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71-555: The ZIL-135 is a large eight-wheeled military transport and self-propelled artillery truck manufactured by ZiL during the Cold War from the Soviet Union starting in 1959. Its purpose was to carry and launch a Luna-M ( NATO : Frog-7) surface-to-surface artillery rocket . The ZIL-135 was widely exported to other communist countries, most notably North Korea , where it is a common sight in films and military marches. It also served as

142-445: A shock absorber . Energy in firing a firearm comes in many forms (thermal, pressure) but for understanding recoil what matters is kinetic energy , which is half mass multiplied by squared speed. For the recoiling gun, this means that for a given rearward momentum, doubling the mass halves the speed and also halves the kinetic energy of the gun, making it easier to dissipate. If all the masses and velocities involved are accounted for,

213-416: A 0.8 kg pistol firing it at 3.5 m/s rearward, if unopposed by the shooter. In order to bring the rearward moving gun to a halt, the momentum acquired by the gun is dissipated by a forward-acting counter-recoil force applied to the gun over a period of time during and after the projectile exits the muzzle. In hand-held small arms , the shooter will apply this force using their own body, resulting in

284-624: A 9P113 single-missile TEL with pneumatic tires to transport an uncovered Soviet 9M21 missile. American missile vehicles include the M1134 anti-tank guided missile vehicle from the Stryker family of military vehicles (with pneumatic tires and smaller BGM-71 TOW missiles), MIM-72 Chaparral (with tractor crawler drive and four exposed missiles), and AN/TWQ-1 Avenger (with pneumatic tires and anti-aircraft missile canisters) systems. The Long Range Surveillance and Attack Vehicle produced by Lockheed Martin

355-433: A gas-operated gun, the bolt is accelerated rearwards by propellant gases during firing, which results in a forward force on the body of the gun. This is countered by a rearward force as the bolt reaches the limit of travel and moves forwards, resulting in a zero sum, but to the shooter, the recoil has been spread out over a longer period of time, resulting in the "softer" feel. A recoil system absorbs recoil energy, reducing

426-435: A longer or shorter distance to bring the car to a stop. However, for the human body to mechanically adjust recoil time, and hence length, to lessen felt recoil force is perhaps an impossible task. Other than employing less safe and less accurate practices, such as shooting from the hip, shoulder padding is a safe and effective mechanism that allows sharp recoiling to be lengthened into soft recoiling, as lower decelerating force

497-473: A maximum cruising range of 500 kilometres (310 mi). The cab of the ZIL-135 is NBC protected, allowing the rockets to be fired without exposing the crew to possible contaminants. The six-man crew can emplace or displace the system in three minutes. Mobile launcher vehicle A missile vehicle , also known as a missile carrier , missile truck , or (if capable of launching) missile launcher vehicle ,

568-467: A noticeable impulse commonly referred to as a "kick". In heavier mounted guns, such as heavy machine guns or artillery pieces , recoil momentum is transferred through the platform on which the weapon is mounted . Practical weight gun mounts are typically not strong enough to withstand the maximum forces accelerating the gun during the short time the projectile is in the barrel. To mitigate these large recoil forces, recoil buffering mechanisms spread out

639-407: A problem in the field of artillery and firearms due to the magnitude of the forces at play. Gun chamber pressures and projectile acceleration forces are tremendous, on the order of tens to hundreds mega pascal and tens of thousands of times the acceleration of gravity ( g's ), both necessary to launch the projectile at useful velocity during the very short time (typically only a few milliseconds) it

710-723: A single-missile vehicle with a tractor crawler drive is the French Pluton missile launcher, based on the AMX-30 tank . The 2K11 Krug is a Soviet/Russian two-missile transporter erector launcher with a tractor crawler drive. The Russians also have rather extensive S-300 missile systems on various vehicles. Other examples of Soviet MRLs include the BM-21 Grad , BM-27 Uragan , and BM-30 Smerch , which use pneumatic tires and tubular missile canisters and are also used by various other countries. A Soviet-produced 9K52 Luna-M missile system uses

781-428: Is a military vehicle that is purpose-built and designed to carry missiles , either for safe transportation or for launching missiles in combat . Missile vehicles include transporter erector launchers (TEL) and multiple rocket launchers (MRL). The missile vehicle may be self-propelled, or the missile launcher may be on a trailer towed by a truck or prime mover . Long missiles are commonly transported parallel to

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852-526: Is an armored vehicle with four large pneumatic tires on each side and is able to fire missiles from its rotatable turret on top of the vehicle. The initially Soviet then Russian family of S-300 missile systems has been upgraded by the Russian military to the current S-400 Triumf missiles and their carrier vehicles and put into service starting in 2007. The launch tubes with their S-400 missiles inside are transported horizontally (see photo in gallery below), and

923-552: Is dissipating the kinetic energy of the recoiling gun mass. A heavier gun, that is a gun with more mass, will manifest lower recoil kinetic energy, and, generally, result in a lessened perception of recoil. Therefore, although determining the recoiling energy that must be dissipated through a counter-recoiling force is arrived at by conservation of momentum, kinetic energy of recoil is what is actually being restrained and dissipated. The ballistics analyst discovers this recoil kinetic energy through analysis of projectile momentum. One of

994-495: Is explained by the law of conservation of momentum, and so it is easier to discuss it separately from energy . Momentum is simply mass multiplied by velocity. Velocity is speed in a particular direction (not just speed). In a very technical sense, speed is a scalar (mathematics) : a magnitude; while velocity is a vector (physics) : magnitude and direction. Momentum is conservative: any change in momentum of an object requires an equal and opposite change of some other objects. Hence

1065-556: Is the angle above the aim angle at which the bullet leaves the barrel, t f {\displaystyle t_{f}} is the time of travel of the bullet in the barrel (because of the acceleration a = 2 x / t 2 {\displaystyle a=2x/t^{2}} the time is longer than L / V b {\displaystyle L/V_{\text{b}}}  : t f = 2 L / V b {\displaystyle t_{f}=2L/V_{\text{b}}} ) and L

1136-574: Is the angle of rotation of the barrel axis "up" from its orientation at ignition (aim angle). The angular momentum of the gun is found by integrating this equation to obtain: I d θ d t = h ∫ 0 t F ( t ) d t = h m g V g ( t ) = h m b V b ( t ) {\displaystyle I{\frac {d\theta }{dt}}=h\int _{0}^{t}F(t)\,dt=hm_{\text{g}}V_{\text{g}}(t)=hm_{\text{b}}V_{\text{b}}(t)} where

1207-417: Is the distance the bullet travels from its rest position to the tip of the barrel. The angle at which the bullet leaves the barrel above the aim angle is then given by: θ f = 2 h m b L I {\displaystyle \theta _{f}={\frac {2hm_{\text{b}}L}{I}}} Before the projectile leaves the gun barrel , it obturates the bore and "plugs up"

1278-438: Is the mass of the propellant charge, equal to the mass of the ejected gas. This expression should be substituted into the expression for projectile momentum in order to obtain a more accurate description of the recoil process. The effective velocity may be used in the energy equation as well, but since the value of α used is generally specified for the momentum equation, the energy values obtained may be less accurate. The value of

1349-592: Is the momentum of the firearm and p p {\displaystyle p_{\text{p}}} is the momentum of the projectile. In other words, immediately after firing, the momentum of the firearm is equal and opposite to the momentum of the projectile. Since momentum of a body is defined as its mass multiplied by its velocity, we can rewrite the above equation as: m f v f + m p v p = 0 {\displaystyle m_{\text{f}}v_{\text{f}}+m_{\text{p}}v_{\text{p}}=0} where: A force integrated over

1420-529: Is the muzzle velocity of the projectile and α {\displaystyle \alpha } is approximately constant. The total momentum p e {\displaystyle p_{e}} of the propellant and projectile will then be: p e = m p V 0 + m g α V 0 {\displaystyle p_{e}=m_{p}V_{0}+m_{\text{g}}\alpha V_{0}\,} where m g {\displaystyle m_{\text{g}}\,}

1491-428: Is the perpendicular distance of the center of mass of the gun below the barrel axis, F ( t ) {\textstyle F(t)} is the force on the gun due to the expanding gases, equal and opposite to the force on the bullet, I {\textstyle I} is the moment of inertia of the gun about its center of mass, or its pivot point, and θ {\displaystyle \theta }

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1562-429: Is transmitted into the body over a slightly greater distance and time, and spread out over a slightly larger surface. Keeping the above in mind, you can generally base the relative recoil of firearms by factoring in a small number of parameters: bullet momentum (weight times velocity), (note that momentum and impulse are interchangeable terms), and the weight of the firearm. Lowering momentum lowers recoil, all else being

1633-455: Is travelling inside the barrel. Meanwhile, the same pressures acting on the base of the projectile are acting on the rear face of the gun chamber, accelerating the gun rearward during firing with just the same force it is accelerating the projectile forward. This moves the gun rearward and generates the recoil momentum. This recoil momentum is the product of the mass and the acceleration of the projectile and propellant gasses combined, reversed:

1704-462: The M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck . In these trucks, after transporting the missile, the missile-launching mechanism with the missile on it is pivoted upwards to put it into position for launching. Some trucks carry a battery containing four Harpoon or Patriot missiles for launching. These multiple missile batteries are also pivoted upwards for launching and the launcher in some cases can be rotated around on

1775-553: The Russian Ground Forces ' longest trucks. As of December 2008, there are six such road-mobile missile systems. Another Russian example is the truck for the Pechora-2M Surface-to-Air Anti-aircraft missile system, which can transport and launch two missiles, and also used by some other countries. American examples of single-missile launcher trucks include the various missile launcher variants of

1846-499: The TEL for the BM-27 Uragan artillery rocket system. This vehicle has two gasoline engines that power its 20 tonnes to a maximum speed of 65 kilometres per hour (40 mph). One engine drives the four wheels on the left of the truck, while the other engine drives the four wheels on the right. The ZIL-135 has eight wheel drive, but only the front and rear axles are used for steering. It has

1917-400: The barrel recoils backward, then is dissipated via hydraulic damping as the barrel is returned forward to the firing position under the pressure of the compressed air. The recoil impulse is thus spread out over the time in which the barrel is compressing the air, rather than over the much narrower interval of time when the projectile is being fired. This greatly reduces the peak force conveyed to

1988-413: The barrel upon the gun (recoil force), which is equal and opposite to the force upon the ejecta. It is also determined by the counter-recoil force applied to the gun (e.g. an operator's hand or shoulder, or a mount). The recoil force only acts during the time that the ejecta are still in the barrel of the gun. The counter-recoil force is generally applied over a longer time period and adds forward momentum to

2059-462: The barrel, in order to minimize any rotational effects. If there is an angle for the recoil parts to rotate about, the torque ( τ {\displaystyle \tau } ) on the gun is given by: τ = I d 2 θ d t 2 = h F ( t ) {\displaystyle \tau =I{\frac {d^{2}\theta }{dt^{2}}}=hF(t)} where h {\textstyle h}

2130-419: The barrel. And then to properly design recoil buffering systems to safely dissipate that momentum and energy. To confirm analytical calculations and estimates, once a prototype gun is manufactured, the projectile and gun recoil energy and momentum can be directly measured using a ballistic pendulum and ballistic chronograph . The nature of the recoil process is determined by the force of the expanding gases in

2201-711: The battery of launch tubes with missiles are moved into a vertical position for launching with the launch tube bottoms on the ground. Missile vehicles commonly take part in military parades , where they are used to publicly display a military's missile capabilities, nuclear weapons, or new missile technology. In the former Soviet Union and now in Russia, missile vehicles commonly appear in Victory Day Parades in Moscow 's Red Square . Recoil Any launching system (weapon or not) generates recoil. However recoil only constitutes

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2272-404: The case of zero-recoil, the counter-recoil force is smaller than the recoil force but lasts for a longer time. Since the recoil force and the counter-recoil force are not matched, the gun will move rearward, slowing down until it comes to rest. In the zero-recoil case, the two forces are matched and the gun will not move when fired. In most cases, a gun is very close to a free-recoil condition, since

2343-411: The charge is ignited, about half of the recoil impulse is applied to stopping the forward motion of the barrel, while the other half is, as in the usual system, taken up in recompressing the spring. A latch then catches the barrel and holds it in the starting position. This roughly halves the energy that the spring needs to absorb, and also roughly halves the peak force conveyed to the mount, as compared to

2414-456: The chassis (or platform) of the truck. To prepare for launching operations, outriggers are extended from the truck and placed on the ground to stabilize the truck from a recoil reaction during a missile launch. The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System , used in the United States and several other countries, uses a tractor crawler drive instead of conventional pneumatic tires. An example of

2485-432: The common ways of describing the felt recoil of a particular gun-cartridge combination is as "soft" or "sharp" recoiling; soft recoil is recoil spread over a longer period of time, that is at a lower deceleration, and sharp recoil is spread over a shorter period of time, that is with a higher deceleration. Like pushing softer or harder on the brakes of a car, the driver feels less or more deceleration force being applied, over

2556-422: The condition for free-recoil is t r ≪ t cr {\displaystyle t_{\text{r}}\ll t_{\text{cr}}} , while for zero-recoil, F r ( t ) + F cr ( t ) = 0 {\displaystyle F_{\text{r}}(t)+F_{\text{cr}}(t)=0} . For a gun firing under free-recoil conditions, the force on the gun may not only force

2627-401: The constant α is generally taken to lie between 1.25 and 1.75. It is mostly dependent upon the type of propellant used, but may depend slightly on other things such as the ratio of the length of the barrel to its radius. Muzzle devices can reduce the recoil impulse by altering the pattern of gas expansion. For instance, muzzle brakes primarily works by diverting some of the gas ejecta towards

2698-567: The counter-recoiling force over a longer time, typically ten to a hundred times longer than the duration of the forces accelerating the projectile. This results in the required counter-recoiling force being proportionally lower, and easily absorbed by the gun mount. To apply this counter-recoiling force, modern mounted guns may employ recoil buffering comprising springs and hydraulic recoil mechanisms , similar to shock-absorbing suspension on automobiles. Early cannons used systems of ropes along with rolling or sliding friction to provide forces to slow

2769-418: The ejecta, and do not alter the overall momentum of the system, they do involve moving masses during the operation of firing. For example, gas-operated shotguns are widely held to have a "softer" recoil than fixed breech or recoil-operated guns. (Although many semi-automatic recoil and gas-operated guns incorporate recoil buffer systems into the stock that effectively spread out peak felt recoil forces.) In

2840-530: The equality of the momenta of the gun and bullet have been used. The angular rotation of the gun as the bullet exits the barrel is then found by integrating again: I θ f = h ∫ 0 t f m b V b d t = 2 h m b L {\displaystyle I\theta _{f}=h\int _{0}^{t_{f}}m_{\text{b}}V_{\text{b}}\,dt=2hm_{\text{b}}L} where θ f {\displaystyle \theta _{f}}

2911-479: The expanding gas generated by the propellant combustion behind it. This means the gas is essentially contained within a closed system and acts as a neutral element in the overall momentum of the system's physics. However, when the projectile exits the barrel, this functional seal is removed and the highly energetic bore gas is suddenly free to exit the muzzle and expand in the form of a supersonic shockwave (which can be often fast enough to momentarily overtake

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2982-583: The firearm and projectile are both at rest before firing, then their total momentum is zero. Assuming a near free-recoil condition, and neglecting the gases ejected from the barrel, (an acceptable first estimate), then immediately after firing, conservation of momentum requires that the total momentum of the firearm and projectile is the same as before, namely zero. Stating this mathematically: p f + p p = 0 {\displaystyle p_{\text{f}}+p_{\text{p}}=0} where p f {\displaystyle p_{\text{f}}}

3053-468: The firing rate. The modern quick-firing guns was made possible by the invention of a much more efficient device: the hydro-pneumatic recoil system. First developed by Wladimir Baranovsky in 1872–5 and adopted by the Russian army, then later in France, in the 75mm field gun of 1897 , it is still the main device used by big guns nowadays. In this system, the barrel is mounted on rails on which it can recoil to

3124-420: The gas expansion. By using internal baffles , the gas is made to travel through a convoluted path before eventually released outside at the front of the suppressor, thus dissipating its energy over a larger area and a longer time. This reduces both the intensity of the blast (thus lower loudness ) and the recoil generated (as for the same impulse , force is inversely proportional to time). For small arms,

3195-508: The ground on these vehicles, and then elevated into an inclined or vertical position for launching. Single or dual missile vehicles often transport their missiles uncovered. The missile batteries of multiple rocket launchers often hold their missiles inside tubular or rectangular canisters for each missile, from which the missiles or rockets can be launched (or fired, in other words). Many missile trucks use large pneumatic tires , though some use continuous tracks . The Katyusha rocket launcher

3266-455: The gun backwards, but may also cause it to rotate about its center of mass or recoil mount. This is particularly true of older firearms, such as the classic Kentucky rifle , where the butt stock angles down significantly lower than the barrel, providing a pivot point about which the muzzle may rise during recoil. Modern firearms, such as the M16 rifle , employ stock designs that are in direct line with

3337-401: The gun equal to the backward momentum supplied by the recoil force, in order to bring the gun to a halt. There are two special cases of counter recoil force: Free-recoil , in which the time duration of the counter-recoil force is very much larger than the duration of the recoil force, and zero-recoil, in which the counter-recoil force matches the recoil force in magnitude and duration. Except for

3408-428: The high pressure gas remaining in the barrel after projectile exit is vented rearward though a nozzle at the back of the chamber, creating a large counter-recoiling force sufficient to eliminate the need for heavy recoil mitigating buffers on the mount (although at the cost of a reduced muzzle velocity of the projectile). The same physics principles affecting recoil in mounted guns also applies to hand-held guns. However,

3479-406: The image, excessive recoil can create serious range safety concerns, if the shooter cannot adequately restrain the firearm in a down-range direction. Perception of recoil is related to the deceleration the body provides against a recoiling gun, deceleration being a force that slows the velocity of the recoiling mass. Force applied over a distance is energy. The force that the body feels, therefore,

3550-481: The jerking motion is almost certain to disturb the alignment of the gun and may result in a miss. The shooter may also be physically injured by firing a weapon generating recoil in excess of what the body can safely absorb or restrain; perhaps getting hit in the eye by the rifle scope, hit in the forehead by a handgun as the elbow bends under the force, or soft tissue damage to the shoulder, wrist and hand; and these results vary for individuals. In addition, as pictured in

3621-426: The mount (or to the ground on which the gun has been placed). In a soft-recoil system , the spring (or air cylinder) that returns the barrel to the forward position starts out in a nearly fully compressed state, then the gun's barrel is released free to fly forward in the moment before firing; the charge is then ignited just as the barrel reaches the fully forward position. Since the barrel is still moving forward when

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3692-516: The peak force that is conveyed to whatever the gun is mounted on. Old-fashioned cannons without a recoil system roll several meters backwards when fired; systems were used to somewhat limit this movement (ropes, friction including brakes on wheels, slopes so that the recoil would force the gun uphill,...), but utterly preventing any movement would just have resulted in the mount breaking. As a result, guns had to be put back into firing position and carefully aimed again after each shot, dramatically slowing

3763-434: The projectile and affect its flight dynamics ), creating a phenomenon known as the muzzle blast . The forward vector of this blast creates a jet propulsion effect that exerts back upon the barrel, and creates an additional momentum on top of the backward momentum generated by the projectile before it exits the gun . The overall recoil applied to the firearm is equal and opposite to the total forward momentum of not only

3834-412: The projectile moves forward, the recoil is rearward. The heavier and the faster the projectile, the more recoil will be generated. The gun acquires a rearward velocity that is ratio of this momentum by the mass of the gun: the heavier the gun, the slower the rearward velocity. As an example, a 8 g (124 gr) bullet of 9×19mm Parabellum flying forward at 350 m/s muzzle speed generates a momentum to push

3905-504: The projectile, but also the ejected gas. Likewise, the recoil energy given to the firearm is affected by the ejected gas. By conservation of mass , the mass of the ejected gas will be equal to the original mass of the propellant (assuming complete burning). As a rough approximation, the ejected gas can be considered to have an effective exit velocity of α V 0 {\displaystyle \alpha V_{0}} where V 0 {\displaystyle V_{0}}

3976-399: The rear, and the recoil is taken up by a cylinder which is similar in operation to an automotive gas-charged shock absorber , and is commonly visible as a cylinder shorter and smaller than the barrel mounted parallel to it. The cylinder contains a charge of compressed air that will act as a spring, as well as hydraulic oil; in operation, the barrel's energy is taken up in compressing the air as

4047-451: The recoil force on the firearm: ∫ 0 t r F r ( t ) d t = m f v f = − m p v p {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{t_{\text{r}}}F_{\text{r}}(t)\,dt=m_{\text{f}}v_{\text{f}}=-m_{\text{p}}v_{\text{p}}} where: Assuming the forces are somewhat evenly spread out over their respective durations,

4118-410: The recoil process generally lasts much longer than the time needed to move the ejecta down the barrel. An example of near zero-recoil would be a gun securely clamped to a massive or well-anchored table, or supported from behind by a massive wall. However, employing zero-recoil systems is often neither practical nor safe for the structure of the gun, as the recoil momentum must be absorbed directly through

4189-408: The recoil: imparting momentum to the projectile requires imparting opposite momentum to the gun. A change in momentum of a mass requires applying a force (this is Newton's laws of motion ). In a firearm forces wildly change, so what matters is impulse : the change of momentum is equal to the impulse. The rapid change of velocity ( acceleration ) of the gun is a shock and will countered as if by

4260-531: The recoiling cannon to a stop. Recoil buffering allows the maximum counter-recoil force to be lowered so that strength limitations of the gun mount are not exceeded. Modern cannons also employ muzzle brakes very effectively to redirect some of the propellant gasses rearward after projectile exit. This provides a counter-recoiling force to the barrel, allowing the buffering system and gun mount to be more efficiently designed at even lower weight. Propellant gases are even more tapped in recoilless guns , where much of

4331-507: The same. Increasing the firearm weight also lowers recoil, again all else being the same. The following are base examples calculated through the Handloads.com free online calculator, and bullet and firearm data from respective reloading manuals (of medium/common loads) and manufacturer specs: In addition to the overall mass of the gun, reciprocating parts of the gun will affect how the shooter perceives recoil. While these parts are not part of

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4402-429: The shooter's body assumes the role of gun mount, and must similarly dissipate the gun's recoiling momentum over a longer period of time than the bullet travel-time in the barrel, in order not to injure the shooter. Hands, arms and shoulders have considerable strength and elasticity for this purpose, up to certain practical limits. Nevertheless, "perceived" recoil limits vary from shooter to shooter, depending on body size,

4473-400: The sides, increasing the lateral blast intensity (hence louder to the sides) but reducing the thrust from the forward-projection (thus less recoil). Similarly, recoil compensators divert the gas ejecta mostly upwards to counteract the muzzle rise . However, suppressors work on a different principle, not by vectoring the gas expansion laterally but instead by modulating the forward speed of

4544-569: The time period during which it acts will yield the momentum supplied by that force. The counter-recoil force must supply enough momentum to the firearm to bring it to a halt. This means that: ∫ 0 t cr F cr ( t ) d t = − m f v f = m p v p {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{t_{\text{cr}}}F_{\text{cr}}(t)\,dt=-m_{\text{f}}v_{\text{f}}=m_{\text{p}}v_{\text{p}}} where: A similar equation can be written for

4615-430: The total momentum of the system (ammunition, gun and shooter/shooting platform)) equals zero just as it did before the trigger was pulled. From a practical engineering perspective, therefore, through the mathematical application of conservation of momentum, it is possible to calculate a first approximation of a gun's recoil momentum and kinetic energy simply based on estimates of the projectile speed (and mass) coming out

4686-454: The use of recoil padding , individual pain tolerance, the weight of the firearm, and whether recoil buffering systems and muzzle devices ( muzzle brake or suppressor ) are employed. For this reason, establishing recoil safety standards for small arms remains challenging, in spite of the straightforward physics involved. There are two conservation laws at work when a gun is fired: conservation of momentum and conservation of energy . Recoil

4757-593: The usual system. However, the need to reliably achieve ignition at a single precise instant is a major practical difficulty with this system; and unlike the usual hydro-pneumatic system, soft-recoil systems do not easily deal with hangfires or misfires . One of the early guns to use this system was the French 65 mm mle.1906 ; it was also used by the World War II British PIAT man-portable anti-tank weapon. Recoilless rifles and rocket launchers exhaust gas to

4828-414: The vector sum, magnitude and direction, of the momentum of all the bodies involved does not change; that is, momentum of the system is conserved. This conservation of momentum is why gun recoil occurs in the opposite direction of bullet projection—the mass times velocity of the projectile (gas included) in the positive direction equals the mass times velocity of the gun in the negative direction. In summation,

4899-421: The very small distance of elastic deformation of the materials the gun and mount are made from, perhaps exceeding their strength limits. For example, placing the butt of a large caliber gun directly against a wall and pulling the trigger risks cracking both the gun stock and the surface of the wall. The recoil of a firearm, whether large or small, is a result of the law of conservation of momentum. Assuming that

4970-414: The way in which the shooter perceives the recoil, or kick , can have a significant impact on the shooter's experience and performance. For example, a gun that is said to "kick like a mule " is going to be approached with trepidation, and the shooter may anticipate the recoil and flinch in anticipation as the shot is released. This leads to the shooter jerking the trigger, rather than pulling it smoothly, and

5041-508: Was an early launcher mostly mounted on missile trucks used by the Soviet Union during World War II . In turn, the United States produced the T34 Calliope missile-launching vehicle in limited quantities by attaching a multiple-missile battery atop an M4 Sherman . Among the largest missile vehicles are the multi-wheeled (tires) 8-axle MZKT-79221 carrying vehicles for Topol-M ICBMs as

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