Misplaced Pages

#182817

90-663: The Yorkshire Coast runs from the Tees estuary to the Humber estuary, on the east coast of England . The cliffs at Boulby are the highest on the east coast of England, rising to 660 feet (200 m) above the sea level. The North York Moors National Park extends up to the coastline and traverses 26 miles (42 km) of it between Boulby and Cloughton, taking in the historic fishing villages of Staithes , Runswick Bay and Robin Hood's Bay . The section of coastline south of Bridlington to Spurn Head

180-577: A Karenia bloom could cause the mass death of lobsters and crabs without also killing large numbers of fish, sea urchins and many other species." Monbiot reported that when he asked the UK government to publish its evidence the government refused. Peg Powler is a hag in English folklore who is said to inhabit the River Tees. The River Tees was featured in the television series Seven Natural Wonders as one of

270-481: A Megalosaurus ), was discovered in April 2021. The fossil dates the dinosaur to living around 175 to 164 million years ago. Spurn is a peninsula that extends southwards from the south eastern edge of Holderness . It is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) long and in places is only 160 feet (50 m) wide. It is continually being eroded by the sea and also becomes a dumping ground for sand, pebbles and rocks washed down from further up

360-543: A specific gravity of 1.30 to 1.34. The refractive index of jet is approximately 1.66. The touch of a red-hot needle should cause jet to emit an odour similar to coal. Jet may induce an electric charge like that of amber when rubbed. Jet is very easily cut using carving tools, but small pieces tend to break off, making it difficult to create fine details. It therefore takes an experienced lapidarist to execute more elaborate carvings. The jet found at Whitby , in England,

450-401: A black as possible, derives from this material. Jet is a product of decomposition of wood from millions of years ago, commonly the wood of trees of the family Araucariaceae . Jet is found in two forms, hard and soft. Hard jet is the result of carbon compression and salt water; soft jet may be the result of carbon compression and fresh water. Despite the name they both occupy the same area of

540-544: A deep water facility. It is expected that two million tonnes of material will be dredged to allow GE Renewable Energy to load huge wind turbine blades onto ships. The 351-foot (107 m) long blades are destined for the Dogger Bank wind farm . The Heavy Fuel Oil Farm and Tarmac jetties are to be removed. The River Tees has been used for transporting industrial goods since the Industrial Revolution , particularly for

630-486: A few jewellers in work, but by the end of World War II only three remained, and the industry died out completely with their deaths. In Whitby the Victorian tradition continued up until the aftermath of World War II. Jet jewellery (both vintage and new) was then to remain out of fashion until the late '70s. In the '80s there was a fashion for jet beads and antique jet jewellery started to rise in value. New jewellers took up

720-477: A gemstone became fashionable during the reign of Queen Victoria . It originally became fashionable in the 1850s after the queen wore a necklace of it as part of mourning dress for Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . Later the Queen wore Whitby jet as part of her mourning dress while mourning the death of Prince Albert . In some jewellery designs of the period jet was combined with cut steel . Jet use

810-473: A number of tributaries including the River Greta , River Lune , River Balder , River Leven and River Skerne . Before the reorganisation of the historic English counties , the river formed the boundary between County Durham and Yorkshire . In its lower reaches it now forms the boundary between the ceremonial counties of County Durham and North Yorkshire , while in the highest part of its course it forms

900-545: A pollution incident could have contributed to the deaths of the animals." The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) labs were also testing crustaceans for disease. There is no evidence of any link to recent strandings of marine mammals and seabirds across the UK and countries along the North Sea coast, according to the EA. By late November the crustacean die-off had spread as far south as Robin Hood's Bay and

990-467: A prominent theme. The source of the jet has not been confirmed although Whitby is the most likely possibility. Medieval jet use appears to have been largely limited to religious items such as crosses and Rosary beads. During the period there was a belief that water drunk from jet bowls could help with labour . A jet bowl held in the Museum of London may have been designed to allow for this. Jet became

SECTION 10

#1732847553183

1080-473: A valued costume accessory in the 16th century. Mary, Queen of Scots , owned jet buttons and clothes embroidered with jet beads. Elizabeth I bought 1000 "black jet bugle drops" to embroider headdresses in 1587. Anne of Denmark ordered a gown of "double burret" silk in June 1597 loaded with jet passementerie and 360 jet buttons. The gown was too heavy to wear and she ordered it to be remade with less jet. Jet as

1170-471: A waterway which is marked on maps first as " The Fleet " and then " Old River Tees ". The current Tees Barrage is close to the site of the Mandale Cut. Since the cuts were made, the river has continued to undergo alterations to its bed and banks to make it deeper and more navigable. The channel has been made considerably narrower by dumping ship's ballast and ironworks slag along the former banks, increasing

1260-745: Is adjacent to the east. In early October 2021 thousands of dead crabs and lobsters were washed up on the Tees estuary and beaches along the North-East coast of England. The deaths were first reported in Seaton Carew, Redcar and Seaham. A 95% decline in the lobster and crab catch was noticed by those employed in the local fishing industry. A spokesperson for the UK Environment Agency said, "Samples of water, sediment, mussel and crab have been collected and are being sent to our labs for analysis to consider whether

1350-540: Is also famous for the collapse of the Holbeck Hall Hotel near to Scarborough in 1993. After a prolonged rainfall, water had seeped into the earth which destabilised the ground underneath the hotel causing a landslide. Television cameras managed to capture the building falling onto the shoreline below. Part of the coastal geological make-up in North Yorkshire is Whitby Jet . Jet is a hard Lignite mineraloid that

1440-598: Is also known as the Holderness coast, from the area of East Yorkshire it adjoins. In 2016, Natural England announced the creation of a coastal path between Filey Brigg and Newport (Middlesbrough) Transporter Bridge. This will eventually link up with paths all around the coastline of England to become the England Coast Path. The section from Filey to Saltburn is in use as part of the Cleveland Way. The coastline between

1530-525: Is at Croft-on-Tees that the River Skerne joins the Tees. The river now flows south past Croft-on-Tees before swinging northwards past Hurworth-on-Tees . A series of large meanders takes the course past Neasham , Low Dinsdale and Sockburn to Middleton St George . In the lower reaches of the river valley the water flows over bunter sandstone and pebble beds . Just past Yarm, the River Leven joins

1620-466: Is home to three of thirty-two nationally designated Heritage Coasts in England and Wales. The Heritage Coasts are so designated for their exceptional or very good scenic quality . The three sections on the Yorkshire coastline are (from north to south); The Heritage Coasts are designated by Natural England with the purpose of protecting the coastline, its environment and heritage. Part of the designation

1710-673: Is known as oltu stone and is used to make prayer beads . The earliest known worked jet object is a 10,000 BC model of a botfly larva, from Baden-Württemberg, Germany, found among the Venuses of Petersfels . Jet has been used in Britain since the Neolithic period It continued in use in Britain through the Bronze Age where it was used for necklace beads. Jet necklaces following the plate and spacer design may have been based on Gold lunula . During

1800-479: Is no evidence that it conducted such sampling, the government concluded not only that a bloom had occurred, but that it was caused by a particular, toxic species: Karenia mikimotoi . This is the stuff of science fiction. Karenia thrives in temperatures between 20 and 24 °C [68 and 75 °F]. The average water temperature on this coast in October is 13 °C [55 °F]. There is no plausible mechanism by which

1890-457: Is superficially similar to fine jet, and has been used to imitate it. This imitation is not always easy to distinguish from real jet. Some museums have produced reproductions of jet artefacts in epoxy resin . Unlike black glass , which is cool to the touch, jet is not cool, due to its lower thermal conductivity . When rubbed against unglazed porcelain, true jet will leave a brown streak , although bog oak , vulcanite , and lignite will do

SECTION 20

#1732847553183

1980-815: Is the "Jet Rock" unit of the Mulgrave Shale Member, which is part of the Whitby Mudstone Formation . This jet deposit was formed approximately 181 million years ago, during the Toarcian age of the Early Jurassic epoch. Whitby Jet is the fossilized wood from species similar to the extant Chilean pine ( Araucaria araucana ). The deposit extends throughout North York Moors National Park . Jet has also been found in Kimmeridge shale seams in Dorset. Jet

2070-454: Is the 69-foot (21 m) High Force waterfall. About 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (2.4 km) downstream is the smaller Low Force waterfall. The scenery becomes gentler and more picturesque as the river descends past Middleton-in-Teesdale (Durham). This locality has lead and ironstone resources. Just to the east of Middleton-in-Teesdale, the River Lune joins the Tees. After passing

2160-511: Is the provision of a coastal footpath along the length of the Heritage Coast. The northernmost Heritage Coast has a footpath alongside its entire length (the seaward side of the Cleveland Way ). The North Yorkshire and Cleveland Heritage Coast designation does not include the coastal section around Whitby (Upgang Chine to Abbey Field) as it has been built on and developed. As can be seen from

2250-508: Is to be found in the waters of the Yorkshire coast. Fishing fleets large and small are located at many of the ports on the coastline with Whitby, Scarborough, Filey and Bridlington being prime examples of ports which historically hosted larger fleets. Bridlington is the largest shell fishing port in the British Isles and exports its catches to the continent, most oftentimes being France, Italy and Spain. Smaller scale operations also exist such as

2340-468: The Cow Green Reservoir constructed to store water to be released in dry conditions to satisfy the industrial need for water on Teesside. Emerging from the reservoir at Cauldron Snout the river traverses a series of hard black basalt and dolerite rocks that intrude through the softer limestone, in a succession of falls or rapids. From this point downstream the Tees forms the boundary between

2430-550: The Iron Age jet went out of fashion until the early 3rd century AD in Roman Britain . The end of Roman Britain marked the end of jet's ancient popularity. Early archaeologists (particularly Victorian) often failed to distinguish between jet and other jet-like materials In particular in southern Britain the material described as jet was often Kimmeridge Shale . and some artifacts use more than one jet-like material. For example

2520-628: The North Pennines and flows eastwards for 85 miles (137 km) to reach the North Sea in the North East of England. The modern-day history of the river has been tied with the industries on Teesside in its lower reaches, where it has provided the means of import and export of goods to and from the North East England . The need for water further downstream also meant that reservoirs were built in

2610-551: The Pen y Bonc necklace combines two or three jet pieces with other dark material. Whitby jet was a popular material for jewellery in Roman Britain from the 3rd century onward. There is no evidence for Roman jet working in Whitby itself, rather it was transferred to Eboracum (modern York ) where considerable evidence for jet production has been found. The collection of jet at this time

2700-649: The Sea Life Centre at Scalby Mills , Scarborough Castle and Whitby Abbey which on its own attracts more than 150,000 visitors annually. Pleasure cruises are available from Bridlington and Scarborough to allow visitors to see the coast from the sea and for sea fishing tours. The coastline plays host to many beaches, be they sandy or rocky. As of 2016, just four of the beaches along the coast have been awarded Blue Flag status; Whitby West Cliff, Scarborough North Bay, Bridlington North Beach and Hornsea. Redcar & Cleveland Borough Council have responsibility for one of

2790-451: The northern frontier . It was first built in wood around 90 AD, before being rebuilt in stone, possibly when the first bridge washed away. The use of the bridge may of continued into the sub-Roman period. Crossings of the Tees continued to be important in the journey from north to south, and vice versa, along the east coast, during the medieval period. During the 13th century it was described as "the major obstacle to speedy travel out of

Yorkshire Coast - Misplaced Pages Continue

2880-618: The Camino de Santiago. However, the deposits were in Asturias, where simple objects such as beads and rosary beads were also made. Santiago de Compostela was the main sales point and the location of the workshops that produced artistic objects. Jet has also been extracted in the area of Utrillas, Gargallo, and Montalbán in the province of Teruel, although it is of lower quality than that from Asturias. Native American Navajo and Pueblo tribes of New Mexico were using regionally mined jet for jewelry and

2970-460: The Derwent in 1799, a river was carved out from Mowthorpe to Scalby which allows floodwaters to drain to the sea, thereby sparing the riverside further downstream. The Sea Cut , as it is known, was completed in 1804 and roughly follows the route that waters used to drain eastwards towards the sea before the last Ice Age and the Derwent river headed inland. An average of 1.4 million people visit

3060-609: The Humber was a dangerous place in the First World War due to the presence of the German U-Boats . The U-Boats were responsible for sinking 220 vessels with torpedoes and mines. Many other ships were suspected of being sunk here but they cannot be accounted for. Between 1917 and 1918 eight U-Boats were sunk off the Yorkshire coast with 6 sites being known and the last two wrecks sites being located in 2003. The spit of land at Spurn Head

3150-473: The Mohs scale with the difference being that soft jet is more likely to crack when exposed to changes in temperature. Jet is around 75% carbon and 12% oxygen with sulfur and hydrogen making up most of the balance. Other elements are found at trace level and the exact ratios varying with the source; for example, Spanish jet contains more sulfur than Whitby jet. Jet has a Mohs hardness ranging between 2.5 and 4 and

3240-516: The North Sea without flowing into the Tees or the Humber estuaries. The Swale , Ure , Nidd , Wharfe , Aire , Calder and Don all end up flowing through the Humber. Even the River Derwent , which rises on the eastern edge of the North York Moors and reaches within 4 miles (6.4 km) of Scarborough turns westwards and then south to flow out through the Humber. In response to flooding on

3330-509: The North Sea. Alum used to be quarried at Ravenscar and the region adjacent to Easington in the East Riding has on shore natural gas processing plants. During the First World War, Skinningrove Iron Works manufactured High Explosives and Mustard Gas . To help protect it form aerial bombardment, a Sound Mirror was installed at Boulby (see Military history section). In more recent times, windfarms have been granted permission to be sited off of

3420-628: The North Yorkshire Coast every year and more people visit the Yorkshire Coast than any other part of England outside of London. The Lonely Planet Guides rate Yorkshire as a whole as third in its top ten global places, the only part of the United Kingdom to feature in the list. Besides noted attractions such as the beaches and seaside towns, other notable visiting spots on the coast include Bempton Cliffs , Flamborough Head , Hunt Cliff ,

3510-690: The RNLI, the RBRB is a charity funded organisation that relies on voluntary staffing. The Humber Operations Centre of HM Coastguard is located in Bridlington. The shipping routes in the North Sea are some of the busiest in the world. Sea going vessels pass by the Yorkshire coast to access and leave the major ports in Hull, Grimsby, Immingham and at Teesport . The North Sea also sees plentiful sailings to and from oil and gas installations for supply. There are several lighthouses on

3600-518: The Rhineland, and lack of any evidence for local manufacture, suggest that Eboracum -produced items were exported to that area. One item that has been found around the Rhine but not in Britain are jet bracelets that feature grooves with gold inserts. The Roman period saw its use as a magical material, frequently used in amulets and pendants because of its supposed protective qualities and ability to deflect

3690-528: The River Tees are manufacturing and servicing the North Sea oil and gas industry as well as the renewable energy industry sector, including offshore wind turbines . The south bank of the mouth of the River Tees has the 62-megawatt Teesside Offshore Wind Farm , built 2011–13. Near the mouth of the River Tees is the large dry dock facility of ABLE UK , named TERRC ( Teesside Environmental Reclamation and Recycling Centre ), used to dismantle or oil rigs and other large vessels. Hartlepool Nuclear Power Station

Yorkshire Coast - Misplaced Pages Continue

3780-519: The Tees and the Humber. These are located at; The station at Humber is located on Spurn Point and is the only RNLI station in Britain that is manned full-time. Runswick Bay has its own rescue boat which was started in 1982. It was initiated after the RNLI lifeboat was moved up the coast to Staithes. The Runswick Bay Rescue Boat (RBRB) works closely with the RNLI and HM Coastguard to attend local incidents and also to get to places on this stretch of coastline that are inaccessible to larger rescue boats. Like

3870-492: The Tees estuary below Middlesbrough. Before the heavy industrialisation of the Tees, the flats at Seal Sands in the estuary were home to common seals . For around 100 years this species was absent from the estuary but have now returned and can be seen on the flats at Seal Sands. The Seal Sands area is now designated as the Teesmouth National Nature Reserve. A proposal was made in 1769 to make cuts in

3960-464: The Tees, before passing the settlements of Eaglescliffe , Ingleby Barwick and Thornaby-on-Tees . Now nearing the sea, the Tees becomes an important commercial waterway, with the ports of Stockton-on-Tees and Middlesbrough on its banks. It passes through the Tees Barrage between these ports, turning tidal downstream from the barrage. Teesport is built on reclaimed land on the south side of

4050-454: The Tyne to Flamborough Head admits that whilst towns such as Filey, Scarborough and Whitby should be protected, other settlements such as Robin Hood's Bay will see properties lost to coastal erosion. Robin Hood's Bay had concrete sea walls installed alongside its shoreline in 1973, but a report issued in 2014 stated that the structure was coming to the end of its design life. This stretch of coastline

4140-552: The Yorkshire coast with many still active for shipping. Trinity House still operate Flamborough Head and Whitby remotely from their operating centre in Harwich , Essex . The list below includes only those with buildings still in situ, if not operating. Many beacons were located on the coast, especially during times of national crisis such as the threat of the Spanish Armada . The beacons were manned day and night with two people during

4230-667: The abbey ruins are and at Goldsborough near Lythe. The breakwater at South Gare in Redcar, was installed with gun defences in 1891. These were utilised in the First and Second World Wars. The radio and coastguard stations in Scarborough and Whitby were part of a targeted attack on 16 December 1914 by the German Navy during the First World War . Elsewhere, the stretch of coast between the Tees and

4320-492: The adjacent steel industry) and formerly had a steel works near to the beach for which a railway line was diverted in 1978. Skinningrove still has a specialist steel plate mill and Boulby Mine stretches 3.1 miles (5 km) under the north sea to win Potash, Polyhalite and as a secondary aggregate, Rock Salt. Another Potash and Polyhalite mine ( Woodsmith Mine ) is in preparation near to Whitby, which like Boulby will stretch out under

4410-536: The biggest deposit in northern Spain, is of Late Jurassic ( Kimmeridgian ) age, about 155 million years old. Asturian jet is a perhydrous coal that suffered an anomalous coalification process and presents great material stability over long periods of time. At the end of the Middle Ages, the trade of religious objects and amulets made of jet reached great development in Santiago de Compostela, with sales to pilgrims traveling

4500-627: The boundary between the historic counties of Westmorland and Durham . The head of Teesdale (the name of valley especially at this end), has a desolate grandeur, surrounded by moorland and hills, some exceeding 2,500 feet (760 m). This area is part of the North Pennine Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The source of the river at Teeshead just below Cross Fell is at an elevation of about 2,401 feet (732 m). It flows east-north-east through an area of shake holes through Carboniferous Limestone . Below Viewing Hill, it turns south to

4590-591: The building of the first suspension railway bridge . This moved the commercial centre of gravity of Teesside further down stream, where many future bridges would be built. Jet (lignite) The English noun jet derives from the French word for the same material, jaiet (modern French jais ), ultimately referring to the ancient town of Gagae . Jet is either black or dark brown, but may contain pyrite inclusions which are of brassy colour and metallic lustre . The adjective " jet-black ", meaning as dark

SECTION 50

#1732847553183

4680-540: The coast. It was reported in early 2016, that the Associated British Ports control tower on the point is being re-located across the Humber Estuary to Grimsby due to progressive deterioration of the point. The coastline of Yorkshire has played (and still continues to play) host to some diverse industries. From north to south; Redcar has a major port, the deepest on the east coast of England (built to service

4770-420: The coastline with some being obvious from the shoreline (Teesside, Humber Gateway and Westermost Rough), whilst others (Heron Wind and Njord, Hornsea) are farther out to sea. There is also an onshore wind farm at Out Newton near to Easington comprising seven turbines. Fisheries have been an important part of the coastline's history which still continues today. Some of the world's best crab, lobster and shellfish

4860-500: The day and three overnight. Each beacon consisted of three individual fires with the combination of one, two, or all three being lit signalling the perceived intention of invaders. For example, one fire might mean enemy ships sighted, two fire that the enemy intended to invade, and all three fires that an invasion was imminent. The coast of Yorkshire has been involved in military endeavours since Roman times. Roman signal stations were believed to have been installed at Whitby near to where

4950-518: The diocese of Durham southwards", with the contemporary fords, bridges and ferries proving particularly inconvenient in the winter period. This included the Great North Road , for which the Croft Bridge was built in the 13th or 14th centuries. Yarm Bridge was built around 1400, by bishop Skirlaw . In 1771 a major flood on the Tees, along with others in the North-East, caused major damage to

5040-441: The extreme upper reaches, such as Cow Green . The name Tees is possibly of Brittonic origin. The element *tēs , meaning "warmth" with connotations of "boiling, excitement" ( Welsh tes ), may underlie the name. *Teihx-s , a root possibly derived from Brittonic *ti (Welsh tail , "dung, manure"), has also been used to explain the name Tees (compare River Tyne ). The river drains 710 square miles (1,800 km ) and has

5130-482: The former battery site now lies ruined or on the beach. The Royal Air Force installed RADAR and listening sites, bombing ranges and Air Force stations along the coast at Goldsborough , Ravenscar , Bempton , Carnaby , Cowden , and Holmpton The coastline in Yorkshire has been the setting for many feature films and TV programmes. These include; Of all the major rivers in Yorkshire, only the Esk drains eastwards directly to

5220-455: The gaze of the evil eye . Pliny the Elder suggests that "the kindling of jet drives off snakes and relieves suffocation of the uterus. Its fumes detect attempts to simulate a disabling illness or a state of virginity." It has been referenced by other ancient writers including Solinus and Galen . Vikings made some use of jet including rings and miniature sculptures of animals with snakes being

5310-405: The geological map, the Yorkshire Coast is composed of shales, alluviums (sand, clay and gravel), oolites, limestones, mudstone, sandstones, ironstones and chalk. Typically, boulder clay is the section alongside the North Sea in the East Riding of Yorkshire and has been the most prone to coastal erosion . The Lost Towns of the Yorkshire Coast by Thomas Sheppard lists 30 settlements that were lost by

5400-483: The industrialisation of the area through the 19th century, many new bridges where needed closer to the ports mouth. When the Stockton and Darlington railway , first opened in 1825, it was realised that the staiths at Stockton where two small to export the desired amount of coal. The decision was made to start exporting closer to the rivers mouth on the other bank, at Port Darlington (later Middlesbrough ). This required

5490-469: The lobster and crab fishermen working on the shoreline at Hornsea. In the 20th and 21st century, the Hornsea shell fishermen have been in confrontation with the big oil and gas business along the East Riding section of the coast. They maintain that pipes, outfalls and underground gas storage works have all colluded to put their fishery at risk. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) has stations between

SECTION 60

#1732847553183

5580-409: The longest unbroken stretches of beach in the United Kingdom. This section runs from South Gare to Staithes in North Yorkshire. Surfing and Kite Surfing are popular on Redcar beach. 54°09′05″N 0°10′26″W  /  54.1515°N 0.1740°W  / 54.1515; -0.1740 River Tees The River Tees ( / t iː z / ), in England, rises on the eastern slope of Cross Fell in

5670-463: The mouth of the River Tees. The emergence of the Steel industry in the late 19th century earned it the nickname "The Steel River" owing to the many steelworks that operated along the banks of the Tees. In the 20th century the river also became important to the developing chemical industry , contributing particularly to the development of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) who used reclaimed land on

5760-464: The mouth of the Tees, allowing for tides and other factors, could take as long as seven days. The Mandale Cut was the shorter of the two, at about 220 yards (200 m), with the Portrack Cut being considerably longer (1,100 yards (1,000 m)), although the northern meander it removed was smaller than the southern meander. Neither meander is visible today, except for the flow of Stainsby Beck into

5850-414: The nickname of the Dinosaur Coast. Fossils can easily be found on the beaches at Whitby, Staithes and Runswick Bay with Britain's oldest dinosaur bone being found on Whitby beach in 2015. The bone fell out of a cliff face and after detailed analysis was found to be 176 million years old. A fossilized footprint of what was described as a 'Jurassic giant', and belonging to a meat eating dinosaur (possibly

5940-465: The north bank for import/export facilities. The move to loading coal on bigger ships in Middlesbrough was the economic driver for the development not only of the town of Middlesbrough itself but also of the railway between Stockton and Darlington . This is where George Stephenson developed his railway engine "Locomotion" and this railway was the first steam railway to carry passengers, as well as industrial materials. The Stockton and Darlington Railway

6030-463: The ornamentation of weapons when early Spanish explorers reached the area in the 1500s. Today these jet deposits are known as Acoma jet, for the Acoma Pueblo . Enormous coal deposits characterize the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and this geology is closely related to jet deposits mined in the Henry Mountains of Utah and the Front Range of El Paso County , Colorado . Jet is also commercialized in Poland and near Erzurum in Turkey, where it

6120-400: The production of jet jewellery. Glass was used as a jet substitute during the peak of jet's popularity. When it was used in this way it was known as French jet or Vauxhall glass. Ebonite was also used as a jet substitute and initially looks very similar to jet, but it fades over time. In some cases jet offcuts were mixed with glue and molded into jewelry. Anthracite (hard coal )

6210-450: The rich plain east and south of Darlington in large meandering curves. The course of the valley down to here has been generally east-south-east, but it now turns north-east near the village of Whorlton . Passing Ovington and Winston it runs parallel to the A67 south-east past Gainford and Piercebridge to Darlington , passing under the A1 and A66 . The section from Piercebridge to Hurworth flows over magnesian limestone . It

6300-430: The river which would straighten the course and enable ships to save time and money in navigation. Between Stockton-on-Tees and Middlesbrough, the river previously meandered first south and then north of its current channel. Two "cuts", known as the Mandale Cut and the Portrack Cut , were made to straighten its course in 1810 and 1831 respectively. Before these cuts were made, the journey by sailing barge from Thornaby to

6390-418: The river's bridges, completely destroying some. The Wynch Bridge , Supposedly the oldest suspension bridge in Europe, dating from 1741, was lifted from its moorings. The bridge in Gilmonby was recorded as being destroyed after having only been fully operational for 3 years. On the other hand, The medieval Yarm Bridge was not affected by the flood, despite every other building in the town being damaged. With

6480-437: The scouring due to its natural flow. Maps made prior to 1900 show that between Stockton and Middlesbrough the river flowed in a channel up to 330 yards (300 m) wide in places, with many shoals and sandbars. The modern channel varies between about 110 yards (100 m) and 220 yards (200 m). In October 2021 the UK engineering company, GRAHAM, started work on the 0.75-mile (1.2 km) South Bank Quay project to provide

6570-499: The sea. They were early form of RADAR being able to detect ships and aircraft up to 25 miles away. During the Second World War, the Yorkshire coast was fortified with pillboxes and tank traps on the shoreline and anti-aircraft and anti-shipping batteries installed at Ringborough. The Ringborough Battery was constructed in 1943 on what was then near to the coast line at East Garton. It has been subject to coastal erosion and most of

6660-411: The sections between Hornsea and Mappleton and from Withernsea to the south. Many towns along the coast have installed defences to stop the sea claiming the land, but in some areas, the sea is taking the land and oftentimes is depositing it further down on Spurn Head. Both Withernsea and Whitby have used Norwegian rocks as sea defences. The Shoreline Management Plan 2, which covers the coastline from

6750-571: The shipment of coal from the Durham Coalfields and also for the steel industries that later developed around Middlesbrough . In the early years merchant ships left the River Tees after loading in Yarm and Stockton on Tees ; but as merchant ships became bigger, these smaller docks were superseded by bigger and deeper docks in Middlesbrough, and later even further downstream at Teesport close to

6840-481: The steel and chemical industries made by companies that are members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC). The areas where large scale commodity chemical industry continues to be based are Billingham and Seal Sands , both on the north bank of the River Tees, and Wilton on the south bank. The Teesside Steelworks at Redcar operated until closure in 2015. Other industrial companies that use

6930-399: The time his book was published in 1912. Kilnsea Parish Church was destroyed by coastal erosion in 1830. It had been noted that the sea was eating away at the coastline before the last burial in 1823. In 1824, services in the church were stopped and 6 years later, the church and many of the dwellings around it had been lost. Erosion rates are now averaging 11 feet (3.5 m) per year on

7020-503: The traditional counties of Durham and Yorkshire almost without a break, although since 1974 much of it is wholly in Durham. The dale widens below Cauldron Snout, and trees appear, contrasting with the broken rocks where the water descends over High Force . After a short turn northwards, the river continues to meander south-easterly. Close to where the B6277 road begins to run parallel to the river

7110-544: The two estuaries was historically made up of the East and North Ridings of Yorkshire . From 1974 to 1996, the coast consisted administratively of Cleveland's Langbaurgh district, North Yorkshire and Humberside . Since 1996, the area has been governed by Redcar and Cleveland , North Yorkshire and East Riding of Yorkshire councils. The following is a list of settlements on the Yorkshire coast from north to south. The italicised places are notable coastal points. The Yorkshire coast

7200-480: The village of Romaldkirk to the west, the river is joined by the River Balder at Cotherstone . The ancient town of Barnard Castle , Egglestone Abbey , and Rokeby Park , known through Sir Walter Scott 's poem Rokeby , are all passed. At Rokeby the Tees is joined by the River Greta . From the area near Eggleston, the river is crossing over millstone grit . From here the valley begins to open out, and traverses

7290-507: The wonders of the North, and in the post-apocalyptic drama The Last Train having blown its banks. An early crossing of the Tees was made by the Romans , with the construction of a bridge at Piercebridge , along with a corresponding fortress . The bridge was built on the route of Dere Street , and as a result it likely saw a great deal of military traffic going between the fortress at York and

7380-569: Was affecting catches in Whitby . The Environment Agency has ruled out chemical pollution as the cause of the mass shellfish deaths. Dredging was also rejected as the cause of the environmental disaster . Environment Agency operations manager Sarah Jennings said, "We've used both traditional and innovative screening methods to analyse samples of water, sediment and crab looking for traces of contamination. We’ve screened for over 1,000 potential chemical contaminants but found no anomalies that could lead to an event of this scale." In early February 2022 it

7470-506: Was at its highest in the early 1870s and from there it declined. From above 1000 workers in the trade Whitby was down to 300 by 1884. While jet substitutes may have had an impact this appears to have been in a large part due to changes in fashion with Art Nouveau making little use of black jewellery. As the numbers fell the remaining manufactures tended to stick with existing styles rather than attempting to adapt to new fashions resulting in demand falling further. Making tourist trinkets kept

7560-475: Was based on beachcombing rather than quarrying . It was used in rings, hair pins, beads, bracelets, bangles, necklaces, and pendants, many of which can be seen in the Yorkshire Museum . Jet rings tended to follow the styles of existing metal rings although there were exceptions. Jet pendants were carved cameo style with Medusa head being a popular theme. Stylistic similarities with jet items found in

7650-473: Was first discovered in 1871 when wild boar tusks and deer antlers were found in the sand. Storms in March 2018 revealed the extent of the ancient forest with petrified tree stumps being exposed to the open air on Redcar Beach when a combination of the storm and low tides removed all the sand from the beach. The coastline in Yorkshire is home to some of the world's best Jurassic and Cretaceous geology which has given it

7740-568: Was founded after an initial shareholders' meeting in a room in a public house in Yarm. Today Teesport is owned by PD Ports ; it is located close to the North Sea and 3 miles (5 km) east of Middlesbrough. Teesport is currently the third largest port in the United Kingdom, and among the ten biggest in Western Europe, handling over 56 million tonnes of domestic and international cargo per year. The vast majority of these products are still related to

7830-438: Was militarised in 1805 during Napoleonic times. In 1914 when Britain went to war against Germany , Spurn was upgraded with a railway being built to bring in supplies and ammunition. The headland was used for military purposes during the Second World War and was finally de-militarised in 1959. Sound Mirrors were built at Kilnsea, Boulby and Redcar in 1916. The concrete blocks had a hollowed out dish shape that pointed out towards

7920-466: Was mined from a number of areas of France including Montjardin and Roquevaire . Raw jet was also imported from Spain. In the 18th century there was a jet working industry based around Sainte-Colombe-sur-l'Hers and La Bastide-sur-l'Hers but this declined with the start of the 19th. An 1871 plan to import raw French jet into Whitby was unsuccessful due to its poor quality. The jet found in Asturias ,

8010-578: Was reported that, "Defra and partner agencies have completed a thorough investigation of the cause of dead crabs and lobsters which were found washed up on the North East coast between October and December 2021. Following significant testing and modelling to rule out possible causes, Defra and partner agencies consider that the deaths of the crabs and lobsters potentially resulted from a naturally occurring harmful algal bloom ." In June 2022 George Monbiot wrote in The Guardian , "Astonishingly, although there

8100-461: Was wood from Monkey Puzzle and Chilean Pine trees laid down 185 million years ago in the Jurassic era. Jet is found on the beaches in the area and its popularity during the 19th century was down to Queen Victoria who wore Jet jewelry as part of her mourning dress for Prince Albert . A 7,000-year old petrified forest stretches along the coastline south from Hartlepool and along Redcar Beach. It

#182817