Zanoah ( Hebrew : זָנוֹחַ ) is a moshav in central Israel . Located adjacent to Beit Shemesh , it falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Yehuda Regional Council . In 2022 it had a population of 530.
119-619: The village was established in 1950 by immigrants from Yemen , and was initially named Dayraban Gimel after the nearby depopulated Palestinian village of Dayr Aban . In the following years the founders left and were replaced by immigrants from Morocco . The Beit Shemesh Yeshiva is located in Zanoah. Most of the students are from Ramat Beit Shemesh Alef. Aside from Talmud study, the curriculum includes English language and mathematics, and unlike many such institutions in Israel today, students study for
238-689: A Libyan emigrant who was previously the executive director of WOJAC , the most important factors that influenced the Libyan Jewish community to emigrate were "the scars left from the last years of the Italian occupation and the entry of the British Military in 1943 accompanied by the Jewish Palestinian soldiers". Zionist emissaries, so-called shlichim , had begun arriving in Libya in the early 1940s, with
357-722: A century of colonization, the equilibrium between Jews and Muslims in Morocco was upset, and the Jewish community was again positioned between the colonisers and the Muslim majority. French penetration into Morocco between 1906 and 1912 created significant Morocco Muslim resentment, resulting in nationwide protests and military unrest. During the period a number of anti-European or anti-French protests extended to include anti-Jewish manifestations, such as in Casablanca , Oujda and Fes in 1907-08 and later in
476-635: A connection to Israel are "Israel Experiences" (educational visits to Israel) such as Taglit-Birthright Israel , a 10-day visit to Israel provided free-of-charge to young Jewish adults. The Jewish Agency is an important organizational partner in the Taglit-Birthright initiative. In 2004, the Jewish Agency and the Government of Israel together created (and continue to co-sponsor as of 2016) Masa Israel Journey , which provides stipends to young Jews between
595-837: A consequence of the establishment of the State of Israel . Large-scale migrations were also organized, sponsored, and facilitated by Zionist organizations such as Mossad LeAliyah Bet , the Jewish Agency , and the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society . The mass movement mainly transpired from 1948 to the early 1970s, with one final exodus of Iranian Jews occurring shortly after the Islamic Revolution in 1979–1980. An estimated 650,000 (72%) of these Jews resettled in Israel . A number of small-scale Jewish migrations began in many countries of
714-508: A continuum of programming to "bring Israel" to local worldwide Jewish communities. They do this in part through " shlichim ," or emissaries. Shlichim are Israeli educators or cultural ambassadors, who spend an extended period of time (2 months to 5 years) abroad to "bring Israel" to the community. Shlichim are also posted at college campuses in organizations like Hillel or active in youth organizations. Other Jewish Agency-sponsored programs that are instrumental in inspiring Jewish youth with
833-713: A defence force, the Haganah . Chaim Weizmann was the leader of both the World Zionist Organization and the Palestine Zionist Executive until 1929. The arrangement enabled the ZO to issue entry permits to new immigrants. In 1929, the Palestine Zionist Executive was renamed, restructured and officially inaugurated as The Jewish Agency for Palestine by the 16th Zionist Congress , held in Zürich , Switzerland. The new body
952-611: A few months after the events in Tripoli, the American consul in Tripoli, Orray Taft Jr., reported that: "There is reason to believe that the Jewish Community has become more aggressive as the result of the Jewish victories in Palestine. There is also reason to believe that the community here is receiving instructions and guidance from the State of Israel. Whether or not the change in attitude is
1071-482: A hand "upon either their persons or property". While there is no concrete evidence of him actually taking any actions to defend Morocco's Jews, it has been argued that he may have worked on their behalf behind the scenes. In June 1948, soon after Israel was established and in the midst of the first Arab–Israeli war , violent anti-Jewish riots broke out in Oujda and Djerada , leading to deaths of 44 Jews. In 1948–49, after
1190-512: A majority insisting that the Balfour Declaration referred to all of Palestine and Transjordan , but the executive was authorized to continue exploring what the "precise terms" were. This decision revealed differences within the Jewish Agency, with the non-Zionists disagreeing with the decision and some calling for a conference of Jews and Arabs. In 1947 the last non-Zionist member of the Jewish Agency, Werner Senator , resigned and while
1309-556: A million Jews and their family members from the former Soviet Union have made Aliyah, presenting tremendous absorption challenges. The Jewish Agency has helped them to integrate through a variety of programs including Hebrew language instruction, placement in absorption centers, and job training. In 1994, the Jewish Agency, together with the United Jewish Communities and Keren Hayesod- United Israel Appeal , established Partnership 2000. Now known as Partnership2Gether or P2G,
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#17328524065891428-713: A mob broke into the Jewish mellah in Mazagan (known today as El Jadida ) and caused its 1,700 Jewish residents to flee to the European quarters of the city. The houses of some 200 Jews were too badly damaged during the riots for them to return. In 1954, Mossad had established an undercover base in Morocco, sending agents and emissaries within a year to appraise the situation and organize continuous emigration. The operations were composed of five branches: self-defense, information and intelligence, illegal immigration, establishing contact, and public relations. Mossad chief Isser Harel visited
1547-561: A modern Western society characterized by tolerance, democracy, and 'humane values.'" She cites the impression of Israeli journalist Arye Gelblum [ he ] in Haaretz in 1949: This is immigration of a race we have not yet known in the country .... We are dealing with people whose primitivism is at a peak, whose level of knowledge is one of virtually absolute ignorance, and worse, who have little talent for understanding anything intellectual. Generally, they are only slightly better than
1666-452: A nationalist event in the town of Petitjean (known today as Sidi Kacem ) turned into an anti-Jewish riot and resulted in the death of 6 Jewish merchants from Marrakesh . However, according to Francis Lacoste, French Resident-General in Morocco , "the ethnicity of the Petitjean victims was coincidental, terrorism rarely targeted Jews, and fears about their future were unwarranted." In 1955,
1785-616: A notable role in Morocco; the King retains a Jewish senior adviser, André Azoulay , and Jewish schools and synagogues receive government subsidies. Despite this, Jewish targets have sometimes been attacked (notably the 2003 bombing attacks on a Jewish community center in Casablanca), and there is sporadic antisemitic rhetoric from radical Islamist groups. Tens of thousands of Israeli Jews with Moroccan heritage visit Morocco every year, especially around Rosh Hashana or Passover, although few have taken up
1904-546: A secure home in either Israel or Europe and the Americas, and the Israeli government's implementation of official policy in favour of the " One Million Plan " to focus on accommodating Jewish immigrants from Arab- and Muslim-majority countries; and push factors , such as antisemitism, persecution, and pogroms , political instability, poverty, and expulsion. The history of the exodus has been politicized, given its proposed relevance to
2023-639: A total of 141 voyages on 116 ships. The potential immigrants were Jews fleeing the Holocaust and, after the war, refugees from displaced persons camps who sought a home in Palestine. Most of the Ma'apilim ships (of the Ha'apala movement) were intercepted by the British, but a few thousand Jews did manage to slip past the authorities. The operation as a whole also helped to unify the long-standing Jewish community in Palestine as well as
2142-637: Is also a significant partner in the Net@ program offered by Cisco Systems . Program participants are Israeli high school students in socio-economically disadvantaged areas, who study the Cisco computer curriculum and earn certification as computer technicians; they also engage in volunteering and study democratic values. In July 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Russian Ministry of Justice took steps to stop
2261-653: Is funded by the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA), Keren Hayesod , major Jewish communities and federations, and foundations and donors from Israel and around the world. In 2008, the Jewish Agency won the Israel Prize for its historical contribution to Israel and to the Jewish community worldwide. Established as the Palestine Office [ he ] (of the Zionist Organization) in 1908,
2380-586: Is nothing safe about this asocial element... "Aliyat HaNoar" [the official organization dealing with young immigrants] refuses to receive Moroccan children and the Kibbutzim will not hear of their absorption among them. In the 19th century, Francization of Jews in the French colonial North Africa , due to the work of organizations such as the Alliance Israelite Universelle and French policies such as
2499-592: The Bricha . Between 1945 and 1948 the Jewish Agency sent 66 ships of refugees to Palestine. Most were intercepted by British authorities, who placed the illegal immigrants, who had just survived the Holocaust, in detention camps in Palestine and later in Cyprus . Only with the establishment of the State of Israel were the detainees allowed to enter the country. Frustrated with the United Kingdom's continued anti-Zionist stance,
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#17328524065892618-762: The 1912 Fes riots . The situation in colonial Libya was similar; as in the French North African countries, the Italian influence in Libya was welcomed by the Jewish community, increasing their separation from the non-Jewish Libyans. The Alliance Israélite Universelle, founded in France in 1860, set up schools in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia as early as 1863. During World War II, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya came under Nazi or Vichy French occupation and their Jews were subject to various forms of persecution. In Libya,
2737-544: The Algerian citizenship decree of 1870 , resulted in a separation of the community from the local Muslims. France began its conquest of Algeria in 1830 . The following century had a profound influence on the status of the Algerian Jews; following the 1870 Crémieux Decree , they were elevated from the protected minority dhimmi status to French citizens. The decree began a wave of Pied-Noir -led anti-Jewish protests (such as
2856-490: The Arab world , and pressure on Jewish educational institutions to Arabize and conform culturally added to the fears of Moroccan Jews. Between 1956 and 1961, emigration to Israel was prohibited by law; clandestine emigration continued, and a further 18 000 Jews left Morocco. On 10 January 1961 the Egoz , a Mossad-leased ship carrying Jews attempting to emigrate undercover, sank off
2975-515: The Bagrut matriculation exams. From 2004 to 2015, when it closed, Zanoah was also the home of Yeshivat Yesodei HaTorah, which offered a gap year program for international English-speaking students. The old site lies on a hill, adjacent to the watercourse Nahal Zanoah, a stream that runs north and drains into Nahal Sorek . Although listed in Joshua 15:34 as being a city in the plain, it is actually partly in
3094-408: The Ha'apala ( ascension), the Jewish Agency facilitated clandestine immigration beyond the British quotas. In 1938 it established HaMosad LeAliyah Bet ( 'המוסד לעלייה ב , lit. Institution for Immigration B ) , which took charge of the effort. Overall, in these years, the agency, in partnership with other organizations, helped over 150,000 people in their attempt to enter Palestine, organizing
3213-599: The Jewish Agency who opposed promoting a large-scale emigration movement among Jews whose lives were not in immediate danger. Later waves peaked at different times in different regions over the subsequent decades. The peak of the exodus from Egypt occurred in 1956, following the Suez Crisis . The emigrations from the other countries of North Africa peaked in the 1960s. Lebanon was the only Arab country that saw an increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of Jews from other Arab countries, though this
3332-693: The Jewish agency for Palestine for the purpose of Article 4 of the Palestine Mandate. In 1921 Ze'ev Jabotinsky was elected to the executive but he resigned in 1923, accusing Weizmann of not being vigorous enough with the Mandatory Government. Other issues between the Revisionists and the agency were the distribution of entry permits, Weizmann's support for the Zionist Labour Movement, and
3451-537: The Land of Israel , and oversees their integration with the State of Israel . Since 1948, the Jewish Agency claims to have brought 3 million immigrants to Israel, where it offers them transitional housing in "absorption centers" throughout the country. David Ben-Gurion served as its chairman of the executive committee from 1935, and in this capacity on 14 May 1948, he proclaimed Israel's independence , following which he served as
3570-545: The Middle East in the early 20th century, with the only substantial aliyot (Jewish immigrations to the Land of Israel ) coming from Yemen and Syria . Few Jews from Muslim countries immigrated during the existence of the British Mandate for Palestine . Prior to Israel's independence in 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living on lands that now make up the Arab world . Of this figure, just under two-thirds lived in
3689-679: The San Remo conference to allocate the Ottoman territories to the victorious powers and assigned Palestine, Transjordan and Iraq as Mandates to Britain, with the Balfour Declaration being incorporated into the Palestine Mandate . The League of Nations formally approved these mandates in 1922. Article 4 of the Mandate provided for "the recognition of an appropriate Jewish agency as a public body for
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3808-695: The Six Day War of 1967 prompted a new wave of immigration. In order to aid in the absorption of this influx of immigrants, the Israeli government's Ministry for Absorption was created in June 1968, taking over some aspects of absorption from The Agency and the ZO. In the 1980s, the Jewish Agency began to bring the Ethiopian Jewish Community to Israel. On Operation Moses and Operation Joshua more than 8,000 immigrants were airlifted out of Ethiopia. In 1991 about 14,400 Ethiopian Jews were flown to Israel in
3927-491: The first Israeli prime minister . In the years preceding the founding of Israel, the Jewish Agency oversaw the establishment of about 1,000 towns and villages in the British Mandate of Palestine . The organization serves as the main link between Israel and Jewish communities around the world. By law, the Jewish Agency is a parastatal organization , but does not receive core funding from the Israeli government . The Jewish Agency
4046-599: The 112 seats allotted to non-Zionists. The British Board of Deputies joined as a constituent body. Weizmann was criticized for being too pro-British. When the 1930 White Paper was published recommending restricting Jewish immigration, his position became untenable and he resigned from the ZO and the Jewish Agency. He protested that the British had betrayed their commitment expressed in the Balfour Declaration and that he could no longer work with them. Nahum Sokolow , who had been elected to succeed Weizmann, remained in his position. Arthur Ruppin succeeded Sokolow as chairman of
4165-511: The 1837 accession of Ahmed Bey , and continued by his successor Muhammed Bey , Tunisia's Jews were elevated within Tunisia society with improved freedom and security, which was confirmed and safeguarded during the French protectorate." Around a third of Tunisian Jews took French citizenship during the protectorate. Morocco, which had remained independent during the 19th century, became a French protectorate in 1912. However, during less than half
4284-502: The 1897 anti-Jewish riots in Oran ), which the Muslim community did not participate in, to the disappointment of the European agitators. Though there were also cases of Muslim-led anti-Jewish riots, such as in Constantine in 1934 when 34 Jews were killed. Neighbouring Husainid Tunisia began to come under European influence in the late 1860s and became a French protectorate in 1881. Since
4403-430: The 1950s, although French officials later stated that Moroccan Jews "had suffered comparatively fewer troubles than the wider European population" during the struggle for independence. In August 1953, riots broke out in the city of Oujda and resulted in the death of four Jews, including an 11-year-old girl. In the same month, French security forces prevented a mob from breaking into the Jewish mellah of Rabat . In 1954,
4522-646: The 50 percent participation of non-Zionists in the Agency before had not worked in practice, the Jewish Agency and the World Zionist Organization now became de facto identical. From 1929 to 1948, the Jewish Agency was organized into four departments: the Government Department (performing foreign relations on behalf of the Jewish community of Palestine); the Security Department; the Aliyah Department, and
4641-549: The Axis powers established labor camps to which many Jews were forcibly deported. In other areas Nazi propaganda targeted Arab populations to incite them against British or French rule. National Socialist propaganda contributed to the transfer of racial antisemitism to the Arab world and is likely to have unsettled Jewish communities. An anti-Jewish riot took place in Casablanca in 1942 in
4760-528: The British government, and was active in promoting Zionist objectives in Palestine. Weizmann was instrumental in restructuring the ZO's Palestine office into departments for agriculture, settlement, education, land, finance, immigration, and statistics. The Palestine Office was merged into the Zionist Commission, headed by Chaim Weizmann. On 25 April 1920, the Principal Allied Powers agreed at
4879-617: The British military and aid in the Allies' struggle against the Nazis; most served in the Middle East and Africa, but some served behind enemy lines in Europe, among them a group of 32 parachutists that included Hannah Szenes . In total, 800 were killed in their efforts. When World War II ended the Agency continued to aid illegal immigration to Palestine through HaMossad LeAliyah Bet in an effort known as
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4998-481: The Diaspora and the Department of Torah Education and Culture in the Diaspora were created to help replace the loss of centers of Jewish learning destroyed by the Holocaust. They trained Hebrew teachers; sent Israelis abroad to supplement Diaspora schools, camps, and youth organizations; and trained cantors , shochatim (ritual slaughterers) and mohelim (ritual circumcisers) in Diaspora communities. Jewish pride and euphoria following Israel's dramatic victory in
5117-414: The Education Department. The Jewish Agency Executive included David Ben-Gurion as chairman, and Rabbi Yehuda Leib Maimon and Yitzhak Gruenbaum , among others. The Jewish Agency was (and is still) housed in a fortress-like building in the Rehavia neighborhood of Jerusalem. The land for the Rehavia neighborhood had been purchased in 1922 by the Palestine Land Development Corporation, and construction of
5236-442: The French- and Italian-controlled regions of North Africa , 15–20% lived in the Kingdom of Iraq , approximately 10% lived in the Kingdom of Egypt , and approximately 7% lived in the Kingdom of Yemen . A further 200,000 Jews lived in the Imperial State of Iran and the Republic of Turkey . The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily from Iraq, Yemen, and Libya. In these cases, over 90% of
5355-535: The Iberian Peninsula were invited to settle in various parts of the Ottoman Empire , where they would often form a prosperous model minority of merchants acting as intermediaries for their Muslim rulers. Ella Shohat has described the Zionist master narrative of the migration of Jews from Muslim lands to Israel as a discourse in which "European Zionism 'saved' Sephardi Jews from the harsh rule of their Arab 'captors'" and "took them out of 'primitive conditions' of poverty and superstition and ushered them gently into
5474-444: The Jewish Agency for Israel from operating in Russia, claiming that the agency had broken Russian law regarding collecting, storing and transferring data. After the invasion started, there was a sharp increase in emigration from Russia to Israel. The Jewish Agency Executive is charged with administering the operations of the Jewish Agency, subject to the control of the board of governors. It has 26 members, of which 24 are chosen by
5593-403: The Jewish Agency headquarters was paid for by the ZO. The three-winged structure with a large open courtyard was designed by Yochanan Rattner. Along with the Jewish Agency it also houses the headquarters of the JNF and Keren Hayesod-United Israel Appeal. On March 11, 1948, a bomb planted in the courtyard of the building by Arab militants killed 13 and wounded many others. The Keren Hayesod wing
5712-437: The Jewish Agency helped put together an agreement signed by the Hagannah, the Irgun , and the Lehi to form a United Resistance Movement against the British. In 1946 British troops raided Jewish Agency headquarters as part of Operation Agatha , a broad effort to quash Jewish resistance in Palestine. Important figures in The Agency including Moshe Sharett , head of the agency's political department, and Dov Yosef , member of
5831-411: The Jewish Agency in 1933 and David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Shertok joined the executive. In 1935, Ben-Gurion was elected chairman of the agency to succeed Ruppin. In 1937 The Peel Commission published its report into the disturbances of the year before. For the first time, partition and the setting up of a Jewish State was recommended. The 1937 Zionist Congress rejected the commission's conclusions,
5950-540: The Jewish Agency negotiated a Ha'avara (Transfer) Agreement with Nazi Germany under which approximately 50,000 German Jews were allowed to immigrate to Palestine and retain some of their assets as German export goods. In 1943, the Jewish Agency's Henrietta Szold joined Recha Freier in developing the Youth Aliyah program, which between 1933 and 1948 rescued more 5,000 young Jews from Europe, brought them to Palestine, and educated them in special boarding schools. According to Professor Dvora Hacohen, between 1933 and 2011
6069-441: The Jewish Agency, was based upon Herzl's organizational ideas for how to bring a Jewish state into being. The influx of Jews to Palestine on the Second Aliyah (1904–1914) made the purchase of land particularly urgent. With the aid of the Jewish National Fund (JNF), the Palestine Office bought land for newcomers in two locations: Chavat Kinneret (near the Sea of Galilee), and Kibbutz Ruhama (near Sderot of today). Kibbutz Ruhama
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#17328524065896188-412: The Jewish exiles returning from the Babylonian captivity and who helped to construct the walls of Jerusalem during the reign of the Persian king, Artaxerxes I (Xerxes). Nehemiah further records that those returnees were the very descendants of the people who had formerly resided in the town before their banishment from the country, who had all returned to live in their former places of residence. Whether
6307-458: The Jewish population left, despite the necessity of leaving their assets and properties behind. Between 1948 and 1951, 250,000 Jews immigrated to Israel from Arab countries. In response, the Israeli government implemented policies to accommodate 600,000 immigrants over a period of four years, doubling the country's Jewish population. This move encountered mixed reactions in the Knesset ; in addition to some Israeli officials, there were those within
6426-420: The Jewish population to Israel and France accelerated. After attacks in 1967, Jewish emigration both to Israel and France accelerated. There were also attacks in 1982, in 1985 following Israel's Operation Wooden Leg , and most recently in 2002 when a bombing in Djerba took 21 lives (most of them German tourists) near the local synagogue, a terrorist attack claimed by Al-Qaeda . According to Maurice Roumani,
6545-423: The Land of Israel ' ), founded in Jaffa in 1908, as the operational branch of the Zionist Organization (ZO) in Ottoman -controlled Palestine under the leadership of Arthur Ruppin . The main tasks of the Palestine Office were to represent the Jews of Palestine in dealings with the Turkish sultan and other foreign dignitaries, to aid Jewish immigration, and to buy land for Jews to settle in. The Palestine Office
6664-424: The Moroccan Foreign Ministry. Simultaneously, uneasiness arose among Moroccan Jews as they examined the 17 articles of the new "Fundamental Law" signed by King Hassan on June 2. Article 15, in particular, raised concerns, emphasizing Morocco's commitment to the Arab League and the intention to strengthen ties with it. Although the new law did not revoke the equal rights of Jews and Muslims in Morocco, it notably omitted
6783-450: The Moroccan government. By 1963, the Moroccan Interior Minister Colonel Oufkir and Mossad chief Meir Amit agreed to swap Israeli training of Moroccan security services and some covert military assistance for intelligence on Arab affairs and continued Jewish emigration. By 1967, only 50,000 Jews remained. The 1967 Six-Day War led to increased Arab–Jewish tensions worldwide, including in Morocco, and significant Jewish emigration out of
6902-415: The President of the Executive Council of Tripolitania ordered the dissolution of the Jewish Community Council and the appointment of a Muslim commissioner nominated by the Government. A law issued in 1961 required Libyan citizenship for the possession and transfer of property in Libya, a requirement that was met by only six Libyan Jews. Jews were banned from voting, attaining public offices and from serving in
7021-469: The Security and Government Departments were replaced by the Department of Agriculture and Settlement, and by the Israel Department (supporting activities that help vulnerable populations within Israel). The agency's budget in 1948 was IL 32 million; its funding came from Keren Hayesod, the JNF , fund-raising drives, and loans. In 1949, the Jewish Agency brought 239,000 Holocaust survivors, from DP camps in Europe and detention camps in Cyprus, to Israel. In
7140-443: The Status Law stipulated that the World Zionist Organization (clarified in Article 3 as "also the Jewish Agency") is an "authorized agency" of the State, establishing its ongoing parastatal rather than purely nongovernmental status. In the early years of the state the Jewish Agency aided in the establishment of a variety of different institutions that developed the country's economic and cultural infrastructure. These included El Al ,
7259-443: The United Kingdom conquered the region and it fell under British military rule. Following the promulgation of the pro- Zionist Balfour Declaration , Dr. Chaim Weizmann , president of the British Zionist Federation formed the Zionist Commission in March 1918 to go to Palestine and make recommendations to the British government. The Commission reached Palestine on 14 April 1918 and proceeded to study conditions and to report to
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#17328524065897378-411: The Youth Aliyah movement helped over 300,000 young people make Aliyah. When World War II broke out, the Jewish Agency established a committee to aid European Jewry by finding them entry permits to Palestine, sending them food, and maintaining contact. The agency also helped recruit 40,000 members of the Palestinian Jewish community (a full 8 percent of the Jewish population of Palestine) to be trained by
7497-410: The agency's executive committee, were arrested and imprisoned in Latrun . The United Nations recommended the partition of Palestine on 29 November 1947. Meanwhile, the Jewish Agency collaborated with the Jewish National Council to set up a People's Council ( Mo'ezet Ha'am) and National Administration ( Minhelet Ha'am) . After the declaration of independence on 14 May 1948, these two bodies formed
7616-428: The ages of 18 and 30 who would like to study, volunteer, or perform internships in Israel for a period of 5–12 months. During this period, the Jewish Agency's Israel Department focused (and continues to focus) on strengthening Israel's periphery, namely the Galilee region in the north and the Negev in the South. The emergence of the high-tech industry in Israel created a significant socio-economic disparity between
7735-402: The ancient site. The site reeks with antiquity, with the signs of an old settlement everywhere. The area of the old settlement is extensive, with razed structures that once stood as walls and houses. Shards of broken pottery are strewn extensively throughout the grounds, with several open-mouthed cisterns and antres . Zanoah is mentioned in the Book of Nehemiah as one of the towns resettled by
7854-485: The army or in police. Jewish Agency for Israel The Jewish Agency for Israel ( Hebrew : הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל , romanized : HaSochnut HaYehudit L'Eretz Yisra'el ), formerly known as the Jewish Agency for Palestine , is the largest Jewish non-profit organization in the world. It was established in 1929 as the operative branch of the World Zionist Organization (WZO). As an organization, it encourages immigration of Jews in diaspora to
7973-418: The board of governors. The executive is composed in the following manner: 12 members designated by WZO and 12 members designated jointly by JFNA/ UIA and Keren Hayesod. In addition, the World chairperson of Keren Hayesod and the chairperson of the JFNA Executive are ex-officio members in the executive. Doron Almog is the current chair. Yaakov Hagoel was serving as acting chairman since Isaac Herzog vacated
8092-496: The cabinet position of Minister of Posts and Telegraphs. However, that minister, Leon Benzaquen , did not survive the first cabinet reshuffling, and no Jew was appointed again to a cabinet position. Although the relations with the Jewish community at the highest levels of government were cordial, these attitudes were not shared by the lower ranks of officialdom, which exhibited attitudes that ranged from traditional contempt to outright hostility. Morocco's increasing identification with
8211-464: The center of country and the outer regions. Thus, the Jewish Agency sought (and continues to seek) to "lessen cultural and economic gaps." For example, its Youth Futures program, founded in 2006, includes a holistic approach to dealing with at-risk youth in Israel: each child, referred to the program by a teacher or social worker, is connected to a "Mentor" who is responsible for connecting the child to resources and community services. The Jewish Agency
8330-414: The collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s, Russian and Eastern European Jews began to stream to Israel in the tens of thousands. In 1990, about 185,000 immigrants arrived from the FSU ; in the following year, nearly 150,000 came; and for the rest of the decade a steady average of 60,000 immigrants from the region made their way to Israel every year. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, nearly
8449-436: The continued removal of Jewish officials from prominent positions within the Moroccan government. M. Zaoui, the director of Conservation Fonciere in the Moroccan Finance Ministry, was dismissed without a specified reason. The extremist Muslim journal Al Oumal then launched a campaign against him, accusing him of Zionist affiliations. Earlier in the year, Meyer Toledano had also been removed from his role as judicial counselor to
8568-524: The country continued. By the early 1970s, the Jewish population of Morocco fell to 25,000; however, most of the emigrants went to France, Belgium, Spain, and Canada, rather than Israel. According to Esther Benbassa , the migration of Jews from the North African countries was prompted by uncertainty about the future. In 1948, 250,000 –265,000 Jews lived in Morocco. By 2001, an estimated 5,230 remained. Despite their dwindling numbers, Jews continue to play
8687-437: The country in 1959 and 1960, reorganized the operations, and created a clandestine militia named the "Misgeret" ("framework"). Jewish emigration to Israel jumped from 8,171 people in 1954 to 24,994 in 1955, increasing further in 1956. Between 1955 and independence in 1956, 60 000 Jews emigrated. On 7 April 1956, Morocco attained independence . Jews occupied several political positions, including three parliamentary seats and
8806-569: The country, particularly the Pied-Noir community. In 1956, Mossad agents worked underground to organize and arm the Jews of Constantine, who comprised approximately half the Jewish population of the country. In Oran, a Jewish counter-insurgency movement was thought to have been trained by former members of Irgun . As of the last French census in Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1 050 000 non-Muslim civilians in Algeria, constituting 10 percent of
8925-454: The establishment of a Jewish Agency for Israel office in Tripoli. According to Harvey E. Goldberg, "a number of Libyan Jews" believe that the Jewish Agency was behind the riots, given that the riots helped them achieve their goal. Between the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and Libyan independence in December 1951 over 30 000 Libyan Jews emigrated to Israel. On 31 December 1958,
9044-492: The finest of the wheat used to grow in the valley adjacent to Zanoah, from whence it was taken for the Omer offering in the Temple . Eusebius (3rd–4th century CE) mentions Zanoah in his Onomasticon as a village "within the borders of Eleutheropolis (Beit Gubrin) on the way to Ailia (Jerusalem)," and which was still inhabited in his day. C.R. Conder and H.H. Kitchener described
9163-689: The general level of the Arabs, Negroes, and Berbers in the same regions. In any case, they are at an even lower level than what we knew with regard to the former Arabs of Eretz Israel ... . These Jews also lack roots in Judaism, as they are totally subordinated to the play of savage and primitive instincts... As with the Africans you will find card games for money, drunkenness and prostitution. Most of them have serious eye, skin and sexual diseases, without mentioning robberies and thefts. Chronic laziness and hatred for work, there
9282-560: The hill country, partly in the plain. The ruins of Khurbet Zanuʻ which lie on a high hill south of the moshav are thought to be the ancient village of Zanoah, mentioned in Egyptian letters, later part of the tribe of Judah ( Joshua 15:34), and in the " Second Temple period ... reinhabited," as recorded in the Bible ( Nehemiah 3:13). During the 1st-century CE, the village was known by the name Zenoha . An overhead power line now runs through
9401-453: The historical narrative of the Arab–Israeli conflict . When presenting the history, those who view the Jewish exodus as analogous to the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight generally emphasize the push factors and consider those who left to have been refugees, while those who oppose that view generally emphasize the pull factors and consider the Jews to have been willing immigrants. At
9520-644: The idea was accepted by the Zionist Congress only in 1927. Even though non-Zionists took part in the agency, it was still closely tied to the Zionist Organization. The president of the ZO served as the chair of the Executive Council and the Assembly of the Jewish Agency, and half of the members of the agency's governing bodies were chosen by the ZO, ensuring a unified policy and close cooperation between
9639-589: The intention to "transform the community and transfer it to Palestine". In 1943, Mossad LeAliyah Bet began to send emissaries to prepare the infrastructure for the emigration of the Libyan Jewish community. In 1942, German troops fighting the Allies in North Africa occupied the Jewish quarter of Benghazi , plundering shops and deporting more than 2000 Jews across the desert. Sent to work in labor camps like Giado , more than one-fifth of that group of Jews perished. At
9758-422: The late King Hassan II 's offer to return and settle in Morocco. As in Tunisia and Morocco, Algerian Jews did not face large scale expulsion or outright asset confiscation or any similar government persecution during the period of exile, and Zionist agents were relatively allowed freedom of action to encourage emigration. Jewish emigration from Algeria was part of a wider ending of French colonial control and
9877-496: The massacres, 18,000 Moroccan Jews left the country for Israel. Later, however, Jewish migration from Morocco slowed to a few thousand a year. Through the early 1950s, Zionist organizations encouraged immigration, particularly in the poorer south of the country, seeing Moroccan Jews as valuable contributors to the Jewish State: The more I visited in these (Berber) villages and became acquainted with their Jewish inhabitants,
9996-767: The mid-1960s, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee was an important foreign organization driving change and modernization in the North African Jewish community. It had initially become involved in the region whilst carrying out relief work during World War II. The migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel was sponsored, facilitated and administered by Zionist organizations, notably through Cadima (1949–1956) and Operation Yachin (1961–1964). As in Tunisia and Algeria, Moroccan Jews did not face large scale expulsion or outright asset confiscation or any similar government persecution during
10115-527: The more I was convinced that these Jews constitute the best and most suitable human element for settlement in Israel's absorption centers. There were many positive aspects which I found among them: first and foremost, they all know (their agricultural) tasks, and their transfer to agricultural work in Israel will not involve physical and mental difficulties. They are satisfied with few (material needs), which will enable them to confront their early economic problems. Incidents of anti-Jewish violence continued through
10234-576: The national airline; Binyanei HaUma , the national theater and cultural center; and museums, agricultural, and land development companies. In the years after 1948, the Agency's Department of Agricultural Settlement established an additional 480 new towns and villages throughout Israel. It provided them with equipment, livestock, irrigation infrastructure, and expert guidance. By the late 1960s these towns produced 70% of Israel's total agricultural output. The agency also focused its energies on Jews outside of Israel. The Department for Education and Culture in
10353-568: The new immigrants were placed in temporary ma'abarot , or transit camps. In 1952 the "Zionist Organization-Jewish Agency for Israel Status Law" was passed by the Knesset formalizing the roles of each group. It was agreed that the WZO and the Jewish Agency would continue to supervise Aliyah, absorption, and settlement, while the state would handle all other matters previously dealt with by The agency including security, education, and employment. Article 4 of
10472-416: The new state. The Jewish Agency helped these immigrants acclimate to Israel and begin to build new lives. It established schools to teach them Hebrew , beginning with Ulpan Etzion in 1949. (The first student to register for Ulpan Etzion was Ephraim Kishon . ) It also provided them with food, housing, and vocational training. For a time the construction of new housing could not keep up with demand, and many of
10591-471: The newcomer Jewish refugees from Europe. In these years The agency made use of the "tower and stockade" (Hebrew: חומה ומגדל) method to establish dozens of new Jewish settlements literally overnight, without obtaining permission from the Mandate authorities. These settlements were built on land purchased by the JNF and relied on an Ottoman law stating that any building with a full roof could not be torn down. In 1933
10710-527: The northern coast of Morocco. According to Tad Szulc , the Misgeret commander in Morocco, Alex Gattmon, decided to precipitate a crisis on the back of the tragedy, consistent with Mossad Director Isser Harel 's scenario that "a wedge had to be forced between the royal government and the Moroccan Jewish community and that anti-Hassan nationalists had to be used as leverage as well if a compromise over emigration
10829-668: The organization became the Zionist Commission , later Palestine Zionist Executive , which was designated in 1929 as the "Jewish agency" provided for in the League of Nations' Palestine Mandate and was thus again renamed as The Jewish Agency for Palestine . After the establishment of the State it received its current name, The Jewish Agency for Israel . The Jewish Agency began as the Palestine Office (Hebrew: המשרד הארץ-ישראלי, HaMisrad HaEretz Yisraeli ; lit. ' Office for
10948-653: The period of exile, and Zionist agents were relatively allowed freedom of action to encourage emigration. In Morocco, the Vichy regime during World War II passed discriminatory laws against Jews; for example, Jews were no longer able to get any form of credit, Jews who had homes or businesses in European neighborhoods were expelled, and quotas were imposed limiting the percentage of Jews allowed to practice professions such as law and medicine to no more than two percent. King Mohammed V expressed his personal distaste for these laws, assuring Moroccan Jewish leaders that he would never lay
11067-513: The pogrom in Libya was, it was still a relatively isolated occurrence compared to the mass murders of Jews by locals in Eastern Europe." The same year, violent anti-Jewish violence also occurred in Cairo , which resulted in 10 Jewish victims. In 1948, about 38 000 Jews lived in Libya. The pogroms continued in June 1948 , when 15 Jews were killed and 280 Jewish homes destroyed. In November 1948,
11186-650: The program connects 45 Israeli communities with over 500 Jewish communities around the globe in a " sister city "-style network. Diaspora participants travel to Israel and vice versa, and are hosted by their partner communities; schools are connected through the Global Twinning Network; global Jewish communities support loan funds helping entrepreneurs and small business owners in their partner cities; and young Jewish adults in Israel on long-term programs meet with their Israeli peers for dialogue and workshops. The Jewish Agency provides Jewish communities outside Israel
11305-499: The proposal to expand the agency. The Revisionists broke completely with agency in 1935, but rejoined ZO in 1947. In 1951 the ZO/JA included all Zionist organizations except Herut . The Palestine Zionist Executive was charged with facilitating Jewish immigration to Palestine, land purchase, and planning the general policies of the Zionist leadership. It ran schools and hospitals, and formed
11424-467: The provisional government of the State of Israel. Following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the Jewish Agency for Israel shifted its focus to facilitating economic development and absorbing immigrants. Organizationally, it changed its structure: The Aliyah Department remained, as well as the Education Department (which promoted Jewish and Zionist education in the diaspora), but
11543-597: The purpose of advising and co-operating with the Administration of Palestine in such economic, social and other matters as may affect the establishment of the Jewish National Home and the interests of the Jewish population of Palestine." The ZO leaders had contributed to the drafting of the Mandate. In November 1921, the Zionist Commission became the Palestine Zionist Executive and was designated as
11662-660: The reference there refers to the Zanoah in the Shefelah (Joshua 15:34) or to the Zanoah in the Judaean mountains (now known as Khirbet Zanuta ) is now unclear, as there were two places by the same name. Based on the archaeological evidence, Zanoah in the Shefelah was a settled village during the Persian period. According to the Mishnah , compiled in the 2nd-century CE (Munich MS., Menahot 83b),
11781-466: The related social, economic and cultural changes. The Israeli government had been successful in encouraging Morocco and Tunisian Jews to emigrate to Israel, but were less so in Algeria. Despite offers of visa and economic subsidies, only 580 Jews moved from Algeria to Israel in 1954–55. Emigration peaked during the Algerian War of 1954–1962, during which thousands of Muslims, Christians and Jews left
11900-442: The result of instructions or a progressive aggressiveness is hard to determine. Even with the aggressiveness or perhaps because of it, both Jewish and Arab leaders inform me that the inter-racial relations are better now than they have been for several years and that understanding, tolerance and cooperation are present at any top level meeting between the leaders of the two communities." Immigration to Israel began in 1949, following
12019-497: The ruins of Khurbet Zanûa , visited by them in 1881. An archaeological survey of the site was conducted in 2008 by Pablo Betzer on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). The site has never been excavated. Jewish exodus from Arab lands In the 20th century, approximately 900,000 Jews migrated, fled, or were expelled from Muslim-majority countries throughout Africa and Asia , primarily as
12138-431: The space of 36 hours on Operation Solomon . Since then, a steady trickle of immigrants have been brought to Israel from Ethiopia by the Jewish Agency. The agency has taken charge of housing them in absorption centers, teaching them Hebrew, helping them find employment and in general easing their integration into Israeli society. In 2013 most of the " olim ," or new immigrants, in absorption centers are from Ethiopia. With
12257-772: The spread of Zionism throughout the local Jewish population Following the liberation of North Africa by Allied forces, antisemitic incitements were still widespread. The most severe racial violence between the start of World War II and the establishment of Israel erupted in Tripoli in November 1945 . Over a period of several days more than 140 Jews (including 36 children) were killed, hundreds were injured, 4000 were displaced and 2,400 were reduced to poverty. Five synagogues in Tripoli and four in provincial towns were destroyed, and over 1000 Jewish residences and commercial buildings were plundered in Tripoli alone. Gil Shefler writes that "As awful as
12376-567: The term "Jew," and the first two articles underscored Morocco as an Arab and Muslim country with Islam as the official state religion. Operation Yachin was fronted by the New York-based Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), who financed approximately $ 50 million of costs. HIAS provided an American cover for underground Israeli agents in Morocco, whose functions included organizing emigration, arming of Jewish Moroccan communities for self-defense and negotiations with
12495-481: The terms of the Mandate. The 16th Zionist Congress determined that in the event of the future dissolution of the agency, the World Zionist Organization would replace it as representative of the Jews for the purpose of the Mandate. There was strong opposition within the ZO when the idea of enlargement of the board of governors of the Jewish Agency was first raised in 1924 to include non-Zionist Jews, and
12614-802: The time of the Muslim conquests of the 7th century, ancient Jewish communities had existed in many parts of the Middle East and North Africa since Antiquity. Jews under Islamic rule were given the status of dhimmi , along with Christians and certain other pre-Islamic religious groups . As such, these groups were accorded certain rights as " People of the Book ". During waves of persecution in Medieval Europe , many Jews found refuge in Muslim lands, though in other times and places, Jews fled persecution in Muslim lands and found refuge in Christian lands. Jews expelled from
12733-840: The time, most Libyan Jews lived in the cities of Tripoli and Benghazi; there were smaller numbers in Bayda and Misrata . Following the Allied victory at the Battle of El Agheila in December 1942, German and Italian troops were driven out of Libya. The British assigned as garrison in Cyrenaica the Palestine Regiment . This unit later became the core of the Jewish Brigade , which was later also stationed in Tripolitania . The pro-Zionist soldiers encouraged
12852-451: The total Israeli population. In 2009, only 26 000 Jews remained in Arab countries and Iran, as well as another 26 000 in Turkey. By 2019, the total number of Jews in Arab countries and Iran had declined to 12,700, and in Turkey to 14,800. The reasons for the exoduses are manifold, including: pull factors , such as the desire to fulfill Zionism , find a better economic status and
12971-1183: The total population; this included 130 000 Algerian Jews . After Algeria became independent in 1962, about 800 000 Pieds-Noirs (including Jews) were evacuated to mainland France while about 200 000 chose to remain in Algeria. Of the latter, there were still about 100 000 in 1965 and about 50 000 by the end of the 1960s. As the Algerian Revolution intensified from the late 1950s onward, most of Algeria's 140 000 Jews began to leave. The community had lived mainly in Algiers and Blida , Constantine, and Oran. Almost all Jews of Algeria left upon independence in 1962, particularly as "the Algerian Nationality Code of 1963 excluded non-Muslims from acquiring citizenship", allowing citizenship only to those Algerians who had Muslim fathers and paternal grandfathers. Algeria's 140 000 Jews, who had French citizenship since 1870 (briefly revoked by Vichy France in 1940) left mostly for France, although some went to Israel. The Great Synagogue of Algiers
13090-399: The two organizations. The change was Chaim Weizmann's initiative and was established on the principle of parity between Zionist and non-Zionist Jews working together in the building of a Jewish national home . Those participating included Sholem Asch , H.N. Bialik , Leon Blum , Albert Einstein , Immanuel Löw , Lord Melchett and Herbert Samuel . American non-Zionists received 44 of
13209-512: The wake of Operation Torch, where a local mob attacked the Jewish mellah . ( Mellah is the Moroccan name for a Jewish ghetto .) However, according to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem 's Dr. Haim Saadon, "Relatively good ties between Jews and Muslims in North Africa during World War II stand in stark contrast to the treatment of their co-religionists by gentiles in Europe." From 1943 until
13328-434: The years following Israel's founding, Jews in many Arab countries suffered from violence and persecution, and fled or were driven from their homes . The agency helped to airlift 49,000 Yemenite Jews to Israel on Operation Magic Carpet , and over the next few years brought hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees to Israel from Northern Africa, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. Between 1948 and 1952, about 700,000 immigrants arrived in
13447-415: Was completely destroyed. Leib Yaffe , director-general of Keren Hayesod, was among those killed in the bombing. The building continues to serve as the headquarters of the Jewish Agency as of 2019. Another building "Kiriyat Moria" is located in southern-east Jerusalem, Armon Hanatziv, Ha-Askan 3. The organization also has satellite sites worldwide. Throughout the years 1934–1948, in a phenomenon known as
13566-766: Was consequently abandoned after 1994. Jewish migration from North Africa to France led to the rejuvenation of the French Jewish community, which is now the third largest in the world. As in Morocco and Algeria, Tunisian Jews did not face large scale expulsion or outright asset confiscation or any similar government persecution during the period of exile, and Jewish emigration societes were relatively allowed freedom of action to encourage emigration. In 1948, approximately 105 000 Jews lived in Tunisia. About 1500 remain today , mostly in Djerba , Tunis , and Zarzis . Following Tunisia's independence from France in 1956 emigration of
13685-399: Was established under the inspiration of Theodor Herzl 's vision for a solution to " the Jewish question ": the issue of anti-Semitism and the place of Jews in the world. In his pamphlet "The Jewish State," Herzl envisioned the Jewish people settled as an independent nation on its own land, taking its place among the other nation-states of the world. The Palestine Office, which eventually became
13804-465: Was ever to be attained". A pamphlet agitating for illegal emigration, supposedly by an underground Zionist organization, was printed by Mossad and distributed throughout Morocco, causing the government to "hit the roof". These events prompted King Mohammed V to allow Jewish emigration, and over the three following years, more than 70,000 Moroccan Jews left the country, primarily as a result of Operation Yachin . In June 1961, reports surfaced regarding
13923-418: Was larger and included a number of Jewish non-Zionist individuals and organizations, who were interested in Jewish settlement in Palestine. They were philanthropic rather than political, and many opposed talk of a Jewish State. With this broader Jewish representation, the Jewish Agency for Palestine was recognized by the British in 1930, in lieu of the Zionist Organization, as the appropriate Jewish agency under
14042-680: Was specifically designated for Russian Jews from the Second Aliyah. Over the following decades, the Palestine Office established hundreds more moshavim and kibbutzim throughout Palestine. The Palestine Office continued to purchase land together with JNF (In Hebrew: Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael , KKL). With the outbreak of World War I , the anticipated disintegration of the Ottoman Empire raised hopes among Zionists for increased Jewish immigration and eventual sovereignty in Palestine. In 1918,
14161-460: Was temporary—by the mid-1970s, the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. 600,000 Jews from Arab and Muslim countries had relocated to Israel by 1972, while another 300,000 migrated to France , the United States and Canada . Today, the descendants of Jews who immigrated to Israel from other Middle Eastern lands (known as Mizrahi Jews and Sephardic Jews ) constitute more than half of
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