Zarphatic , also called Judeo-French (Zarphatic: Tzarfatit ) or Western Loez, is an extinct Jewish language that was spoken by the French Jews of northern France and in parts of west-central Germany , such as Mainz , Frankfurt am Main and Aix-la-Chapelle . It was also spoken by French Jews who moved to Norman England . Some have conjectured that the language influenced the development of Yiddish .
22-569: The term Zarphatic , coined by Solomon Birnbaum , comes from the Hebrew name for France, Tzarfat ( צרפת ), which was originally used in the Hebrew Bible as a name for the city of Sarepta , in Phoenicia . Unlike most other Jewish languages which had a lot of loan words from Hebrew , it had relatively few. This has led to the conclusion that it may not have been a far-distant language but, instead,
44-468: A dialect of Old French . Zarphatic was written using a variation of the Hebrew alphabet . It first appeared in this form in the 11th century in glosses of the Torah and Talmud written by the rabbis Moshe HaDarshan and Rashi . The language became secularised during the 13th century , becoming used in varied domains such as poetry, medicine, astronomy, and commerce. Most linguists agree that Zarphatic
66-403: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This France -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about Romance languages is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Solomon Birnbaum Solomon Asher Birnbaum , also Salomo Birnbaum ( Yiddish : שלמה בירנבוים Shloyme Birnboym , December 24, 1891 – December 28, 1989)
88-684: Is a recipe for charoset written in 1470. Zarphatic was written using the Hebrew writing system and the Tiberian system for diacritical markers and reflected some Latin writing traditions that help to distinguish it from a solely phonetic reproduction of spoken language. Not all Hebrew graphemes are used in Zarphatic: the graphemes kaph (כ), samekh (ס), and tav (ת), are rare, and ḥet (ח) and ʕayin (ע) are omitted entirely. (Hebrew script) (Latin script) This article related to Jewish history
110-507: Is no need to first create this world organization of religious Jews. It is already in existence. The world knows its name, it is Agudas Yisroel [The Union of Israel]. He continued to write and lecture. His most well-known publication of this period of his life was Gottes Volk , "God's People" (1918, in German), translated in 1921 to Yiddish, in 1946 to English as "Confession" (slightly abridged), and in 1948 to Hebrew as "Am Hashem". In 1933, at
132-420: Is surely not necessary that we should. We are, after all, still the mountains and they the grain, and all we need to do is to gather all our forces in a world organization of religious Jews, and it will follow of itself, and without the application of any great political cunning on our part, that we shall have it in our power to prevent what needs to be prevented and to carry out what we have to carry out. But there
154-650: The Agudas Yisroel , a widely-spread and influential Orthodox Jewish organization. He founded the society of the "Olim" (Hebrew for the "Ascenders"), a society with a specific program of action dedicated to the spiritual ascent of the Jewish people. Birnbaum, decrying political Zionism, 1919: And is it at all possible that we, who regard Judaism as our one and only treasure, should ever be able to compete with such expert demagogues and loud self-advertisers as they [the Zionists]? It
176-665: The Congress. He was unhappy with its negative view of Diaspora Jewry and the transformation of the Zionist ideals into a party machine. His next phase was to advocate Jewish cultural autonomy, or Golus nationalism , concentrating in particular on the Jews of eastern Europe. He advocated for the Jews to be recognized as a people among the other peoples of the empire, with Yiddish as their official language. He ran (in Buczacz, eastern Galicia) on behalf of
198-462: The Hebrew language are found in the function words (articles, prepositions, etc.), though there are some changed to verbs and vocabulary. Due to the constant persecution, killing and expulsion of Jews from France and other European nations, the Zarphatic language likely went extinct in the 14th century; documentation of the language slows in the mid-14th century. The last known example of Zarphatic
220-641: The Jews (and with the support of the local Ukrainians) as candidate for the Austrian parliament. Although he had a majority of the votes, his election was thwarted by corruption of the electoral process by the local Polish faction. He was chief convener of the Conference for the Yiddish Language held in Czernowitz , August 30 –September 3, 1908. It was the first Yiddish-language conference ever to take place. At
242-565: The Nazis in 1944-45, another son, Solomon (professor of Yiddish and Hebrew palaeography ) and his family managed to flee from Hamburg to England. Their third son, Uriel, an artist and poet, together with his family fled from Vienna to the Netherlands in 1939. Van Leeuwen, also an Orthodox Jew, became a Dutch anti-Zionist leader and Bergen-Belsen survivor. Birnbaum died in Scheveningen in 1937 after
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#1732852451155264-530: The conference, he took the place of his colleague and fellow Yiddish activist Sholem Aleichem who was critically ill. From about 1912 onwards, Birnbaum became increasingly interested in Orthodox Judaism, and he became a fully observant Orthodox Jew in about 1916. He continued to act particularly as an advocate for the Jews of eastern Europe and the Yiddish language. From 1919 to 1922, he was General Secretary of
286-830: The same time at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of the University of London, from 1939 to 1958. During World War II , Birnbaum worked in the postal censorship for the British authorities. In 1970, he immigrated to Toronto, Canada . Solomon Birnbaum is the father of Jacob Birnbaum , who, after his emigration to New York in 1963, helped to found the Soviet Jewry Movement . Nathan Birnbaum Nathan Birnbaum ( Hebrew : נתן בירנבוים ; pseudonyms: "Mathias Acher", "Dr. N. Birner", "Mathias Palme", "Anton Skart", "Theodor Schwarz", and "Pantarhei"; 16 May 1864 – 2 April 1937)
308-604: The terms "Zionistic", "Zionist", "Zionism" (1890), and "political Zionism" (1892). Birnbaum played a prominent part in the First Zionist Congress (1897) where he was elected Secretary-General of the Zionist Organization . He was associated with and was one of the most important representatives of the cultural, rather than political, side of Zionism. However, he left the Zionist Organization not long after
330-620: The time of the Nazi rise to power, Birnbaum and part of his family were living in Berlin. They fled together to Scheveningen in the Netherlands , with the help of businessman and diplomat Henri B. van Leeuwen (1888-1973) - Birnbaum, his wife, and their son Menachem, an artist, along with his own family. There, Birnbaum, van Leeuwen, and banker Daniel Wolfe published the anti-Zionist newspaper Der Ruf ("The Call"). While Menachem and his family were murdered by
352-642: The two met and married. From 1882 to 1886, Birnbaum studied law , philosophy and Near Eastern studies at the University of Vienna . In 1883, at the age of 19, he founded Kadimah , the first Jewish (Zionist) student association in Vienna, many years before Theodor Herzl became the leading spokesman of the Zionist movement . While still a student, he founded and published the periodical Selbstemanzipation! , often written in large part by Birnbaum himself. In it he coined
374-665: Was a Yiddish linguist and Hebrew palaeographer who was born in Vienna and died in Toronto . Birnbaum, born in Vienna, was the oldest son of Nathan Birnbaum and Rosa Korngut. He was an Austrian Jew of West Galician descent. Solomon Birnbaum served in World War I in the Austro-Hungarian Army , and then studied and attained a doctorate from the University of Würzburg , specializing in languages of Asia . From 1922 to 1933, he
396-619: Was an Austrian writer and journalist, Jewish thinker and nationalist . His life had three main phases, representing a progression in his thinking: a Zionist phase (c. 1883 – c. 1900); a Jewish cultural autonomy phase (c. 1900 – c. 1914), which included the promotion of the Yiddish language; and a religious phase (c. 1914–1937), when he turned to Orthodox Judaism and became staunchly anti-Zionist . He married Rosa Korngut (1869–1934) and they had three sons: Solomon (Salomo) (1891–1989), Menachem (1893–1944), and Uriel (1894–1956). Birnbaum
418-504: Was an external lecturer of Yiddish at the University of Hamburg . After the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, in 1933 Birnbaum emigrated to Great Britain with his wife, Irene Grünwald, and his children, in 1933. From 1936 to 1957, Birnbaum was a lecturer on Hebrew paleography and epigraphy at the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London . He taught Yiddish at
440-519: Was born in Vienna into an Eastern European Jewish family with roots in Austrian Galicia and Hungary. His father, Menachem Mendel Birnbaum, a merchant, hailed from Ropshitz , Galicia (now Poland ), and his mother, Miriam Birnbaum (née Seelenfreund), who was born in Carpathian Rus (now Ukraine ), of a family with illustrious rabbinic lineage, had moved as a child to Tarnow , Galicia, where
462-513: Was not fundamentally different from Old French , and that it was more of a writing system and literary tradition that reflected the Jewish culture of the day. According to some researchers, it was different from the Christian majority dialect, and thus a specific Judeo-Romance language. However, other linguists contend that it was essentially the same as Christian dialects of the same regions, with only some Hebrew influences. It seems that Zarphatic
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#1732852451155484-414: Was probably never a vernacular language , and that the Jews of the area did not speak a differing language or dialect, at least not one distinguished by phonology or lexicon beyond that specific to a community. Rather, it acted more as a liturgical language, for exegesis and literature. Its primary use was for explanation and vulgarisation of biblical and rabbinical literature. Most of the elements from
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