were removed from their positions. Taxes for those affected by natural disasters were lowered, and land surveys and tax records were updated. Restrictions were placed on certain expenses for

220-466: A memorandum suggesting that Zhu Zaiji be appointed as his successor. In response, the emperor was outraged and ordered the execution of the writer. However, later that year, he changed his mind and ordered Zhu Zaizhen to go to his seat in Anlu , Huguang . This decision strengthened Zhu Zaiji's position, although he continued to be excluded from the emperor's entourage and neglected. Unlike the deceased Zhu Zairui,

275-526: A new reconciliation policy, allowing for trade with the Mongols. (Bronze) coins, also known as coppers, were primarily used along the Grand Canal in the mid-16th century, causing a shortage in other areas and hindering trade. In 1567, Minister of Revenue, Ge Shouli ( 葛守禮 ), suggested resuming production of these coins due to their importance in the daily lives of urban citizens. He believed that losing control over

330-560: A party of Southern Song royals in flight from the Mongol invaders of the late 13th century are said to have taken up a residence long in term and low in profile. With the Ming restoration of Han Chinese ethnic supremacy to the empire some ninety years and five generations later, the Zhao family ( 赵家 ) revealed their pedigree and the compound received its current name. Zhaojiabao has its own exit right on

385-607: A population of approximately 736,400. Following the revocation of the sea ban ( haijin ) in the late Ming , Yuegang (within present-day Haicheng in Longhai) became a key port for China's silver trade with Manila in the Spanish Philippines . It was one of Fujian's four main commercial ports. It was formed from the merger of the former Longxi (Lungki) ( 龍溪縣 ; Liông-khe koān ) and Haicheng ( 海澄縣 ; Hái-têng koān ) counties on August 15, 1960. Longhai located along

440-531: A presence in Longhai include Maxxis , China National Offshore Oil Corporation , King Long , Fujian Zishan Group , Haixin Group , and China Greenfresh . Longhai has a number of mineral deposits, and is home to 147 mining areas. Major minerals mined in Longhai include granite , tuff , peat , feldspar , and kaolin . Significant amounts of mineral water is also extracted in the city. Longhai's only railway station

495-418: A shortage, and that using silver for payments was disadvantageous for smaller payers. However, their proposal was met with opposition from Gao Gong, who argued that having two currencies would lead to the state manipulating their exchange rate and causing mistrust among the population. Despite this, the mints were only open for a short period of time, until the death of the Longqing Emperor. In foreign affairs,

550-892: A similar door inscription. In Yuntou ( 运头 ) Village of the same town, Qingyunlou ( 庆云楼 ) is dated 1569 ( Longqing 3). Yanhailou ( 晏海楼 ) in Tanzitou Village ( 潭仔头村 , or 昙仔头村 ), Jiu Town ( 旧镇 ) dates from 1585, and the construction of Wanbilou ( 完璧楼 ), which is located inside the Zhaojiabao (see above) started in 1600. Out of the 56 "exemplary tulou" listed in Huang Hanmin's monograph, 6 are in Zhangpu County. One of them, Jinjiang Lou ( 24°03′49″N 117°46′24″E  /  24.063501°N 117.773239°E  / 24.063501; 117.773239 ), located in Jinjiang village of Shentu Town,

605-422: Is Dongsi Township  [ zh ] . Longhai's sole ethnic township is Longjiao She Ethnic Township  [ zh ] . Longhai's 3 township-level farms are Shuangdi Overseas Chinese Farm ( 双第华侨农场 ), Chengxi Farm ( 程溪农场 ), and Longhai Seed Farm ( 良种场 ). Longhai's 2 township-level tree farms are Jiulongling Tree Farm ( 九龙岭林场 ) and Linxia Tree Farm ( 林下林场 ). Longhai's sole development zone

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660-756: Is Zhangzhou Railway Station . The station is located in It is located near Hongtang Village ( 洪塘村 ), in Yancuo  [ zh ] , but, as its name indicates, it is actually closer to Zhangzhou's main urban area than to Longhai's. It is the junction of two high-speed rail lines: the Longyan-Xiamen Railway (opened in June 2012) and the Xiamen-Shenzhen Railway (to open by 2013), which share their tracks from Zhangzhou to Xiamen. Railway development plans also include

715-564: Is planned for 2013. The Zhangzhou Port tariff-free industrial export zone, is located in Gangwei . Longqing Emperor The Longqing Emperor (4   March 1537 – 5   July 1572), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Muzong of Ming , personal name Zhu Zaiji , art name Shunzhai , was the 13th emperor of the Ming dynasty , reigned from 1567 to 1572. He

770-479: Is rumored that he sought entertainment and luxury as a means of compensating for years of neglect and deprivation. Concerned officials began to voice their objections, citing his declining health and exhaustion, both physically and mentally. During the Longqing era, the government adopted a more open approach to trade compared to the previous Jiajing regime. In 1567, the grand coordinator of Fujian proposed to abolish

825-483: Is simply the usual rhetoric. It is noted that he was not naturally strong or ambitious, in contrast to his father. He was known for being friendly and kind, and during his reign, there were fewer severe punishments for high officials compared to previous years. However, he lacked his father's drive for power, as well as his temper and cruelty. Additionally, he did not possess the same strength of faith in Taoism as his father,

880-465: Is the Zhangzhou China Merchant's Group Development Zone  [ zh ] . Strictly speaking, the zone stands within the territory of one or another of the city-administered towns, townships, etc. listed above. As of 2016, the city has a population of 736,400, of which, 241,000 (32.7%) live in urban areas. 50.55% of the population is reported as males, and 49.45% as females. 20.05% of

935-584: The Haijin policy, which was approved by the government and the emperor. This led to the restoration of maritime inspection offices and the legalization of foreign trade, primarily in Yuegang (Moon Port) in Fujian. However, trade with Japan remained prohibited. The relaxation of legal restrictions resulted in a significant increase in trade. In addition to the southeast coast, the northern borders were also opened as part of

990-585: The CPC and PSB branches. Longhai administers 12 towns , 1 township , 1 ethnic township , 3 township-level farms, 2 township-level tree farms, and 1 development zones . Longhai's 12 towns are Shima  [ zh ] , Haicheng , Jiaomei , Baishui , Fugong  [ zh ] , Chengxi  [ zh ] , Gangwei , Jiuhu  [ zh ] , Yancuo  [ zh ] , Bangshan  [ zh ] , Zini  [ zh ] , and Dongyuan  [ zh ] . Longhai's sole township

1045-571: The Forbidden City to his princely palace. For thirteen years, he lived outside the Forbidden City, gaining experience of conditions beyond the Imperial Palace and developing an understanding of the country's issues. The Jiajing Emperor ensured that he and the officials treated the third and fourth sons equally, sparking speculation at court about who would be the new successor. This speculation

1100-468: The She people . The major Shenyang–Haikou coastal expressway cuts through the county, keeping about midway between the coast and the old China National Highway 324 . The Xiamen–Shenzhen Railway runs through Zhangpu County; its Zhangpu Railway Station is located a few kilometers to the west of the county seat. In Huxi She Township ( 湖西畲族乡 ) there is a fortified compound called Zhaojiabao ( 赵家堡 ), where

1155-519: The compound is surrounded by an elliptic wall 1.6 m tall. It was damaged by bombs dropped from a Japanese aircraft in 1934. Several more tulou of comparable age (all of them of the rectangular type) are found within Zhangpu County as well. Merely two years "younger" than Yidelou is another three-storey rectangular tulou , Yiyanlou ( 贻燕楼 ), located in Guotian Village ( 过田村 ) of Xiamei Town ( 霞美镇 ), Yiyan Lou ( 贻燕楼 ) and dated 1560 (Jiajing 39) by

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1210-521: The temple name Muzong ( 穆宗 ). The Longqing Emperor had four sons and seven daughters. His first son, Zhu Yiyi (October 1555 – May 1559, posthumous name "Xianhuai"), was born to his first wife. Unfortunately, his second son died as an infant. The third son, Zhu Yijun , inherited the throne. The fourth son, Zhu Yiliu (1568–1614, posthumous name "Jian"), held the title of Prince of Lu and resided in Weihui, Henan . Both Zhu Yijun and Zhu Yiliu were born to one of

1265-494: The Jiajing Emperor. The Longqing Emperor also suffered from a speech defect, which caused him to only speak to his eunuchs. In public, he was always silent and even during formal events, his Grand Secretaries would deliver his lines for him. He was perceived to have average intelligence at best, but he was determined to be taken seriously. He implemented reforms and policy changes during his reign, particularly in relation to

1320-472: The Jiajing Emperor. He was successful in strengthening his government by aligning himself with capable politicians, a rarity during the Ming dynasty. While his minimal involvement in state affairs did not have a negative impact, as competent ministers and Grand Secretaries were responsible for handling them, it did lead to a power struggle within the Grand Secretariat. The winner of this struggle would have

1375-405: The Longqing Emperor began with the implementation of the Jiajing Emperor's "dying orders", which aimed to bring about reform and political change. Senior Grand Secretary Xu Jie , in collaboration with Zhang Juzheng , drafted the "final edict" of the Jiajing Emperor and the first edicts of the Longqing Emperor's reign, which were approved by Longqing himself. These edicts, with the goal of "removing

1430-462: The Longqing era was a period of peace. Apart from Guangdong , the pirate raids, so devastating in the Jiajing era , subsided. The grand military parade held in the autumn of 1569 was a momentous occasion. (The previous parade had taken place in 1429 and the next one would not occur until 1581.) As part of the parade, incompetent officers were dismissed and the units underwent rigorous training. Despite

1485-554: The Shenyang—Haikou expressway, about 40 minutes south of downtown Zhangzhou (i.e. of Zhangzhou' central urban district, Xiangcheng ). Another fortified compound, Yianbao ( 诒安堡 ), dating from the Kangxi era (1687) is located in the same Huxi She Autonomous Township as well. The ruins of the Liu'ao Fortress ( 六鳌古城 ; Liù'áo gǔchéng , or 六鳌城墙 ; Liù'áo chéngqiáng ) are located near

1540-489: The Taoist Immortal Lands, was dismantled. Officials who had been punished for opposing the policies of the Jiajing Emperor were pardoned and released from prison. Those who were still alive were reinstated to their positions, and those who had died were given posthumous honors. These reforms were generally well-received. In the long term, the most noteworthy event during the early days of the Longqing Emperor's reign

1595-514: The age of thirty-five. Prior to his death, he entrusted ministers Gao Gong , Zhang Juzheng , and Gao Yi ( 高儀 ) with the responsibility of managing state affairs and serving as loyal advisors to his ten-year-old son, the Wanli Emperor . The Longqing Emperor was buried in Zhao Mausoleum , one of the Ming tombs located near Beijing. He was given the posthumous name Emperor Zhuang ( 莊帝 ) and

1650-518: The authority to make final decisions on state matters. Gao Gong, who had been one of the Longqing Emperor's closest mentors during his youth, was able to consolidate power as the head of the Grand Secretariat (and also held the title of Minister of Personnel) more than any of his predecessors. Within months of ascending to the throne, he became disinterested in matters of state and instead devoted much of his time to extravagant parties with his consorts, indulging in opulence and living extravagantly. It

1705-457: The bad" and "introducing the new", revoked the unpopular policies of the Jiajing Emperor and introduced long-awaited reforms. The Taoist priests who had held significant influence during the previous era were imprisoned and their rituals were banned. The orders to gather ingredients for their rituals were also cancelled. The area in West Park , which was built by the Jiajing Emperor and modeled after

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1760-419: The beginning of his reign. Zhu Zaiji was born on 4 March 1537, to the Jiajing Emperor and a concubine surnamed Du. He was the emperor's third son; the eldest son had died in infancy before Zhu Zaiji's birth, and his second son, Zhu Zairui , was six months older than him. A month after Zhu Zaiji's birth, the emperor's fourth son, Zhu Zaizhen , was born. In February 1539, the Jiajing Emperor created Zhu Zairui

1815-401: The border troops, pursued a policy of appeasement and negotiated peace with Altan Khan in 1571. As part of the agreement, the Ming dynasty opened border markets where the Mongols could trade their horses and other surplus goods for Chinese goods. Altan Khan was also granted the title of Prince of Shunyi (Obedience and Righteousness) by the Longqing Emperor. The emperor died on 5 July 1572 at

1870-541: The construction of a 45-km-long branch line from Zhangzhou Railway Station eastward, across most of Longhai City to terminate at the Zhangzhou China Merchant's Group Development Zone  [ zh ] in Gangwei on the southwestern shore of Xiamen Harbor , opposite Xiamen Island ( 24°24′00″N 118°03′00″E  /  24.40000°N 118.05000°E  / 24.40000; 118.05000 ). The branch will be known as Gangwei Railway ( 港尾铁路 ), and will support trains running at speeds up to 120 km/h. Its opening

1925-446: The crown prince. On the same day, Zhu Zaiji was granted the title of Prince of Yu, and the fourth son of Zhu Zaizhen was given the title of Prince of Jing. In 1549, Crown Prince Zhu Zairui died. His death caused the Jiajing Emperor to feel immense sorrow and regret, as he believed he had not listened to the supposed advice of his Taoist priest Tao Zhongwen, who had warned him that "two dragons should not face each other". This may have been

1980-467: The currency would also mean losing control over the entire economy, as silver and those who profited from it would dominate. However, the Ministry of Works rejected the proposal, citing the high cost of casting the coins, which was twice their value. Opponents of the minister argued that the existing coins were sufficient for the limited regions where they were in circulation. Later, in the years 1569–1570,

2035-431: The emperor did not like him. Despite being 29 years old at the time of his accession to the throne and having a Confucian education, Zhu Zaiji lacked deep knowledge in statesmanship and was not adequately prepared to govern an empire. The Jiajing Emperor died on 23 January 1567, and twelve days later, Zhu Zaiji became the new emperor. He apdopted the era name Longqing , which means "great celebration". The reign of

2090-475: The emperor was convinced by Minister of War Tan Lun and Left Vice Minister of Personnel Jin Xueyan ( 靳學顏 ) to reopen the mints. They argued that it was necessary to increase the money supply during a silver shortage, as this would lead to a decrease in the price of silver and an increase in the value of goods. They also believed that a medium of exchange was needed to prevent the wealthy from hoarding silver and causing

2145-407: The famous Fujian tulou are located in Fujian's interior ( Nanjing County , Yongding County , and surrounding areas), there are also a few tulou structures in Zhangpu County. According to a 2001 survey of Fujian's tulou , out of the province's 3733 tulou known to the researchers, 125 were located within Zhangpu County. Among them were 60 round tulou (out of the total of 1193 such structures in

2200-443: The good of the empire and instead became mortal enemies. In the summer of 1567, Gao Gong was dismissed from the Grand Secretariat, followed by Xu Jie the following year. When Gao Gong returned to office in the early 1570s, he and his followers sought revenge against Xu and his sons. The information available about the Longqing Emperor is vague and contradictory. While official history praises his thrift and humanity, it seems that this

2255-424: The high cost, it greatly boosted the morale of both the soldiers and the onlookers. The vibrant spectacle, with the emperor at its center, was meticulously planned by Zhang Juzheng, who was dedicated to fortifying border defenses and revitalizing the military. Apart from uplifting the spirits of the troops, the parade also provided a refreshing break from the monotonous palace life for the emperor. Immediately after

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2310-563: The imperial household. However, Xu Jie, Senior Grand Secretary at the beginning of the Longqing Emperor's reign, had already rejected the cooperation of Grand Secretaries Gao Gong and Guo Pu when writing the Jiajing Emperor's "final edict". Instead, he invited Zhang Juzheng, who was then the director of the Hanlin Academy . This caused a conflict with his colleagues in the secretariat. A contemporary commentator sadly remarked on this, noting that such capable men were unable to work together for

2365-770: The lower banks of the Jiulong River , with mountainous terrain in its western, southern, and northern portions, and the Xiamen Bay to its east. The city's highest point is Mount Dajian ( 大尖山 ) in Chengxi  [ zh ] , which reaches 953.6 metres (3,129 ft) in elevation. The city's lowest point is Jiujiejiao ( 九节礁 ) on Wuyu Island ( 浯屿岛 ) in Gangwei , which lies 47 metres (154 ft) below sea level. Longhai has three major river basins. Longhai's main urban area comprises Shima  [ zh ] . The city's executive, legislature and judiciary are located there, along with

2420-584: The oldest tulou whose age is documented are located in Zhangpu county. According to Huang Hanmin , the oldest currently known construction date for any of China's tulou is 1558 - which is the date (Year 37 of the Jiajing era) that appears above the main gate of Yidelou ( 一德楼 ), a rectangular tulou in Makeng Village ( 马坑村 ), Sui'an Town, Zhangpu County. It is a three-storey rectangular compound with walls 1.3 m thick;

2475-548: The parade, the Mongol army led by Altan Khan breached the Great Wall and ravaged the northern border regions. Prior to this, there had been fighting in the winter of 1567/68, during which Ming troops not only defended their territory but also made several forays into the Mongolian steppes. However, in the early 1570s, the Ming dynasty's long-term policy towards the Mongols changed. Gao Gong and Zhang Juzheng, in addition to strengthening

2530-423: The population is under the age of 18, 25.50% are from ages 18 to 35, 37.70% are from ages 35–60, and 16.75% are over 60 years in age. As of 2016, the city's gross domestic product totaled ¥45.768 billion, and the city's economy grew 9.3% from the previous year. The mean annual disposable income of the city's urban residents totaled ¥31,621 that same year, and totaled ¥16,101 for rural residents. Companies with

2585-420: The province), 48 rectangular ones, and 17 of other types. A characteristic feature of the tulou of Zhangpu County (and of the coastal Fujian in general) was the use of granite blocks for the lower part of the wall, as opposed to boulders/cobblestones which were used for a similar purpose in Fujian's interior. Although the local folk tradition may claim greater antiquity for some tulou elsewhere, several of

2640-660: The reason why he refused to create another crown prince, and also avoided seeing Zhu Zaiji. Another version suggests that the emperor held a grudge against Zhu Zaiji for not observing sexual abstinence during the mourning period (this version was fueled by the fact that Zhu Zaiji had a son in October 1555, only 18 months after his mother's death). In September 1552, Zhu Zaiji and his younger brother began receiving education together. Two months later, their wives were chosen and they were married in February 1553. After that, Zhu Zaiji moved from

2695-456: The state administration. He reinstated talented officials who had been previously exiled and dismissed corrupt officials and Taoist priests who had surrounded the Jiajing Emperor. Additionally, he lifted the ban on foreign trade, boosting the empire's economy, and reorganized the border troops to strengthen security on the inland and coastal borders. The seaports of Zhejiang and Fujian were fortified to defend against coastal pirates, who had been

2750-570: The tip of the Liu'ao Peninsula. The fortress - a contemporary of the better known (and much better preserved - or restored) Chongwu Fortress in Hui'an County - was constructed in 1388 by the Hongwu Emperor 's general Zhou Dexing . Zhangpu Confucian Temple , built in 1070 and reconstructed in 1369, is listed among the sixth batch of " Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Fujian ". Although most of

2805-594: Was built in 1791-1803, and consists of 3 concentric rings. It is one of the few tulou located in the immediate proximity (a few kilometers) of Fujian's sea coast. Longhai City Longhai District ( simplified Chinese : 龙海区 ; traditional Chinese : 龍海區 ; pinyin : Lónghǎi Qū ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Liông-hái-khu / Liông-hái-khi ) is a District in Zhangzhou , in the south of Fujian province, China . Longhai spans an area of 1,117.17 square kilometres (431.34 sq mi), and, as of 2016, it has

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2860-417: Was further fueled by the Jiajing Emperor's fondness for the mother of the younger Zhu Zaizhen, with whom he spent a lot of time. In contrast, when Zhu Zaiji's mother died in February 1554, the funeral arrangements had to be revised twice, as the Jiajing Emperor suppressed any insinuation that she held a higher status than just the mother of the presumptive successor. In March 1560, the Jiajing Emperor received

2915-509: Was initially known as the Prince of Yu ( 裕王 ) from 1539 to 1567 before he became the emperor. He succeeded his father, the Jiajing Emperor . After the death of the Jiajing Emperor, the new Longqing Emperor inherited a country in turmoil due to years of mismanagement and corruption. Recognizing the extent of the chaos caused during his father's lengthy reign, the emperor worked to restore order in

2970-420: Was supported by Grand Secretary Gao Gong , gained control over the inner court towards the end of the emperor's reign. Despite a promising start, the Longqing Emperor quickly neglected his duties as a ruler and instead focused on personal pleasures, much to the disappointment of his reform-minded advisors. The emperor also made contradictory decisions by re-employing Taoist priests, whom he had previously banned at

3025-400: Was the selection of Zhang Juzheng as Grand Secretary. Zhang had been the emperor's tutor since 1563, and the emperor saw him as a man with exceptional abilities. Throughout the Longqing Emperor's reign, Zhang's power and influence increased, and after the emperor's died, he swiftly rose to the position of Senior Grand Secretary. He became the most influential politician in the Ming government for

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