205-511: Yoshi is a fictional dinosaur who appears in video games published by Nintendo . Yoshi debuted in Super Mario World (1990) on the SNES as Mario and Luigi 's sidekick. Throughout the mainline Super Mario series, Yoshi typically serves as Mario's trusted steed. With a gluttonous appetite, Yoshi can gobble enemies with his long tongue, and lay eggs that doubly function as projectiles. Yoshi
410-506: A Catholic orphanage in Brooklyn , New York City , and the egg hatches into a baby girl. Twenty years later, Italian-American brothers Mario and Luigi Mario working as plumbers in Brooklyn are close to being driven out of business by mafioso Anthony Scapelli's construction company. Luigi meets Daisy , an NYU archaeology student who shows him she has been excavating for dinosaur bones under
615-607: A gazetteer compiled by Chang Qu ( 常璩 ) during the Western Jin Dynasty (265–316), reported the discovery of dragon bones at Wucheng in Sichuan Province. Villagers in central China have long unearthed fossilized "dragon bones" for use in traditional medicines . In Europe , dinosaur fossils were generally believed to be the remains of giants and other biblical creatures. Scholarly descriptions of what would now be recognized as dinosaur bones first appeared in
820-510: A sacrum composed of three or more fused vertebrae (three are found in some other archosaurs, but only two are found in Herrerasaurus ); and a perforate acetabulum , or hip socket, with a hole at the center of its inside surface (closed in Saturnalia tupiniquim , for example). Another difficulty of determining distinctly dinosaurian features is that early dinosaurs and other archosaurs from
1025-421: A "pillar-erect" configuration of the hip joint, where instead of having a projection from the femur insert on a socket on the hip, the upper pelvic bone was rotated to form an overhanging shelf. Dinosaur fossils have been known for millennia, although their true nature was not recognized. The Chinese considered them to be dragon bones and documented them as such. For example, Huayang Guo Zhi ( 華陽國志 ),
1230-463: A 2023 interview with Aaron Horvath , co-director of The Super Mario Bros. Movie , he praised the 1993 film in retrospect. Ryan Hoss, a longtime fan of the film, launched the fansite Super Mario Bros.: The Movie Archive , explaining to Playboy for the film's 25th anniversary, "I had this collection, and the Internet was growing in terms of fansites during that era, the late '90s, and I always knew
1435-562: A Yoshi egg that hatches into a baby Yoshi, who then joins his team during the third chapter of the game and can be named upon doing so. He also appears in Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time . Yoshi is a playable character in Mario + Rabbids Kingdom Battle , and he arrives late in the story. After fighting Mecha Jr. in the Lava Pit, he is unlocked. Outside of Super Mario and Yoshi series. Yoshi makes
1640-584: A cameo appearance in Metal Gear ( The Twin Snakes and Metal Gear Solid: Snake Eater 3D ). In Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes , Yoshi and Mario appears as a dolls that stand on a desk. Additional video game series in which Yoshi has made a cameo appearance includes The Legend of Zelda series ( Link's Awakening and Ocarina of Time ) as a collectible doll and as a framed photo in Hyrule Castle. Yoshi
1845-512: A character into the game due to the limitations of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The inspiration for Yoshi can be traced back further, to the green dragon Tamagon in the 1984 video game Devil World : also designed by Miyamoto, both are green lizards that hatch from eggs and can eat enemies with their large mouth, and also emit the same noise when they hatch. During the development of Super Mario Bros. 3 , Miyamoto had
2050-488: A controversial taxon that was recently confirmed to exist after archived photos were uncovered. Bruhathkayosaurus was a titanosaur and would have most likely weighed more than even Marrapunisaurus . Recent size estimates in 2023 have placed this sauropod reaching lengths of up to 44 m (144 ft) long and a colossal weight range of around 110 000 – 170 000 kg ( 240 000 – 370 000 lb), if these upper estimates up true, Bruhathkayosaurus would have rivaled
2255-448: A corresponding inwardly facing distinct head on the femur. Their erect posture enabled early dinosaurs to breathe easily while moving, which likely permitted stamina and activity levels that surpassed those of "sprawling" reptiles . Erect limbs probably also helped support the evolution of large size by reducing bending stresses on limbs. Some non-dinosaurian archosaurs, including rauisuchians , also had erect limbs but achieved this by
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#17328511899372460-475: A darker tone: Bennett said, " Ghostbusters was the model [...] We were aiming towards funny, but kind of weird and dark." Though working well with the directors, Bennett and Runté were dismissed by the producers for being too comedic and the British writing team of Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais were brought on to deliver a more adult and feminist tone. Princess Daisy and Lena's roles were expanded and Bertha
2665-632: A dinosaur. In it he described and named a sauropod tooth , " Rutellum impicatum ", that had been found in Caswell, near Witney , Oxfordshire. Between 1815 and 1824, the Rev William Buckland , the first Reader of Geology at the University of Oxford, collected more fossilized bones of Megalosaurus and became the first person to describe a non-avian dinosaur in a scientific journal . The second non-avian dinosaur genus to be identified, Iguanodon ,
2870-633: A fan favorite since he first appeared alongside Mario on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. That's why he's the most famous dinosaur in the world." Yoshi was also praised for being the best video game sidekick. GameSpy ranked Yoshi as the seventh-best video game sidekick, above Luigi by reasoning that only Yoshi can pull off being green and still be cool. Complex ranked Yoshi at fourth place among "The 25 Most Kickass Dragons in Video Games", adding "Yoshi would have to be one of
3075-537: A femur of Tyrannosaurus preserved soft, flexible tissue within, including blood vessels , bone matrix , and connective tissue (bone fibers) that had retained their microscopic structure. This discovery suggested that original soft tissues could be preserved over geological time, with multiple mechanisms having been proposed. Later, in 2009, Schweitzer and colleagues reported that a Brachylophosaurus femur preserved similar microstructures, and immunohistochemical techniques (based on antibody binding) demonstrated
3280-413: A film that would open it up and get parents interested in video games." Co-director Jankel said, "I do feel in my heart, it was a hell of an achievement to have made it, under those circumstances, and it has in time, happily, achieved cult status [...] I am often hearing how many people loved it growing up, watch it repeatedly, and are genuine fans." Producer Joffé remains proud: "It's not that I defend
3485-422: A group known as archosaurs, which also includes modern crocodilians. Within the archosaur group, dinosaurs are differentiated most noticeably by their gait. Dinosaur legs extend directly beneath the body, whereas the legs of lizards and crocodilians sprawl out to either side. Collectively, dinosaurs as a clade are divided into two primary branches, Saurischia and Ornithischia. Saurischia includes those taxa sharing
3690-402: A huge Baby Bowser. The version of Yoshi seen in the live-action Super Mario Bros. film was realized using a 0.91-metre-tall (3.0 ft) animatronic dinosaur. Yoshi was designed in the film by Dave Nelson. The animatronic had nearly 60 meters (200 ft) of cable and hundreds of moving parts inside of it and was controlled by nine puppeteers. The body was cable-controlled, while the head
3895-476: A husband-and-wife team directing, whose arrogance had been mistaken for talent. After so many weeks their own agent told them to get off the set! Fuckin' nightmare. Fuckin' idiots." He and Leguizamo got drunk before each day of filming and continued to drink between takes. In a 2011 interview, he was asked, "What is the worst job you've done?", "What has been your biggest disappointment?", and "If you could edit your past, what would you change?" His answer to all three
4100-502: A map to Bowser's Castle, where Kamek has stolen Baby Luigi. Baby Mario was entirely absent in the next Yoshi game, Yoshi's Story , in which Baby Bowser steals a tree that is the source of the Yoshis' happiness, and turns their world into a picture book. Six eggs survive, and hatch into baby Yoshis, the protagonists. Kamek and Bowser travel back in time in Yoshi's Island DS to try to capture
4305-566: A meteorite fragment Koopa needs to merge the worlds. They believe only Daisy can do so because of her royal heritage. Mario and Luigi escape prison and go to rescue Daisy, aided by the fungus as well as Toad , a good-natured guitarist who was devolved into a Goomba , a semi-humanoid dinosaur, as punishment for a protest against Koopa. Daisy's own escape attempt is aided by Yoshi , a pet of the royal family, and Iggy and Spike, who were mentally evolved to become intelligent and decided to turn on Koopa. While Luigi rescues Daisy, Mario saves Daniella and
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#17328511899374510-482: A more recent common ancestor with birds than with Ornithischia, while Ornithischia includes all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with Triceratops than with Saurischia. Anatomically, these two groups can be distinguished most noticeably by their pelvic structure. Early saurischians—"lizard-hipped", from the Greek sauros ( σαῦρος ) meaning "lizard" and ischion ( ἰσχίον ) meaning "hip joint"—retained
4715-405: A more traditional adaptation. Jennewein said, "So right away we knew that the best way to do this is to essentially have a journey into this world, not unlike The Wizard of Oz ." His and Parker's take on the story was to subvert and satirize fairy tale clichés, and to focus on the relationship between Mario and Luigi. Jennewein said, "Essentially what we did was what Shrek did [...] And we knew
4920-583: A now lost partial vertebral neural arch described in 1878. Extrapolating from the illustration of this bone, the animal may have been 58 meters (190 ft) long and weighed 122 400 kg ( 269 800 lb). However, recent research have placed Amphicoelias from the long, gracile diplodocid to the shorter but much stockier rebbachisaurid. Now renamed as Maraapunisaurus , this sauropod now stands as much as 40 meters (130 ft) long and weigh as much as 120 000 kg ( 260 000 lb). Another contender of this title includes Bruhathkayosaurus ,
5125-459: A number of sketches around his desk, including an image of Mario riding a horse. Takashi Tezuka , a Mario series developer, speculated that Miyamoto's love of horse riding as well as country and western themes influenced Yoshi's creation. The concept of Mario riding a dinosaur also came from the NES video game Excitebike , which featured people riding motorcycles . Once the more powerful Super NES
5330-433: A period of time, with estimates ranging from 5–10 million years to 21 million years. When dinosaurs appeared, they were not the dominant terrestrial animals. The terrestrial habitats were occupied by various types of archosauromorphs and therapsids , like cynodonts and rhynchosaurs . Their main competitors were the pseudosuchians , such as aetosaurs , ornithosuchids and rauisuchians, which were more successful than
5535-652: A potential food source, radiated in the Late Triassic. Early sauropodomorphs did not have sophisticated mechanisms for processing food in the mouth, and so must have employed other means of breaking down food farther along the digestive tract. The general homogeneity of dinosaurian faunas continued into the Middle and Late Jurassic, where most localities had predators consisting of ceratosaurians , megalosauroids , and allosauroids , and herbivores consisting of stegosaurian ornithischians and large sauropods. Examples of this include
5740-656: A presentation about fossil reptiles to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1841, but reports of the time show that Owen did not mention the word "dinosaur", nor recognize dinosaurs as a distinct group of reptiles in his address. He introduced the Dinosauria only in the revised text version of his talk published in April 1842. With the backing of Prince Albert , the husband of Queen Victoria , Owen established
5945-463: A reptile point-of-view, dominated by aggressive, primordial behavior and basic instincts", while Morton considered the ecological and technological consequences of a dinosaur society that holds fossil fuels sacred. Joffé noted, "It's a wonderful parody of New York and heavy industry [...] We call it the New Brutalism." Screenwriters Parker Bennett and Terry Runté were tasked with balancing comedy with
6150-599: A review paper by Paul Sereno in 1998, were accompanied by increases in the number of published phylogenetic trees for dinosaurs. Dinosaur fossils are not limited to bones, but also include imprints or mineralized remains of skin coverings, organs, and other tissues. Of these, skin coverings based on keratin proteins are most easily preserved because of their cross-linked , hydrophobic molecular structure. Fossils of keratin-based skin coverings or bony skin coverings are known from most major groups of dinosaurs. Dinosaur fossils with scaly skin impressions have been found since
6355-412: A screenplay all the time. When you bring actors in a screenplay goes through another evolution. So you can say that rather like the fungus in the movie the screenplay constantly evolves." After securing the rights to the film, Lightmotive began the casting for the characters. Hoffman continued to express interest in portraying Mario. However, Arakawa did not believe that he was right for the role. DeVito
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6560-549: A series of studies that likewise argued for active lifestyles in dinosaurs based on anatomical and ecological evidence (see § Physiology ), which were subsequently summarized in his 1986 book The Dinosaur Heresies . New revelations were supported by an increase in dinosaur discoveries. Major new dinosaur discoveries have been made by paleontologists working in previously unexplored regions, including India, South America, Madagascar, Antarctica, and most significantly China. Across theropods, sauropodomorphs, and ornithischians,
6765-603: A sister group to Dinosauria, including a large anterior trochanter, metatarsals II and IV of subequal length, reduced contact between ischium and pubis, the presence of a cnemial crest on the tibia and of an ascending process on the astragalus, and many others. A variety of other skeletal features are shared by dinosaurs. However, because they either are common to other groups of archosaurs or were not present in all early dinosaurs, these features are not considered to be synapomorphies. For example, as diapsids , dinosaurs ancestrally had two pairs of Infratemporal fenestrae (openings in
6970-537: A stabbing for her. However, he does reappear at the end of the film in good health. Yoshi first debuts in the first volume of Super Mario-Kun and has since become a frequent companion to Mario. Yoshi is prone to making surprising behaviors and mistakes, prompting Mario to chastise him. Yoshi abandons Mario, Luigi, and Wario in volume 23 when they take advantage of him. Additionally, Yoshi makes an off-screen vocal cameo in The Super Mario Bros Movie during
7175-490: A universally agreed-upon list of their distinguishing features, nearly all dinosaurs discovered so far share certain modifications to the ancestral archosaurian skeleton, or are clearly descendants of older dinosaurs showing these modifications. Although some later groups of dinosaurs featured further modified versions of these traits, they are considered typical for Dinosauria; the earliest dinosaurs had them and passed them on to their descendants. Such modifications, originating in
7380-463: A variety of waterbirds , diversified rapidly at the beginning of the Paleogene period, entering ecological niches left vacant by the extinction of Mesozoic dinosaur groups such as the arboreal enantiornithines , aquatic hesperornithines , and even the larger terrestrial theropods (in the form of Gastornis , eogruiids , bathornithids , ratites, geranoidids , mihirungs , and " terror birds "). It
7585-417: A video game, it was directed by the husband-and-wife team of Rocky Morton and Annabel Jankel , written by Parker Bennett, Terry Runté, and Ed Solomon , and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures through Hollywood Pictures . It follows brothers Mario ( Bob Hoskins ) and Luigi Mario ( John Leguizamo ) in their quest to rescue Princess Daisy ( Samantha Mathis ) from a dystopic parallel universe ruled by
7790-430: Is 39.7 meters (130 ft) long. There were larger dinosaurs, but knowledge of them is based entirely on a small number of fragmentary fossils. Most of the largest herbivorous specimens on record were discovered in the 1970s or later, and include the massive Argentinosaurus , which may have weighed 80 000 to 100 000 kilograms (88 to 110 short tons) and reached lengths of 30 to 40 meters (98 to 131 ft); some of
7995-699: Is a synapsid ). None of them had the erect hind limb posture characteristic of true dinosaurs. Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates of the Mesozoic Era , especially the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Other groups of animals were restricted in size and niches; mammals , for example, rarely exceeded the size of a domestic cat and were generally rodent-sized carnivores of small prey. Dinosaurs have always been recognized as an extremely varied group: over 900 non-avian dinosaur genera have been confidently identified (2018) with 1124 species (2016). Estimates put
8200-791: Is a prominent selling point for Super Mario Galaxy 2 , as his gained abilities while eating various fruits aid Mario and Luigi in gathering power stars to foil Bowser's plan to take over the universe. These fruits give him the ability to float, to run on water and against gravity, and to illuminate intangible walkways. Yoshi appears in Super Mario Odyssey as a capturable character. In the Mushroom Kingdom , he may be found on top of Peach's Castle, just like in Super Mario 64 . He can also be discovered in Yoshi Eggs in secret locations accessed via
8405-465: Is an inexact art, and reconstructing the muscles and other organs of the living animal is, at best, a process of educated guesswork. The tallest and heaviest dinosaur known from good skeletons is Giraffatitan brancai (previously classified as a species of Brachiosaurus ). Its remains were discovered in Tanzania between 1907 and 1912. Bones from several similar-sized individuals were incorporated into
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8610-536: Is another companion that has achieved a level of fame virtually unrivaled by video game sidekicks." "Yoshi Committed Tax Fraud ", an internet meme that began in May 2018, is a reference to jokes about Yoshi dodging taxes . Dinosaur Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria . They first appeared during the Triassic period , between 243 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although
8815-755: Is based in part on preservation bias , as large, sturdy bones are more likely to last until they are fossilized. Many dinosaurs were quite small, some measuring about 50 centimeters (20 inches) in length. The first dinosaur fossils were recognized in the early 19th century, with the name "dinosaur" (meaning "terrible lizard") being coined by Sir Richard Owen in 1842 to refer to these "great fossil lizards". Since then, mounted fossil dinosaur skeletons have been major attractions at museums worldwide, and dinosaurs have become an enduring part of popular culture . The large sizes of some dinosaurs, as well as their seemingly monstrous and fantastic nature, have ensured their regular appearance in best-selling books and films, such as
9020-447: Is based on the game of the same name, and similar in plotline to the previous series The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 , and The Super Mario Bros. Super Show , except with a different setting. The show features Yoshi as a regular character, voiced by Andrew Sabiston . In the cartoon, Yoshi is a young, friendly, and fleet-of-foot dinosaur who occasionally talks in 3rd person until speaking coherent English from slightly later in
9225-459: Is between 1 and 10 metric tons (1.1 and 11.0 short tons). This contrasts sharply with the average size of Cenozoic mammals, estimated by the National Museum of Natural History as about 2 to 5 kg (4.4 to 11.0 lb). The sauropods were the largest and heaviest dinosaurs. For much of the dinosaur era, the smallest sauropods were larger than anything else in their habitat, and the largest
9430-617: Is derived from a variety of fossil and non-fossil records, including fossilized bones, feces , trackways , gastroliths , feathers , impressions of skin, internal organs and other soft tissues . Many fields of study contribute to our understanding of dinosaurs, including physics (especially biomechanics ), chemistry , biology , and the Earth sciences (of which paleontology is a sub-discipline). Two topics of particular interest and study have been dinosaur size and behavior. Current evidence suggests that dinosaur average size varied through
9635-570: Is now at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, while Marsh's is at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University . World War II caused a pause in palaeontological research; after the war, research attention was also diverted increasingly to fossil mammals rather than dinosaurs, which were seen as sluggish and cold-blooded. At the end of the 1960s, however,
9840-644: Is often stated that mammals out-competed the neornithines for dominance of most terrestrial niches but many of these groups co-existed with rich mammalian faunas for most of the Cenozoic Era. Terror birds and bathornithids occupied carnivorous guilds alongside predatory mammals, and ratites are still fairly successful as midsized herbivores; eogruiids similarly lasted from the Eocene to Pliocene , becoming extinct only very recently after over 20 million years of co-existence with many mammal groups. Dinosaurs belong to
10045-481: Is one of the most recognizable characters and one of the best sidekicks in video games. Yoshi's image has also appeared on a range of products, including clothes and collectibles. Shigeru Miyamoto , the video game designer at Nintendo credited with inventing the Mario series, had wanted Mario to have a dinosaur companion ever since the first release of Super Mario Bros. ; however, Nintendo engineers could not add such
10250-440: Is one of the most recognizable characters in the Mario series and is featured in a myriad of Mario merchandise, such as toys, shirts, and figures. Yoshi also appeared in two of Happy Meal promotions of Mario toys, which only featured Mario , Donkey Kong , and Yoshi. Yoshi was also one of the 12 initial amiibo figurines. As part of the release of Yoshi's Woolly World , Yoshi Amiibo made out of yarn are either bundled with
10455-517: Is the title character of the Yoshi series and a supporting character in the Mario franchise. He has appeared in Mario Party and Mario Kart , as well as many Mario sports games . He also appears as a playable character in the crossover fighting game series Super Smash Bros. Yoshi is a member of the same-named species, which is distinguished for its wide range of colors. Yoshi has been well-received, with some critics noting that he
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#173285118993710660-681: Is the main character in the English localization of Tetris Attack . Yoshi also appears as a playable character in every installment of the Super Smash Bros. series. He is one of the more unique characters in the series' early history, most notably in how his recovery is a single interruption-resistant Flutter Jump, as opposed to most characters having multiple jumps and special moves to use in sequence. Yoshi's moveset mostly consists of kicks, headbutts, tail attacks, and tongue grabs. The animated series Super Mario World produced by DIC Entertainment
10865-519: Is too light on story and substance to be anything more than a novelty." Metacritic , which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 35 out of 100 based on 23 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B+" on scale of A+ to F. Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times said "It's a movie split in two: wildly accomplished on one level, wildly deficient on another." He gave
11070-589: The Chicago Tribune said "The movie's no stinker", lauded Hoskins and Leguizamo for their brotherly dynamic, and called the Goombas "wonderfully daffy supporting characters". Hal Hinson of The Washington Post likewise praised the film for its performances and creature effects, and proclaimed "In short, it's a blast." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave
11275-528: The Jurassic Park franchise. Persistent public enthusiasm for the animals has resulted in significant funding for dinosaur science, and new discoveries are regularly covered by the media. Under phylogenetic nomenclature , dinosaurs are usually defined as the group consisting of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Triceratops and modern birds (Neornithes), and all its descendants. It has also been suggested that Dinosauria be defined with respect to
11480-437: The blue whale and Perucetus colossus as one of the largest animals to have ever existed. The largest carnivorous dinosaur was Spinosaurus , reaching a length of 12.6 to 18 meters (41 to 59 ft) and weighing 7 to 20.9 metric tons (7.7 to 23.0 short tons). Other large carnivorous theropods included Giganotosaurus , Carcharodontosaurus , and Tyrannosaurus . Therizinosaurus and Deinocheirus were among
11685-666: The Anisian epoch of the Triassic, approximately 243 million years ago, which is the age of Nyasasaurus from the Manda Formation of Tanzania. However, its known fossils are too fragmentary to identify it as a dinosaur or only a close relative. The referral of the Manda Formation to the Anisian is also uncertain. Regardless, dinosaurs existed alongside non-dinosaurian ornithodirans for
11890-497: The Brooklyn Bridge . There, they witness Scapelli's men sabotaging it by leaving the water pipes open. Mario and Luigi fix it, but Iggy and Spike —henchmen and cousins of President "King" Koopa , the leader of the other dimension—kidnap Daisy after mistakenly kidnapping other girls, including Mario's girlfriend Daniella . The brothers pursue them through an interdimensional portal to Dinohattan, where they lose track of Daisy and
12095-457: The Carnian pluvial event . Dinosaur evolution after the Triassic followed changes in vegetation and the location of continents. In the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, the continents were connected as the single landmass Pangaea , and there was a worldwide dinosaur fauna mostly composed of coelophysoid carnivores and early sauropodomorph herbivores. Gymnosperm plants (particularly conifers ),
12300-613: The Ischigualasto and Santa Maria Formations of Argentina and Brazil, and the Pebbly Arkose Formation of Zimbabwe. The Ischigualasto Formation ( radiometrically dated at 231–230 million years old ) has produced the early saurischian Eoraptor , originally considered a member of the Herrerasauridae but now considered to be an early sauropodomorph, along with the herrerasaurids Herrerasaurus and Sanjuansaurus , and
12505-555: The Late Jurassic epoch , and are the only dinosaur lineage known to have survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 mya. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs —birds—and the extinct non-avian dinosaurs , which are all dinosaurs other than birds. Dinosaurs are varied from taxonomic , morphological and ecological standpoints. Birds, at over 11,000 living species , are among
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#173285118993712710-484: The Late Triassic epoch are often poorly known and were similar in many ways; these animals have sometimes been misidentified in the literature. Dinosaurs stand with their hind limbs erect in a manner similar to most modern mammals , but distinct from most other reptiles, whose limbs sprawl out to either side. This posture is due to the development of a laterally facing recess in the pelvis (usually an open socket) and
12915-526: The Mario Bros. movie was misunderstood and a sore spot in people's minds—at least, the way it was being portrayed on the Internet, the 'worst movie ever' kind of deal." He characterized the site: "It's a way to celebrate the film itself and showcase the work of all the people who had a part in it—warts and all, good and bad." In 2010 Steven Applebaum joined the site as editor-in-chief to help collect production materials and organize interviews. He said, "Most of
13120-645: The Morrison Formation of North America and Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania. Dinosaurs in China show some differences, with specialized metriacanthosaurid theropods and unusual, long-necked sauropods like Mamenchisaurus . Ankylosaurians and ornithopods were also becoming more common, but primitive sauropodomorphs had become extinct. Conifers and pteridophytes were the most common plants. Sauropods, like earlier sauropodomorphs, were not oral processors, but ornithischians were evolving various means of dealing with food in
13325-487: The Natural History Museum, London , to display the national collection of dinosaur fossils and other biological and geological exhibits. In 1858, William Parker Foulke discovered the first known American dinosaur, in marl pits in the small town of Haddonfield, New Jersey . (Although fossils had been found before, their nature had not been correctly discerned.) The creature was named Hadrosaurus foulkii . It
13530-611: The Pietraroja Plattenkalk of Italy. It preserves portions of the intestines, colon, liver, muscles, and windpipe. Concurrently, a line of work led by Mary Higby Schweitzer , Jack Horner , and colleagues reported various occurrences of preserved soft tissues and proteins within dinosaur bone fossils. Various mineralized structures that likely represented red blood cells and collagen fibres had been found by Schweitzer and others in tyrannosaurid bones as early as 1991. However, in 2005, Schweitzer and colleagues reported that
13735-456: The Super Mario game series until the 2023 animated film titled The Super Mario Bros. Movie . Following the impact of a meteorite into the Earth 65 million years ago, the universe is split into two parallel dimensions. Surviving dinosaurs escape into the new dimension, evolving into a humanoid race and founding the city of Dinohattan. In 1973, a mysterious woman leaves a large egg and a rock at
13940-491: The Tim Burton school of filmmaking, because our background is in animation and comic books [...] So we started off basing everything in reality, and then tried to have fun and exaggerate it as much as possible." Joffé, Morton, and Jankel agreed their approach to adapting the video games should follow the darker tone popularized by the 1989 Batman and 1990 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . Joffé said, "This wasn't Snow White and
14145-676: The United States and displayed in Pittsburgh 's Carnegie Museum of Natural History in 1907. The longest dinosaur known from good fossil material is Patagotitan : the skeleton mount in the American Museum of Natural History in New York is 37 meters (121 ft) long. The Museo Municipal Carmen Funes in Plaza Huincul , Argentina, has an Argentinosaurus reconstructed skeleton mount that
14350-427: The largest and smallest dinosaurs to have ever existed. This is because only a tiny percentage of animals were ever fossilized and most of these remain buried in the earth. Few non-avian dinosaur specimens that are recovered are complete skeletons, and impressions of skin and other soft tissues are rare. Rebuilding a complete skeleton by comparing the size and morphology of bones to those of similar, better-known species
14555-667: The post-credits scene , with archival audio of Kazumi Totaka being utilized. Yoshi is also prominently featured within Universal Destinations & Experiences ' immersive Super Nintendo World areas. Yoshi appears within the Mario Kart: Bowser's Challenge attraction, and the Universal Studios Japan iteration of the land features a Yoshi's Adventure attraction that is themed to the Yoshi's Island series. Yoshi
14760-530: The "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs—birds evolved from earlier dinosaurs with "lizard hips". The following is a simplified classification of dinosaur groups based on their evolutionary relationships, and those of the main dinosaur groups Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha and Ornithischia, compiled by Justin Tweet. Further details and other hypotheses of classification may be found on individual articles. Timeline of major dinosaur groups per Holtz (2007) . Knowledge about dinosaurs
14965-677: The 1970s , however, has indicated that dinosaurs were active animals with elevated metabolisms and numerous adaptations for social interaction. Some were herbivorous , others carnivorous . Evidence suggests that all dinosaurs were egg-laying , and that nest -building was a trait shared by many dinosaurs, both avian and non-avian. While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal , many extinct groups included quadrupedal species, and some were able to shift between these stances. Elaborate display structures such as horns or crests are common to all dinosaur groups, and some extinct groups developed skeletal modifications such as bony armor and spines . While
15170-409: The 19th century. Samuel Beckles discovered a sauropod forelimb with preserved skin in 1852 that was incorrectly attributed to a crocodile; it was correctly attributed by Marsh in 1888 and subject to further study by Reginald Hooley in 1917. Among ornithischians, in 1884 Jacob Wortman found skin impressions on the first known specimen of Edmontosaurus annectens , which were largely destroyed during
15375-685: The Dark Side, where he must eat Berries in order for a Power Moon to form. He can also be found in one of the Darker Side's sections. Yoshi may employ his characteristic Flutter Jump and eating powers if captured, similar to his appearance in Super Mario Galaxy 2 . Yoshi appears in Super Mario Bros. Wonder as a playable character for the first time since Super Mario 64 DS , with red, yellow, and blue variants. He brings his signature Flutter Jump to
15580-451: The English paleontologist Sir Richard Owen coined the term "dinosaur", using it to refer to the "distinct tribe or sub-order of Saurian Reptiles" that were then being recognized in England and around the world. The term is derived from Ancient Greek δεινός (deinos) 'terrible, potent or fearfully great' and σαῦρος (sauros) 'lizard or reptile'. Though
15785-502: The Goombas to the winged monkeys of The Wizard of Oz , suggesting they similarly evoke a "mix of pity and terror". The phrase "Trust the Fungus" has been compared to " May the Force be with you " from Star Wars . In 2013, fansite editors Steven Applebaum and Ryan Hoss teamed with one of the film's original screenwriters, Parker Bennett, on a fanfiction webcomic sequel. Development on
15990-577: The Greek ornitheios (ὀρνίθειος) meaning "of a bird" and ischion (ἰσχίον) meaning "hip joint"—had a pelvis that superficially resembled a bird's pelvis: the pubic bone was oriented caudally (rear-pointing). Unlike birds, the ornithischian pubis also usually had an additional forward-pointing process. Ornithischia includes a variety of species that were primarily herbivores. Despite the terms "bird hip" (Ornithischia) and "lizard hip" (Saurischia), birds are not part of Ornithischia. Birds instead belong to Saurischia,
16195-514: The Hedgehog , was considered a "cooler" alternative to Mario, for which Miyamoto apologized. In Super Mario 64 , Yoshi makes a minor cameo. A cannon outside the castle becomes available if Mario collects all 120 Power Stars, which can be used to access the Mushroom Castle's roof. There, the player can chat with Yoshi, who congratulates the player on finishing the game by delivering a message from
16400-553: The Koopas and attempts to capture them as the stork carries them to their mother and father in the Mushroom Kingdom one morning years before the events of most Mario games, during the events of Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island . While Kamek captures Baby Luigi, his twin brother, Baby Mario, escapes to Yoshi's Island unseen. Fortunately, Yoshi is out walking in the woods that day, and Baby Mario lands unharmed on his saddle, along with
16605-501: The Late Cretaceous, was the evolution of flowering plants . At the same time, several groups of dinosaurian herbivores evolved more sophisticated ways to orally process food. Ceratopsians developed a method of slicing with teeth stacked on each other in batteries, and iguanodontians refined a method of grinding with dental batteries , taken to its extreme in hadrosaurids. Some sauropods also evolved tooth batteries, best exemplified by
16810-781: The MRCA of Megalosaurus and Iguanodon , because these were two of the three genera cited by Richard Owen when he recognized the Dinosauria. Both definitions cover the same known genera: Dinosauria = Ornithischia + Saurischia . This includes major groups such as ankylosaurians (armored herbivorous quadrupeds), stegosaurians (plated herbivorous quadrupeds), ceratopsians (bipedal or quadrupedal herbivores with neck frills ), pachycephalosaurians (bipedal herbivores with thick skulls), ornithopods (bipedal or quadrupedal herbivores including " duck-bills "), theropods (mostly bipedal carnivores and birds), and sauropodomorphs (mostly large herbivorous quadrupeds with long necks and tails). Birds are
17015-461: The Mario world", so he encouraged the designer to create a "cuter" character. According to Hino, Yoshi's tongue attack was originally conceived as Yoshi sticking out his tongue in surprise when Mario hit the back of his head. This was later "passed off" as Mario merely pointing forward to signal Yoshi to stick out his tongue. Alongside the individual Yoshi, Super Mario World also introduced other members of
17220-401: The Middle to Late Triassic epochs, roughly 20 million years after the devastating Permian–Triassic extinction event wiped out an estimated 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species approximately 252 million years ago. The oldest dinosaur fossils known from substantial remains date to the Carnian epoch of the Triassic period and have been found primarily in
17425-498: The Olympic Games . Yoshi appeared as a supporting cast member in Mario is Missing for NES, SNES, and MS-DOS in 1993. The Yoshi species makes its Paper Mario series debut in the fifth chapter of Paper Mario when Mario comes across a village of Yoshis and rescues a group of Yoshi kids after they become lost in the surrounding jungle outside of the village. In the sequel Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door Mario rescues
17630-469: The Seven Dinosaurs [...] The dino world was dark. We didn't want to hold back." Morton described the film as a prequel to the video games that tells the "true story" behind Nintendo 's inspiration. Joffé viewed the games as a "mixture of Japanese fairy tales and bits of modern America", and wanted to create a "slightly mythic vision of New York". Screenwriter Parker Bennett elaborated: "Our take on it
17835-519: The Triassic, Early Jurassic, Late Jurassic and Cretaceous. Predatory theropod dinosaurs, which occupied most terrestrial carnivore niches during the Mesozoic, most often fall into the 100-to-1,000 kg (220-to-2,200 lb) category when sorted by estimated weight into categories based on order of magnitude , whereas recent predatory carnivoran mammals peak in the 10-to-100 kg (22-to-220 lb) category. The mode of Mesozoic dinosaur body masses
18040-764: The UK in February 2017. It was released on Blu-ray in Japan on December 22, 2017, which has the same features and extras as the Second Sight Films release. An Australian Blu-ray release by Umbrella Entertainment was released in October 2021, with the same bonus features as Second Sight's release, plus the original workprint including deleted scenes. This release of the film is region-free, and can be played on systems from any region. As of 2018 , fan website Super Mario Bros.: The Movie Archive
18245-583: The United States, known as dinosaur mania. Dinosaur mania was exemplified by the fierce rivalry between Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh , both of whom raced to be the first to find new dinosaurs in what came to be known as the Bone Wars . This fight between the two scientists lasted for over 30 years, ending in 1897 when Cope died after spending his entire fortune on the dinosaur hunt. Many valuable dinosaur specimens were damaged or destroyed due to
18450-465: The Yoshi species, characterized by their variety of colors. Yoshi proved to be popular in this debut, which caused the next game in the series, Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island , to focus on the Yoshi species. At Miyamoto's prompting, Hino landed on the idea of using Yoshi as the main character of a platforming game, with the goal of being more accessible than previous games in the Mario series. To give
18655-482: The Yoshis on Craft Island into Wonder Wools in order to assist Baby Bowser in building a new castle, but he misses Yoshi and Red Yoshi. After that, the two embarked on a quest to restore Craft Island to its former splendor. Yoshi and the rest of his kind are gathered around the Sundream Stone in Yoshi's Crafted World , which is claimed to make anyone's dream come true. Kamek and Baby Bowser try to get their hands on
18860-415: The [cast and crew] were very happy about it because, at the time, it was a very revolutionary movie [...] They were introducing a lot of great special effects that hadn't been done before, and they had these really talented actors, and it was a project they were proud to work on. [...] Giving them a chance to talk about everything they did, it really helped them to share what they contributed and what they felt
19065-552: The ability to spit a finite stream of juice, though with the tradeoff that he dies as soon as he touches water. Yoshi makes another cameo in New Super Mario Bros. Wii and New Super Mario Bros. U , this time as a rideable character, as he did in his initial appearance. Yoshi sounds just like he does in Super Mario World . Yoshis in the colors yellow, light blue, and pink also appear in multiplayer. Yoshi's appearance
19270-559: The actor agreed. Co-director Jankel said, "Bob was a no brainer [...] Unabashed shameless physical type casting. Bob was brilliant at assuming the character, in a slightly amplified way that would be in keeping with his supposed subsequent game iteration." Leguizamo said, "What I liked about the script was the adventure and the action that was involved". He joked that "You always see a lot of Italians playing Latin people, like Al Pacino did in Scarface . Now it's our turn!" Jankel said, "John
19475-486: The baby dinosaur with large eyes to evoke a softer and less menacing quality. Lead SFX sculptor Mark Maitre compared Yoshi to a cross between "a Tyrannosaurus rex and an iguana". Four versions of the Yoshi puppet were built: a stand-in, a wireless model, a half-puppet for the tongue, and a fully functional model. The fully functional puppet utilized 70 cables and nine operators, costing $ 500,000 (equivalent to $ 1,086,000 in 2023). Producers from Jurassic Park visited
19680-438: The best sidekicks of all time". Australia's Official Nintendo Magazine called Yoshi a "cute, trustworthy, a plumber's best friend" and compared Yoshi's loyalty to that of a dog. Yoshi is ranked at 52nd place on GamesRadar ' s Top 100 video game heroes. 4,228 gamers from all over the world were asked to choose their favorite "most loved sidekick characters in video games." Yoshi from Super Mario World came in top place and
19885-666: The best-known genera are remarkable for their large size, many Mesozoic dinosaurs were human-sized or smaller, and modern birds are generally small in size. Dinosaurs today inhabit every continent, and fossils show that they had achieved global distribution by the Early Jurassic epoch at latest. Modern birds inhabit most available habitats, from terrestrial to marine, and there is evidence that some non-avian dinosaurs (such as Microraptor ) could fly or at least glide, and others, such as spinosaurids , had semiaquatic habits. While recent discoveries have made it more difficult to present
20090-595: The best-supporting characters in video games by Kevin Wong of Complex , stating that "Yoshi has everything Mario and Luigi need in a sidekick – a monstrous appetite, boots that can walk on Munchers, and the ability to breathe fire, fly, and cause earthquakes, depending on the Koopa shell's color. You have to love a sidekick that hatches with a built-in saddle." Alyssa Mercante of GamesRadar also included Yoshi in their list of "The ten best video game animal companions," statintg that "Yoshi
20295-455: The body . Other prehistoric animals, including pterosaurs , mosasaurs , ichthyosaurs , plesiosaurs , and Dimetrodon , while often popularly conceived of as dinosaurs, are not taxonomically classified as dinosaurs. Pterosaurs are distantly related to dinosaurs, being members of the clade Ornithodira . The other groups mentioned are, like dinosaurs and pterosaurs, members of Sauropsida (the reptile and bird clade), except Dimetrodon (which
20500-429: The bone as the lower extremity of the femur of a large animal, and recognized that it was too large to belong to any known species. He therefore concluded it to be the femur of a huge human, perhaps a Titan or another type of giant featured in legends. Edward Lhuyd , a friend of Sir Isaac Newton , published Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia (1699), the first scientific treatment of what would now be recognized as
20705-438: The castle's Power Stars, and confines everyone within by placing them in the worlds inside the castle's paintings. The crew reclaims the castle's Power Stars after Yoshi saves Mario, Mario saves Luigi, and Luigi saves Wario, and Mario defeats Bowser and rescues Princess Peach. In Super Mario Sunshine , Yoshi appears as a mount for Mario, and will only come out of his egg if offered a specific tropical fruit. This fruit gives him
20910-467: The common theropods, and ankylosaurids and early ceratopsians like Psittacosaurus became important herbivores. Meanwhile, Australia was home to a fauna of basal ankylosaurians, hypsilophodonts , and iguanodontians. The stegosaurians appear to have gone extinct at some point in the late Early Cretaceous or early Late Cretaceous . A major change in the Early Cretaceous, which would be amplified in
21115-516: The deserted Ideal Cement Co. plant in Wilmington, North Carolina . Snyder found the location a unique opportunity: "In this building, with all the existing concrete structure, we could hang the scenery from the structure, and not have to build scaffolding, and could integrate the concrete structure into the film's design." Snyder said: "In Blade Runner (a film he was the Art Director on), the street
21320-454: The developers before rewarding Mario with 100 extra lives and a better Triple Jump. Yoshi is one of the primary protagonists and the first playable character in Super Mario 64 DS , alongside Mario. Princess Peach initially invites Mario to her palace. Yoshi is sleeping on the roof when Mario, Luigi , and Wario arrive at the castle. During this time, Bowser kidnaps Princess Peach, steals
21525-418: The dialogue for the expository animated dinosaur opening. The intelligent fungus was inspired by both the Mushroom Kingdom from the games and tabloid reports of a discovered gigantic fungus. Production Designer David Snyder recalled: "As each script developed the fungus was sort of a metaphor for the mushroom element in a Nintendo game." Joffé reflected, "For me a screenplay is never finished [...] You work
21730-713: The dinosaur subgroup Maniraptora , which are coelurosaurs , which are theropods, which are saurischians. Research by Matthew G. Baron, David B. Norman , and Paul M. Barrett in 2017 suggested a radical revision of dinosaurian systematics. Phylogenetic analysis by Baron et al. recovered the Ornithischia as being closer to the Theropoda than the Sauropodomorpha, as opposed to the traditional union of theropods with sauropodomorphs. This would cause sauropods and kin to fall outside traditional dinosaurs, so they re-defined Dinosauria as
21935-448: The dinosaur with the lengthy tongue was swiftly spun off into his own video games. There's Yoshi's Island , Yoshi's Cookie , and more. Yoshi is off doing his own thing a lot of the time." Chris Carter of Destructoid described Yoshi, along with Poochy, as "cute as hell" in the "Poochy & Yoshi's Woolly World" promotion. Yoshi was voted one of the finest dinosaurs of pop culture by Jim Vorel of Paste , who stated that "Yoshi has been
22140-427: The dinosaurs' modern-day surviving avian lineage (birds) are generally small due to the constraints of flight, many prehistoric dinosaurs (non-avian and avian) were large-bodied—the largest sauropod dinosaurs are estimated to have reached lengths of 39.7 meters (130 feet) and heights of 18 m (59 ft) and were the largest land animals of all time. The misconception that non-avian dinosaurs were uniformly gigantic
22345-686: The dinosaurs. Most of these other animals became extinct in the Triassic, in one of two events. First, at about 215 million years ago, a variety of basal archosauromorphs, including the protorosaurs , became extinct. This was followed by the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (about 201 million years ago), that saw the end of most of the other groups of early archosaurs, like aetosaurs, ornithosuchids, phytosaurs , and rauisuchians. Rhynchosaurs and dicynodonts survived (at least in some areas) at least as late as early –mid Norian and late Norian or earliest Rhaetian stages , respectively, and
22550-574: The early saurischian Alwalkeria , are known from the Upper Maleri and Lower Maleri Formations of India. The Carnian-aged Chañares Formation of Argentina preserves primitive, dinosaur-like ornithodirans such as Lagosuchus and Lagerpeton in Argentina , making it another important site for understanding dinosaur evolution. These ornithodirans support the model of early dinosaurs as small, bipedal predators. Dinosaurs may have appeared as early as
22755-410: The editor to cut it digitally, but they refused. They wanted to edit on Moviola and Steenbeck machines, so the process was laboriously slow, which didn't help us get the special effect cut in on time." Production Designer David Snyder approached turning the Mushroom Kingdom into the live-action setting of Dinohattan (also known as DinoYawk or Koopaville) by "[taking] all the elements that are in
22960-456: The end of the Cretaceous, caused the extinction of all dinosaur groups except for the neornithine birds. Some other diapsid groups, including crocodilians , dyrosaurs , sebecosuchians , turtles, lizards , snakes , sphenodontians , and choristoderans , also survived the event. The surviving lineages of neornithine birds, including the ancestors of modern ratites , ducks and chickens , and
23165-590: The episode "A Little Learning". Yoshi is featured in the Super Mario Adventures comic serial printed in Nintendo Power , the Nintendo Adventure Books , and the 1993 Super Mario Bros. movie (taking the form of a realistic animatronic dinosaur). Yoshi is King Koopa's pet, and is referred to as a "throwback" by a gang of Koopas. He later joins Princess Daisy 's side and selflessly takes
23370-451: The exact date of their extinction is uncertain. These losses left behind a land fauna of crocodylomorphs , dinosaurs, mammals, pterosaurians, and turtles . The first few lines of early dinosaurs diversified through the Carnian and Norian stages of the Triassic, possibly by occupying the niches of the groups that became extinct. Also notably, there was a heightened rate of extinction during
23575-511: The exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is a subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201.3 mya and their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record shows that birds are feathered dinosaurs , having evolved from earlier theropods during
23780-674: The famous star children (Mario, Luigi, Wario, and Donkey Kong), who had special energy in their bodies that, once in Bowser's hands, would let him to take over the world. Without knowing who the star children were, Kamek and Bowser went out to kidnap all of the Mushroom Kingdom's youngsters, only to have their prey escape their hands and join Yoshi in a journey to save the other kids. In Yoshi's New Island , Yoshi reappears alongside Baby Mario and Baby Luigi. The game takes place between Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island and Yoshi's Island DS . In Yoshi's Woolly World , Kamek tries to transform all of
23985-433: The field of dinosaur research experienced a surge in activity that remains ongoing. Several seminal studies led to this activity. First, John Ostrom discovered the bird-like dromaeosaurid theropod Deinonychus and described it in 1969. Its anatomy indicated that it was an active predator that was likely warm-blooded, in marked contrast to the then-prevailing image of dinosaurs. Concurrently, Robert T. Bakker published
24190-837: The film earned ¥ 300 million ( $ 2.7 million ) from distribution rentals in Japan, and sold 106,083 tickets in the South Korean capital of Seoul . In Europe, the film grossed £ 2,823,116 ( $ 4,232,558 ) in the United Kingdom, sold 391,800 tickets in France, and sold 290,098 tickets in Germany. In total, the film grossed $ 17,997,000 internationally for a worldwide total of $ 38,912,465. On Rotten Tomatoes , Super Mario Bros. has an approval rating of 29% based on 42 reviews, with an average rating of 4.1/10. The site's consensus states: "Despite flashy sets and special effects, Super Mario Bros.
24395-516: The film high marks for its effects and the "sheer density and bravura of the production design", but ultimately provided a low final score for poor writing. Janet Maslin of The New York Times also commended the film's visual effects, and suggested Bob Hoskins could "handle any role with grace and good humor", but concluded "it doesn't have the jaunty hop-and-zap spirit of the Nintendo video game from which it takes – ahem – its inspiration". Mark Caro of
24600-465: The film two thumbs down on the television program Siskel & Ebert at the Movies , citing tonal inconsistency and lack of narrative, and the film was on their list for one of the worst films of 1993. Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun thought Yoshi had "more personality than all the human actors put together". The film was first released on LaserDisc in the United States on December 8, 1993. It
24805-474: The film, though director of photography Dean Semler and several second unit directors provided additional reshoots. Morton and Jankel would even provide such instructions as the camera aperture settings, to which Semler responded by questioning his employment on the production. Morton said, "I was locked out of the editing room [...] I had to get the DGA to come and help me get back into the editing room. I tried to get
25010-420: The film. Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto said: "[In] the end, it was a very fun project that they put a lot of effort into [...] The one thing that I still have some regrets about is that the movie may have tried to get a little too close to what the Mario Bros. video games were. And in that sense, it became a movie that was about a video game, rather than being an entertaining movie in and of itself." In
25215-571: The film. However, Nintendo had no interest in creative control and believed the Mario brand was strong enough to allow an experiment with an outside industry. Joffé said, "I think they looked at the movie as some sort of strange creature that was kind of rather intriguing to see if we could walk or not". The first screenplay was written by Oscar-winning screenwriter Barry Morrow . His story followed brothers Mario and Luigi on an existential road trip so similar to Morrow's prior Rain Man that production titled
25420-474: The fragment from the meteorite, separating the worlds. Mario and Luigi obtain devolution guns from Toad and use them to defeat Koopa by devolving him into a Tyrannosaurus rex , then primeval slime . Daisy's father is evolved back to normal and restored as king, and the citizens celebrate and immediately destroy anything with Koopa's likeness. Daisy decides to stay in Dinohattan and kisses Luigi goodbye as she opens
25625-509: The game or sold separately. In addition to the regular-sized green, pink and light blue yarn Yoshi Amiibo, an 8-inch tall, green "Mega Yarn Yoshi" has been released. Since debuting in Super Mario World , Yoshi has received largely positive reception. An article in Electronic Gaming Monthly commented, "Maybe it was the undeniable dino charm. Maybe it was the insatiable appetite that put fellow foe-eater Kirby to shame. Or maybe it
25830-425: The game, along with other abilities like the ability to be ridden by other players. Yoshi's initial appearance in the Yoshi series was in the puzzle game named after him , where he counted the number of eggs hatched on the side of the screen. In another puzzle game, Yoshi's Cookie , Yoshi appears as a character in V.S. mode. Yoshi has to make horizontal and vertical rows of the same kind of cookie to proceed to
26035-416: The gameplay a more "gentle and relaxed pacing", the levels lack time limits and feature more exploration elements than previous games; Yoshi's flutter jump also makes him easier to control in the air than Mario. In this game, he is responsible for Baby Mario, which leads him to Bowser's Castle, where he is reunited with Baby Luigi. Yoshi successfully pulls the twins together just in time to go home after beating
26240-486: The hip structure of their ancestors, with a pubis bone directed cranially , or forward. This basic form was modified by rotating the pubis backward to varying degrees in several groups ( Herrerasaurus , therizinosauroids, dromaeosaurids, and birds ). Saurischia includes the theropods (exclusively bipedal and with a wide variety of diets) and sauropodomorphs (long-necked herbivores which include advanced, quadrupedal groups). By contrast, ornithischians—"bird-hipped", from
26445-467: The idea of making a live-action adaptation of the video games himself during a script meeting at Eberts' production company Lightmotive. Joffé met Nintendo of America president and Hiroshi Yamauchi 's son-in law, Minoru Arakawa . He presented Arakawa with an initial draft of the script. One month after their meeting, Joffé went to Nintendo's headquarters in Kyoto to meet Hiroshi Yamauchi. He pitched to Yamauchi
26650-432: The last common ancestor of Triceratops horridus , Passer domesticus and Diplodocus carnegii , and all of its descendants, to ensure that sauropods and kin remain included as dinosaurs. They also resurrected the clade Ornithoscelida to refer to the group containing Ornithischia and Theropoda. Using one of the above definitions, dinosaurs can be generally described as archosaurs with hind limbs held erect beneath
26855-558: The late 17th century in England. Part of a bone, now known to have been the femur of a Megalosaurus , was recovered from a limestone quarry at Cornwell near Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire, in 1676. The fragment was sent to Robert Plot , Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford and first curator of the Ashmolean Museum , who published a description in his The Natural History of Oxford-shire (1677). He correctly identified
27060-539: The list, of which Mario himself is ranked first. In a poll conducted in 2008, Yoshi was voted as the third-favorite video game character in Japan , with Cloud Strife and Mario placing second and first, respectively. GameTrailers created a special tribute video for Yoshi for the release of Super Mario Galaxy 2 . Yardbarker included Yoshi in their "The most memorable characters from old school Nintendo games", stating that "Yoshi began life in Super Mario World . However,
27265-428: The live-action plate shots required for effects work. Woods explained that "it was much too expensive in those days to put a whole film through [the scanner]," so only those shots were scanned by Kodak, which animator and compositor Sheena Duggal stated was the first time the company had ever done so. The disintegration effect for the inter-dimensional merge was inspired by the transporter from Star Trek . The film
27470-478: The longest were the 33.5-meter (110 ft) long Diplodocus hallorum (formerly Seismosaurus ), the 33-to-34-meter (108 to 112 ft) long Supersaurus , and 37-meter (121 ft) long Patagotitan ; and the tallest, the 18-meter (59 ft) tall Sauroposeidon , which could have reached a sixth-floor window. There were a few dinosaurs that was considered either the heaviest and longest. The most famous one include Amphicoelias fragillimus , known only from
27675-485: The material enough to properly adapt it. Morton and Jankel also said they owed it to the cast and crew and believed they could reclaim their vision during production. Rowe returned home to work on another project, but Solomon remained for several weeks to provide additional rewrites. Without invitation, Bennett and Runté took a road trip to Wilmington whereupon they were immediately re-hired. They would remain through production to provide final rewrites, dialogue for ADR , and
27880-411: The most about [...] There are a lot of people who are really excited to meet me because I was [Princess] Daisy. That's all you can ask for as an actor — that your work, and something you were part of, left an impression on people and makes them feel good." Co-director Morton reflected on the film in 2014 as a "harrowing" experience. Morton felt "very uneasy" being put in the position of having to defend
28085-479: The most complete theropod specimens, while North American localities have produced the most complete sauropodomorph specimens. Prior to the dinosaur renaissance, dinosaurs were mostly classified using the traditional rank-based system of Linnaean taxonomy . The renaissance was also accompanied by the increasingly widespread application of cladistics , a more objective method of classification based on ancestry and shared traits, which has proved tremendously useful in
28290-495: The most diverse groups of vertebrates. Using fossil evidence, paleontologists have identified over 900 distinct genera and more than 1,000 different species of non-avian dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are represented on every continent by both extant species (birds) and fossil remains. Through the first half of the 20th century, before birds were recognized as dinosaurs, most of the scientific community believed dinosaurs to have been sluggish and cold-blooded . Most research conducted since
28495-509: The most important advantage was dietary. Large animals are more efficient at digestion than small animals, because food spends more time in their digestive systems. This also permits them to subsist on food with lower nutritive value than smaller animals. Sauropod remains are mostly found in rock formations interpreted as dry or seasonally dry, and the ability to eat large quantities of low-nutrient browse would have been advantageous in such environments. Scientists will probably never be certain of
28700-478: The most recent common ancestor of a certain taxonomic group, are called the synapomorphies of such a group. A detailed assessment of archosaur interrelations by Sterling Nesbitt confirmed or found the following twelve unambiguous synapomorphies, some previously known: Nesbitt found a number of further potential synapomorphies and discounted a number of synapomorphies previously suggested. Some of these are also present in silesaurids , which Nesbitt recovered as
28905-451: The mouth of our developers" and that he had heard "horror stories" about its production from Nintendo employees. In 2018, Phil Harnage , writer of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! , revealed that the film's box office failure was considered a relief to the crew of the animated series stating, "[We] were all very happy because everybody hated it! It was such a waste of time and talent". He further added that they were never contacted about
29110-458: The mouth, including potential cheek -like organs to keep food in the mouth, and jaw motions to grind food. Another notable evolutionary event of the Jurassic was the appearance of true birds, descended from maniraptoran coelurosaurians. By the Early Cretaceous and the ongoing breakup of Pangaea, dinosaurs were becoming strongly differentiated by landmass. The earliest part of this time saw
29315-411: The movie, it's just that, in its own extraordinary way, it was an interesting and rich artefact and has earned its place. It has strange cult status." He never heard what Yamauchi or Nintendo thought of the finished product. He said, "They never phoned up to complain [...] They were very polite," though Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé said in 2017 that the film "left a really bad taste in
29520-450: The new script. In addition, working with Dennis Hopper was "really, really hard. Really hard. I don't think [Hopper] had a clue what was going on". He described the experience as humiliating, but was proud of the film's originality. For the film's 20th anniversary, Morton said: "I wanted parents to really get into it. At that time, there was a very hardcore movement against video games, and a lot of anti-video games sentiment. I wanted to make
29725-576: The next level. In the Nintendo Puzzle Collection version, there is now a story mode in the game, where Mario and Yoshi are making cookies but get exhausted from the many cookie deliveries. Bowser conquers Jewelry Land during the events of Yoshi's Safari (It is the only Mario franchise game to feature first-person shooter gameplay and requires the SNES's Super Scope light gun .), kidnapping its rulers, King Fret and Prince Pine, and removing
29930-764: The now-splitting supercontinent Gondwana , abelisaurids were the common theropods, and titanosaurian sauropods the common herbivores. Finally, in Europe, dromaeosaurids, rhabdodontid iguanodontians, nodosaurid ankylosaurians, and titanosaurian sauropods were prevalent. Flowering plants were greatly radiating, with the first grasses appearing by the end of the Cretaceous. Grinding hadrosaurids and shearing ceratopsians became very diverse across North America and Asia. Theropods were also radiating as herbivores or omnivores , with therizinosaurians and ornithomimosaurians becoming common. The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which occurred approximately 66 million years ago at
30135-756: The number of named genera began to increase exponentially in the 1990s. As of 2008, over 30 new species of dinosaurs were named each year. At least sauropodomorphs experienced a further increase in the number of named species in the 2010s, with an average of 9.3 new species having been named each year between 2009 and 2020. As a consequence, more sauropodomorphs were named between 1990 and 2020 than in all previous years combined. These new localities also led to improvements in overall specimen quality, with new species being increasingly named not on scrappy fossils but on more complete skeletons, sometimes from multiple individuals. Better specimens also led to new species being invalidated less frequently. Asian localities have produced
30340-412: The other girls mistaken for the princess. Koopa's jealous girlfriend Lena tries unsuccessfully to kill Daisy, then obtains the rock with plans to overthrow him, but is fossilized when she merges the worlds. In Brooklyn, Koopa attempts his takeover by rousing his army and turning Scapelli into a chimpanzee, but Mario shields himself from being devolved with a mushroom from the fungus. Luigi and Daisy remove
30545-438: The pair's rough methods: for example, their diggers often used dynamite to unearth bones. Modern paleontologists would find such methods crude and unacceptable, since blasting easily destroys fossil and stratigraphic evidence. Despite their unrefined methods, the contributions of Cope and Marsh to paleontology were vast: Marsh unearthed 86 new species of dinosaur and Cope discovered 56, a total of 142 new species. Cope's collection
30750-449: The portal for him and Mario to return to Brooklyn. Three weeks later, the Mario brothers are heralded as heroes. Daisy arrives at Mario and Luigi's apartment in Brooklyn and asks them to help her on a new mission. Beginning in the 1980s, numerous producers attempted to purchase the rights to make a Super Mario Bros. film. In 1989, Nintendo gave DIC Entertainment the right to make a film out of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! , but it
30955-408: The presence of proteins such as collagen, elastin , and laminin . Both specimens yielded collagen protein sequences that were viable for molecular phylogenetic analyses , which grouped them with birds as would be expected. The extraction of fragmentary DNA has also been reported for both of these fossils, along with a specimen of Hypacrosaurus . In 2015, Sergio Bertazzo and colleagues reported
31160-458: The preservation of collagen fibres and red blood cells in eight Cretaceous dinosaur specimens that did not show any signs of exceptional preservation, indicating that soft tissue may be preserved more commonly than previously thought. Suggestions that these structures represent bacterial biofilms have been rejected, but cross-contamination remains a possibility that is difficult to detect. Dinosaurs diverged from their archosaur ancestors during
31365-422: The rebbachisaurid Nigersaurus . There were three general dinosaur faunas in the Late Cretaceous. In the northern continents of North America and Asia, the major theropods were tyrannosaurids and various types of smaller maniraptoran theropods, with a predominantly ornithischian herbivore assemblage of hadrosaurids, ceratopsians, ankylosaurids, and pachycephalosaurians. In the southern continents that had made up
31570-510: The rock, which is stolen by Big Bertha, the bouncer at the Boom-Boom Bar. Daisy learns she is descended from dinosaurs and the long-lost princess of the other dimension. Her father, the king, was devolved by Koopa, then a general in the king's army, into a fungus that has since spread across Dinohattan; and her mother, the queen, took her to Brooklyn, only to be killed when the portal was sealed. Iggy and Spike realize that they lost Daisy's rock,
31775-1404: The rocks that produced the Jehol (Early Cretaceous) and Yanliao (Mid-to-Late Jurassic) biotas of northeastern China, from which hundreds of dinosaur specimens bearing impressions of feather-like structures (both closely related to birds and otherwise, see § Origin of birds ) have been described by Xing Xu and colleagues. In living reptiles and mammals, pigment-storing cellular structures known as melanosomes are partially responsible for producing colouration. Both chemical traces of melanin and characteristically shaped melanosomes have been reported from feathers and scales of Jehol and Yanliao dinosaurs, including both theropods and ornithischians. This has enabled multiple full-body reconstructions of dinosaur colouration , such as for Sinosauropteryx and Psittacosaurus by Jakob Vinther and colleagues, and similar techniques have also been extended to dinosaur fossils from other localities. (However, some researchers have also suggested that fossilized melanosomes represent bacterial remains. ) Stomach contents in some Jehol and Yanliao dinosaurs closely related to birds have also provided indirect indications of diet and digestive system anatomy (e.g., crops ). More concrete evidence of internal anatomy has been reported in Scipionyx from
31980-417: The ruthless President Koopa ( Dennis Hopper ). Development began after producer Roland Joffé obtained the Mario film rights from Nintendo. Given free creative license by Nintendo, which believed the Mario brand was strong enough for experimentation, the screenwriters envisioned Super Mario Bros. as a subversive comedy influenced by Ghostbusters (1984) and The Wizard of Oz (1939). The setting
32185-450: The sauropodomorphs Bagualosaurus , Buriolestes , Guaibasaurus , Macrocollum , Nhandumirim , Pampadromaeus , Saturnalia , and Unaysaurus . The Pebbly Arkose Formation, which is of uncertain age but was likely comparable to the other two, has produced the sauropodomorph Mbiresaurus , along with an unnamed herrerasaurid. Less well-preserved remains of the sauropodomorphs Jaklapallisaurus and Nambalia , along with
32390-416: The sauropodomorphs Chromogisaurus , Eodromaeus , and Panphagia . Eoraptor 's likely resemblance to the common ancestor of all dinosaurs suggests that the first dinosaurs would have been small, bipedal predators . The Santa Maria Formation (radiometrically dated to be older, at 233.23 million years old ) has produced the herrerasaurids Gnathovorax and Staurikosaurus , along with
32595-399: The script " Drain Man ". Morrow described his screenplay as "a study in contrast, like Laurel and Hardy or Abbott and Costello ", that would have "an odyssey and a quest" like the game itself. Co-producer Fred Caruso later said that Morrow's story was "more of a serious drama piece as opposed to a fun comedy". Screenwriters Jim Jennewein and Tom S. Parker were brought on next to write
32800-448: The script and did not want to do another children's film: "I'd done Roger Rabbit . I'd done Hook . I didn't want to become like Dick Van Dyke ." Hoskins wondered how he would prepare for the role, saying, "I'm the right shape. I've got a mustache. I worked as a plumber's apprentice for about three weeks and set the plumber's boots on fire with a blowtorch." Producer Roland Joffé kept sending Hoskins new script revisions until finally,
33005-403: The set and were so impressed with the Yoshi puppet they briefly considered hiring its engineers for a second Jurassic Park creatures shop. Originally, the Goombas were only background characters, but their final designs were so impressive that directors Morton and Jankel promoted them to main characters with major stunts. Super Mario Bros. introduced many techniques considered innovative in
33210-520: The signed cast they hired screenwriters Ed Solomon and Ryan Rowe to provide a more family-friendly script with more restrained effects requirements. The script doctoring was partially motivated by a studio purchasing the film's distribution rights. The cast only discovered the new screenplay upon arriving in Wilmington, North Carolina . Directors Morton and Jankel considered leaving the project but decided to stay after discussing together and realizing that no other director could at that point understand
33415-571: The skeleton now mounted and on display at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin ; this mount is 12 meters (39 ft) tall and 21.8 to 22.5 meters (72 to 74 ft) long, and would have belonged to an animal that weighed between 30 000 and 60 000 kilograms ( 70 000 and 130 000 lb). The longest complete dinosaur is the 27 meters (89 ft) long Diplodocus , which was discovered in Wyoming in
33620-406: The skull behind the eyes), and as members of the diapsid group Archosauria, had additional openings in the snout and lower jaw. Additionally, several characteristics once thought to be synapomorphies are now known to have appeared before dinosaurs, or were absent in the earliest dinosaurs and independently evolved by different dinosaur groups. These include an elongated scapula , or shoulder blade;
33825-434: The sole surviving dinosaurs. In traditional taxonomy , birds were considered a separate class that had evolved from dinosaurs, a distinct superorder . However, most contemporary paleontologists reject the traditional style of classification based on anatomical similarity, in favor of phylogenetic taxonomy based on deduced ancestry, in which each group is defined as all descendants of a given founding genus. Birds belong to
34030-515: The specimen's excavation. Owen and Hooley subsequently described skin impressions of Hypsilophodon and Iguanodon in 1885 and 1917. Since then, scale impressions have been most frequently found among hadrosaurids, where the impressions are known from nearly the entire body across multiple specimens. Starting from the 1990s, major discoveries of exceptionally preserved fossils in deposits known as conservation Lagerstätten contributed to research on dinosaur soft tissues. Chiefly among these were
34235-527: The spread of ankylosaurians, iguanodontians , and brachiosaurids through Europe, North America, and northern Africa . These were later supplemented or replaced in Africa by large spinosaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods, and rebbachisaurid and titanosaurian sauropods, also found in South America . In Asia , maniraptoran coelurosaurians like dromaeosaurids, troodontids , and oviraptorosaurians became
34440-608: The stone. The Sundream Stone breaks into five diamonds, which spread around the island for the Yoshis to collect. Yoshi has appeared in nearly all of the Mario spin-off games, including every game in the Mario Kart series as a playable character (usually as a middleweight or light middleweight) and every Mario Party game to date as a playable character. Yoshis have also made appearances in multiple Mario sports games, such as Mario Tennis , Mario Golf , Mario Super Sluggers , Super Mario Strikers , and Mario & Sonic at
34645-451: The story had to be about the brothers and that the emotional through-line would be about the brothers." Greg Beeman of License to Drive was attached to direct and development had already moved into pre-production, but the failure of Beeman's recent Mom and Dad Save the World led to his dismissal by nervous producers. Joffé then offered Harold Ramis the director position, but though he
34850-450: The storyline which led to Nintendo receiving interest in the project. Joffé left with a $ 2 million contract giving the temporary control of the character of Mario over to Joffé. Nintendo retained merchandising rights for the film through a "creative partnership" with Lightmotive. When Yamauchi asked Joffé why Nintendo should sell the rights to Lightmotive over a major company, Joffé assured them that Nintendo would have more control over
35055-468: The study of dinosaur systematics and evolution. Cladistic analysis, among other techniques, helps to compensate for an often incomplete and fragmentary fossil record. Reference books summarizing the state of dinosaur research, such as David B. Weishampel and colleagues' The Dinosauria , made knowledge more accessible and spurred further interest in dinosaur research. The release of the first and second editions of The Dinosauria in 1990 and 2004, and of
35260-523: The tallest of the theropods. The largest ornithischian dinosaur was probably the hadrosaurid Shantungosaurus giganteus which measured 16.6 meters (54 ft). The largest individuals may have weighed as much as 16 metric tons (18 short tons). Super Mario Bros. (film) Super Mario Bros. (also known as Super Mario Bros.: The Movie ) is a 1993 fantasy adventure comedy film based on Nintendo 's Super Mario video game series. The first American feature-length live-action film based on
35465-459: The taxonomic name has often been interpreted as a reference to dinosaurs' teeth, claws, and other fearsome characteristics, Owen intended it also to evoke their size and majesty. Owen recognized that the remains that had been found so far, Iguanodon , Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus , shared distinctive features, and so decided to present them as a distinct taxonomic group. As clarified by British geologist and historian Hugh Torrens, Owen had given
35670-488: The time – he's now 18 – he said, 'Dad I think you're probably a pretty good actor, but why did you play that terrible guy King Koopa in Super Mario Bros. ?' And I said, 'Well Henry, I did that so you could have shoes,' and he said, 'Dad, I don't need shoes that badly. ' " In 2018, 25 years after its release, Mathis said the film is "not [my] proudest moment as an actor", but added: "[I]t's maybe [the one] that I get asked
35875-849: The total number of dinosaur genera preserved in the fossil record at 1850, nearly 75% still undiscovered, and the number that ever existed (in or out of the fossil record) at 3,400. A 2016 estimate put the number of dinosaur species living in the Mesozoic at 1,543–2,468, compared to the number of modern-day birds (avian dinosaurs) at 10,806 species. Extinct dinosaurs, as well as modern birds, include genera that are herbivorous and others carnivorous, including seed-eaters, fish-eaters, insectivores, and omnivores. While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal (as are all modern birds), some evolved into quadrupeds, and others, such as Anchisaurus and Iguanodon , could walk as easily on two or four legs. Cranial modifications like horns and crests are common dinosaurian traits, and some extinct species had bony armor. Although
36080-476: The transition from practical to digital visual effects. It is the first film to have used the compositing software Flame before it was acquired by Autodesk , now an industry standard. It is also the first film scanned with the Kodak Cineon film scanner to create a digital intermediate, allowing for the compositing of more than 700 visual effects shots. Visual effects supervisor Chris Woods directed all of
36285-635: The twelve mystical jewels that gave the kingdom its name and stability, forcing it to split into two realms: the Dark Realm and the Light Realm. Princess Peach then summons Mario and Yoshi to restore order. To help the two, Peach provides Mario a new weapon, the Super Scope, an energy pistol. Mario and Yoshi enter a Warp Pipe with this new weapon, which transports them to Jewelry Land. The Magikoopa sorcerer Kamek foresees that two newborn brothers will bring ruin to
36490-408: The video game" and "[turning] them into a metaphor and [combining] them with 3-D and real characters". Art Director Walter P. Martishius said, "Koopa gets a single glimpse of Manhattan at the beginning of the movie". This inspires Koopa to recreate Dinohattan, but "he didn't get it quite right. The place is twisted, off balance, different. And he doesn't even know it." Co-producer Fred Caruso located
36695-424: The writers’ approval: "If we could improve the script, they were more than happy. So we did our own [dialogue] and they loved it […] that made it a lot more fun for us." Principal photography of the film began on May 6, 1992, and wrapped on July 27, 1992. It was filmed at Carolco Studios in Wilmington, North Carolina . Contrary to many reports, directors Morton and Jankel did complete the contracted shooting of
36900-408: Was Super Mario Bros. His son, Jack Hoskins, is a fan of the Mario series as well as the film and praised his performance. Though Leguizamo wrote in his autobiography that he hated the film and regretted acting in it, it was widely considered his breakout role in film acting. He prepared a video message for the film's 20th anniversary in 2013, saying "I'm glad people appreciate the movie [...] it
37105-543: Was a brilliant up and coming stand-up comic and actor [...] We went to see him at Second City, and we were 100% sold. He had a wonderful combination of empathy and irreverence but was entirely without guile. It was not specifically scripted to be cast with a Hispanic or Latino actor, but it made perfect sense that the Mario Bros. themselves should be this contemporary unconventional family, so the small unit of just two, couldn't be pegged as one thing or another." Mojo Nixon said he
37310-449: Was a critical and financial failure , grossing $ 38.9 million worldwide against a budget of $ 42–48 million . Although the film received generally unfavourable reviews at release and appeared on several lists of the worst films ever made , it has developed a cult following over the years. In 2013, a webcomic sequel was produced in collaboration with Bennett. After Super Mario Bros. , Nintendo would not license another film based on
37515-579: Was a fan of the video game, Ramis declined the opportunity, which he later said he was "glad" about and which the Associated Press would observe was his "smartest career decision". Joffé said, "We tried some various avenues that didn't work, that came up too medieval or somehow wasn't the right thing. I felt the project was taking a wrong turn [...] And that's when I began thinking of Max Headroom ." Joffé traveled to Rome to meet with creators Rocky Morton and Annabel Jankel . Morton said, "We come from
37720-452: Was an extremely important find: Hadrosaurus was one of the first nearly complete dinosaur skeletons found ( the first was in 1834, in Maidstone, England ), and it was clearly a bipedal creature. This was a revolutionary discovery as, until that point, most scientists had believed dinosaurs walked on four feet, like other lizards. Foulke's discoveries sparked a wave of interests in dinosaurs in
37925-437: Was an order of magnitude more massive than anything else that has since walked the Earth. Giant prehistoric mammals such as Paraceratherium (the largest land mammal ever) were dwarfed by the giant sauropods, and only modern whales approach or surpass them in size. There are several proposed advantages for the large size of sauropods, including protection from predation, reduction of energy use, and longevity, but it may be that
38130-401: Was cast as Toad because the production wanted an actual musician for the character, but their first choice Tom Waits was unavailable. Nixon's agent pitched him to casting as a "third-rate Tom Waits—for half-price". Several weeks before shooting was to begin, Disney purchased the distribution rights to the film and demanded significant rewrites. Morton said the final result was a script that
38335-416: Was created from a fishing lure base and hot glue by prop designer Simon Murton. Lead creatures designer and supervisor Patrick Tatopoulos was aware of the concurrent Jurassic Park production, so he consciously designed the dinosaurs for Super Mario Bros. to be more cute and cartoon-like with inspiration from Beetlejuice . Tatopoulos described Yoshi as "an abstract, fantasy T. rex ", and designed
38540-572: Was important to the industry." The film returned to theaters through fan efforts in 2012, and in 2013 for the 20th anniversary. The Nintendo Power 20th anniversary retrospective issue states that the fact that the film was made—regardless of quality—shows how much the game series had impacted popular culture. Thomas Leitch has written that Super Mario Bros. is an example of post-literary adaptation and that it "drops facetious references" to The Wizard of Oz , Star Wars , and Doctor Zhivago . Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun compared
38745-401: Was inspired by the game Super Mario World (1990) with elements drawn from fairy tales and contemporary American culture. The production innovated and introduced many filmmaking techniques considered pivotal in the transition from practical to digital visual effects, including the use of Autodesk Flame . Filming took place from May to July 1992. Released on May 28, 1993, Super Mario Bros.
38950-424: Was introduced as a black woman. With this script, the main cast signed, and Bob Hoskins was finally convinced to take the role of Mario. The film officially moved into pre-production. However, producers Joffé and Eberts feared the project had both skewed too far from the intended young adult and family audiences, and had become too effects-heavy to film within budget, so without informing directors Morton and Jankel or
39155-459: Was never produced. In 1990, Dustin Hoffman attempted to purchase the rights to produce a film with himself as Mario, Danny DeVito as Luigi, and Barry Levinson directing. However, this was not made because of scheduling conflicts for DeVito. Jake Eberts then purchased the film rights and started developing an adaptation to be directed by Penny Marshall . Producer Roland Joffé first came up with
39360-408: Was no through line." Leguizamo said, "It's eight-year-olds who play the game and that's where the movie needed to be aimed. [...] But [the directors] kept trying to insert new material. They shot scenes with strippers and with other sexually-explicit content, which all got edited out anyway." Richard Edson claimed that he and co-star Fisher Stevens were permitted to contribute their own dialogue at
39565-422: Was not at all like the script that he, Jankel, and the cast had signed on to film, and that the tone of the new script was not at all compatible with the sets, which had already been built. Solomon recalled that he "felt like [his draft of the screenplay] was at least coherent," but upon visiting the set, [Morton] had cut it up with a bunch of other stuff he liked from other drafts and a bunch of new stuff. […] There
39770-405: Was offered both the role of Mario and director. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Michael Keaton were approached to play Koopa, but both turned down the role. The studio considered Tom Hanks for the role of Luigi, but a string of recent box-office failures dropped him from consideration. Actors Bob Hoskins and John Leguizamo were ultimately cast as Mario and Luigi. Initially, Hoskins disliked
39975-421: Was one level. Here I have a street level, a pedestrian walkway and above that Koopa's Room, plus six or seven stories in height. I have more flexibility in layering of levels. It's a major, major opportunity. You'd never be able to do this on a sound stage. There isn't a sound stage big enough." "We've designed this film with the idea of looking at New York while on some mind-altering drugs." The intelligent fungus
40180-450: Was purportedly discovered in 1822 by Mary Ann Mantell , the wife of English geologist Gideon Mantell , though this is disputed and some historians say Gideon had acquired remains years earlier. Gideon Mantell recognized similarities between his fossils and the bones of modern iguanas and published his findings in 1825. The study of these "great fossil lizards" soon became of great interest to European and American scientists, and in 1842
40385-432: Was radio-controlled. Nelson described the overall process as being "difficult." The creation of Yoshi was handled by a company independent from the filmmakers. Super Mario World was the first video game to feature Yoshi as a companion to Mario . Yoshi's rideability was inspired by Miyamoto's love for horseback riding . Super Mario World released during a console war between Nintendo and Sega ; Sega's mascot, Sonic
40590-481: Was released for rental on VHS in the United States in January 1994. It was released on DVD in the United States on June 3, 2003 and again in 2010. The DVD release is presented in non-anamorphic widescreen with an English Dolby Digital 5.1 audio track. It was released on Blu-ray by Second Sight Films in the United Kingdom on November 3, 2014, and was re-released as a limited edition Blu-ray SteelBook by Zavvi in
40795-433: Was released, Miyamoto was finally able to implement Yoshi into the series, putting Yoshi into the video game Super Mario World . As development of Super Mario World progressed, the team opted to set the game in a "dinosaur land", so Tezuka asked designer Shigefumi Hino to draw a reptile-like creature based on Miyamoto's sketches. Hino originally produced a design that Tezuka deemed too reptilian, and "didn't really fit into
41000-477: Was shortlisted at the 66th Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects , but was ultimately not nominated. In the United States and Canada, Super Mario Bros. only collected $ 8.5 million during its opening weekend, ranking in fourth place at the box office below Cliffhanger , Made in America and Dave . It grossed $ 20,915,465 , with approximately 5,059,000 tickets sold in the United States. In Asia,
41205-412: Was that Nintendo interpreted the events from our story and came up with the video game. We basically worked backwards." The film also took inspiration from Die Hard , Mad Max , and Blade Runner . The concept of a parallel universe inhabited by dinosaurs was inspired by Dinosaur Land from the recently released Super Mario World . Jankel envisioned the parallel dimension as "a whole world with
41410-450: Was the first, nobody had ever done it before [...] I'm proud of the movie in retrospect." Hopper disparaged the production, recounting in 2008: "It was a nightmare, very honestly, that movie. It was a husband-and-wife directing team who were both control freaks and wouldn't talk before they made decisions. Anyway, I was supposed to go down there for five weeks, and I was there for 17. It was so over budget." He added, "My six-year-old son at
41615-505: Was the status of being Mario's newest best buddy. Whatever the reason, gamers took an immediate liking to Yoshi and his multicolored kin when Super Mario World hatched him into the pantheon of classic game characters." The 2011 issue of the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition ranked Yoshi at 21st place in their list of the "Top 50 Video Game Characters of All Time", making him the second highest-ranked Mario character on
41820-497: Was voted the most popular sidekick character with 71 percent of the voting. Yoshi was included in IGN ' s "The Best Video Game Wingmen Ever", stating that "Always ready to give his plumber friend a ride, Yoshi doesn't shy away from putting in extra effort, whether that means holding a Koopa shell in his mouth for an entire level or kicking his feet to get a little extra air during a jump, Yoshi has Mario's back." Yoshi has been named one of
42025-406: Was working with original VFX Supervisor Christopher F. Woods on a 4K resolution transfer and restoration. In 2024, Umbrella released the film on 4K Blu-ray to commemorate its 30th anniversary. In a 2007 interview, Hoskins was asked what he considered the worst choice in his acting career. He responded: " Super Mario Bros. It was a fuckin' nightmare. The whole experience was a nightmare. It had
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