Yokohama Chinatown ( 横浜中華街 , Yokohama chūkagai , Chinese : 橫濱中華街 ) is located in Yokohama , Japan , which is located just south of Tokyo . It was established in the late 19th century, and has a population of about 3,000 to 4,000.
69-772: Yokohama Chinatown is the largest Chinatown in Japan, larger than both Kobe Chinatown and Nagasaki Chinatown . There are roughly 250 Chinese-owned or themed shops and restaurants scattered throughout the district, with the highest concentration centered on a 300 m (3,200 sq ft) area. In 1859, when the sea port opened in Yokohama, many Chinese immigrants arrived in Japan and formed settlements. In its early days, American and British trading companies, many of which had already engaged in trade with China, expanded their operations into Yokohama, with accompanying Chinese agents. These agents were entrusted to negotiate with Japanese merchants in
138-511: A Lieutenant-General ( 偏將軍 ). Later that year, Yuan Shao sent his general Yan Liang to lead an army to attack Cao Cao's garrison at Boma ( 白馬 ; near present-day Hua County , Henan ), which was defended by Liu Yan ( 劉延 ). Cao Cao sent Zhang Liao and Guan Yu to lead the vanguard to engage the enemy. In the midst of battle, Guan Yu recognised Yan Liang's parasol so he charged towards Yan Liang, decapitated him and returned with his head. Yan Liang's men could not stop him. With Yan Liang's death,
207-505: A farewell letter, and headed towards Yuan Shao's territory to find Liu Bei. Cao Cao's subordinates wanted to pursue Guan Yu, but Cao Cao stopped them and said, "He's just doing his duty to his lord. There's no need to pursue him." Pei Songzhi commented on this as follows: "Cao Cao admired Guan Yu's character even though he knew that Guan Yu would not remain under him. He did not send his men to pursue Guan Yu when Guan Yu left, so as to allow Guan Yu to fulfil his allegiance (to Liu Bei). If he
276-686: A noble's funeral for Guan Yu and had his head properly buried with full honours. In October or November 260, Liu Shan granted Guan Yu the posthumous title "Marquis Zhuangmou" ( 壯繆侯 ). According to posthumous naming rules in the Yi Zhou Shu , "mou" was meant for a person who failed to live up to his reputation. During the Battle of Xiapi in late 198, when the allied forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei fought against Lü Bu , Guan Yu sought permission from Cao Cao to marry Qin Yilu 's wife Lady Du ( 杜氏 ) after they won
345-582: A strategic threat to his position in Yi Province so he decided to make peace with Sun Quan and agreed to divide southern Jing Province between his and Sun Quan's domains along the Xiang River . Both sides then withdrew their forces. In 219, Liu Bei emerged victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign against Cao Cao , after which he declared himself "King of Hanzhong" ( 漢中王 ). He appointed Guan Yu as General of
414-664: A third son, Guan Suo , who is not mentioned in historical texts and appears only in folklore, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms novel, and in Dynasty Warriors . Guan Xing's son, Guan Tong ( 關統 ), married a princess (one of Liu Shan 's daughters) and served as a General of the Household ( 中郎將 ) among the imperial guards. Guan Tong had no son when he died, so he was succeeded by his younger half-brother Guan Yi ( 關彝 ). According to
483-683: Is 3 min from Sannomiya Station , 25 min from Osaka Station on the JR Kobe Line , and 30 min from Umeda Station on the Hanshin Main Line . On the Hanshin Expressway : 3 Kobe Route, Kyobashi Exit and on the 5 Wangan Route, Rokko Island Exit 34°41′17″N 135°11′17″E / 34.68806°N 135.18806°E / 34.68806; 135.18806 Guan Yu Guan Yu ( [kwán ỳ] ; d. January or February 220 ), courtesy name Yunchang ,
552-582: Is a neighborhood in Kobe, Japan located south of Motomachi station adjacent to the Daimaru Department Store and is a major tourist attraction. Considered as Kobe's Chinatown , the area has over a hundred Chinese restaurants, shops, and a Chinese temple dedicated to Lord Guan ( 関帝廟 , Kanteibyō ). Nankin-machi originated in 1868, when Kobe's port was opened to foreigners including Chinese immigrants from Guangdong and Fujian . The newcomers settled in
621-528: Is an affair of the state." Although Guan Yu defeated and captured Yu Jin at Fancheng, his army found itself lacking food supplies, so he seized grain from one of Sun Quan 's granaries at Xiang Pass ( 湘關 ). By then, Sun Quan had secretly agreed to an alliance with Cao Cao and sent Lü Meng and others to invade Jing Province while he followed behind with reinforcements. At Xunyang ( 尋陽 ), Lü Meng ordered his troops to hide in vessels disguised as civilian and merchant ships and sail towards Jing Province. Along
690-457: Is considered a tourist attraction for the important role it plays in Kobe's cultural landscape was demonstrated in 1985 by the erection of an archway, Chang'an Gate ( 長安門 ). Subsequent projects include the addition of a pair of lions, granite floors, and other initiatives. Three archways demarcate Nankinmachi proper: Chang'an Gate in the east, Xi'an Gate ( 西安門 ) to the west, and Nanlou Gate ( 南樓門 ) from
759-673: Is remembered as a culture hero in Chinese culture and is still worshipped by many people of Chinese descent in China, Taiwan, and other countries today. In religious devotion, he is reverentially called the "Emperor Guan" ( Guān Dì ) or "Lord Guan" ( Guān Gōng ). He is a deity worshipped in Chinese folk religion , popular Confucianism , Taoism , and Chinese Buddhism , and small shrines to him are almost ubiquitous in traditional Chinese shops and restaurants. The authoritative historical source on Guan Yu's life
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#1732840815521828-504: Is remembered for his loyalty towards Liu Bei, he is also known for repaying Cao Cao 's kindness by slaying Yan Liang , a general under Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao , at the Battle of Boma . After Liu Bei gained control of Yi Province in 214, Guan Yu remained in Jing Province to govern and defend the area for about seven years. In 219, while he was away fighting Cao Cao 's forces at the Battle of Fancheng , Liu Bei's ally Sun Quan broke
897-827: Is the Records of the Three Kingdoms ( Sanguozhi ) written by Chen Shou in the third century. During the fifth century, Pei Songzhi annotated the Sanguozhi by incorporating information from other sources to Chen Shou's original work and adding his personal comments. Some alternative texts used in the annotations to Guan Yu's biography include: Shu Ji ( Records of Shu ), by Wang Yin; Wei Shu ( Book of Wei ), by Wang Chen , Xun Yi and Ruan Ji ; Jiang Biao Zhuan , by Yu Pu; Fu Zi , by Fu Xuan ; Dianlue , by Yu Huan ; Wu Li ( History of Wu ), by Hu Chong; and Chronicles of Huayang , by Chang Qu . No explicit descriptions of Guan Yu's physical appearance exist in historical records. However,
966-403: Is truly a man of righteousness. When do you think he will leave?" Zhang Liao replied, "Guan Yu has received favours from Your Excellency. He will most probably leave after he has repaid your kindness." After Guan Yu slew Yan Liang and lifted the siege on Baima, Cao Cao knew that he would leave soon so he gave Guan Yu greater rewards. Guan Yu sealed up all the gifts he received from Cao Cao, wrote
1035-458: The Sanguozhi recorded that Zhuge Liang once referred to Guan Yu as having a "peerless beard". Traditionally, Guan Yu is portrayed as a red-faced warrior with a long, lush beard. The idea of his red face may have been derived from a description of him in Chapter 1 of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , where the following passage appears: " Xuande took a look at
1104-667: The Shu Ji , after the fall of Shu in 263, Pang Hui ( Pang De 's son) massacred Guan Yu's family and descendants to avenge his father, who was executed by Guan Yu after the Battle of Fancheng in 219. In 1719, the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty awarded the hereditary title " Wujing Boshi " ( 五經博士 ; "Professor of the Five Classics ") to Guan Yu's descendants living in Luoyang . The bearer of
1173-705: The Fancheng campaign, he dreamt about a boar biting his foot. He told his son Guan Ping , "I am growing weaker this year. I might not even return alive." With Liu Bei gaining Hanzhong as well as the northwest commanderies of Jing: Fangling, Shangyong and Xicheng; and now after Yu Jin's defeat, Cao Cao contemplated relocating the imperial capital from Xu further north into Hebei to avoid Guan Yu, but Sima Yi and Jiang Ji told him that Sun Quan would become restless when he heard of Guan Yu's victory. They suggested to Cao Cao to ally with Sun Quan and get him to help them hinder Guan Yu's advances; in return, Cao Cao would recognise
1242-553: The Governor of Jing Province . Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei to contact another rebel leader, Gong Du ( 共都/龔都 ), in Runan, where they gathered a few thousand soldiers. Cao Cao turned back and attacked Runan after scoring a decisive victory over Yuan Shao at Guandu. Liu Bei fled south and found shelter under Liu Biao, who put him in charge of Xinye at the northern border of Jing Province. Guan Yu followed Liu Bei to Xinye. Liu Biao died in 208 and
1311-587: The Kanto Area was devastated by the Great Kantō earthquake . Around 100,000 people were killed and approximately 1.9 million people became homeless. Chinatown also suffered and many immigrants chose to return to China instead of rebuilding their lives in Yokohama. Overall, the total death toll among the Chinese population in Yokohama Chinatown was as many as 1,541, approximately one third of the total 4,705 prior to
1380-512: The Sun–Liu alliance and sent his general Lü Meng to conquer Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province . By the time Guan Yu learned about the loss of Jing Province after his defeat at Fancheng, it was too late. He was subsequently captured in an ambush by Sun Quan's forces and executed at Linju, Xiangyang Commandery ( 臨沮 , present-day Nanzhang County , Xiangyang City , Hubei ). Guan Yu's life
1449-439: The Three Kingdoms , Guan Yu is traditionally depicted wearing a green robe over his body armour. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms , Guan Yu's weapon was a guandao named Green Dragon Crescent Blade , which resembled a glaive and was said to weigh 82 catties (about 49 kg or 108 lbs). Guan Yu was from Xie County ( 解縣 ), Hedong Commandery , which is present-day Yuncheng , Shanxi . His original courtesy name
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#17328408155211518-583: The Vanguard ( 前將軍 ) and bestowed upon him a ceremonial axe. In the same year, Guan Yu led his forces to attack Cao Ren at Fancheng and besiege the fortress. Cao Cao sent Yu Jin to lead reinforcements to help Cao Ren. It was in autumn and there were heavy showers so the Han River overflowed. The flood destroyed Yu Jin's seven armies. Guan Yu had prepared his navy to advance during the flood, and Yu Jin surrendered to Guan Yu while his subordinate Pang De refused and
1587-591: The battle. After Cao Cao agreed, Guan Yu still repeatedly reminded Cao Cao about his promise before the battle ended. After Lü Bu's defeat and death, Cao Cao was so curious about why Guan Yu wanted Lady Du so badly and he guessed that she must be very beautiful, so he had her brought to him. Cao Cao ultimately broke his promise as he took Lady Du as his concubine and adopted her son Qin Lang (whom she had with Qin Yilu). The Shu Ji recorded an incident as follows: When Liu Bei
1656-580: The battlefield, thus lifting the siege on Fancheng. Guan Yu withdrew his forces after seeing that he could not capture Fancheng. The Shu Ji recorded an incident about Xu Huang encountering Guan Yu on the battlefield. Xu Huang was previously a close friend of Guan Yu. They often chatted about other things apart from military affairs. When they met again at Fancheng, Xu Huang gave an order to his men: "Whoever takes Guan Yu's head will be rewarded with 1,000 jin of gold." A shocked Guan Yu asked Xu Huang, "Brother, what are you talking about?" Xu Huang replied, "This
1725-442: The buying of raw silk and tea, which, at the time, was a major product imported from Japan. Later, ferry services from Yokohama to Shanghai and Hong Kong were started. Many Chinese traders came to Japan and built a Chinese school, Chinese community center, and various other facilities in what represented the beginning of Chinatown. However, government regulations at the time meant that immigrants were not permitted to live outside of
1794-606: The campaign, while Guan Yu remained behind to guard and oversee Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province . During the mid 210s, a territorial dispute broke out between Liu Bei and Sun Quan in southern Jing Province. According to an earlier arrangement, Liu Bei "borrowed" southern Jing Province from Sun Quan to serve as a temporary base; he would have to return the territories to Sun Quan once he found another base. After Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province, Sun Quan asked him to return three commanderies but Liu Bei refused. Sun Quan then sent his general Lü Meng to lead his forces to seize
1863-705: The decisive Battle of Red Cliffs . Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat and left Cao Ren behind to defend Jing Province. During the Battle of Jiangling , Guan Yu was stationed at the northern routes to block Cao Ren's supply lines via infiltration. Li Tong engaged Guan Yu, attempting to support Cao Ren's forces, but died from illness during the campaign. Xu Huang and Man Chong also engaged with Guan Yu in Hanjin( 漢津 ) in order support Cao Ren against Zhou Yu. Finally, Yue Jin, stationed in Xiangyang, defeated Guan Yu and Su Fei ( 蘇非 ) and drove them away. After seizing and pacifying
1932-588: The designated foreign settlement area. In 1899, new laws gave Chinese increased freedom of movement while reinforcing strict rules on the types of work Chinese people were allowed to perform. Much of the Chinatown’s early growth is attributed to the increased trade between China and Japan, following the Sino-Japanese Trade Treaty in 1871. This led to Chinese immigrants taking on a variety of professions converging into one geographical location. In 1923,
2001-485: The enemy. Sun Quan sent Zhu Ran and Pan Zhang to block Guan Yu's retreat route. Guan Yu, along with his son Guan Ping and subordinate Zhao Lei ( 趙累 ), were captured alive by Pan Zhang's deputy Ma Zhong ( 馬忠 ) in an ambush. Guan Yu and Guan Ping were later executed by Sun Quan's forces in Linju ( 臨沮 ; in present-day Nanzhang County , Hubei). The Shu Ji mentioned that Sun Quan initially wanted to keep Guan Yu alive in
2070-446: The event. After the earthquake, there had been a major shake-up in the social structure within Yokohama Chinatown, sowing the seeds for Chinese gourmet business to grow within the overseas Chinese community. Four years after the earthquake, around half of the Chinese population within this area were barbers, tailors or chefs. In 1937, full-scale war between China and Japan erupted, effectively stopping further growth of Chinatown. After
2139-425: The frontline, an annoyed Guan Yu said, "I will deal with them when I return." Mi Fang and Shi Ren felt uneasy about this. When Sun Quan invaded Jing Province, Lü Meng showed understanding towards Mi Fang and successfully induced him into surrendering while Yu Fan also persuaded Shi Ren to give up resistance. With the exceptions of the northwest, Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province fell under Sun Quan's control after
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2208-605: The hope of using Guan Yu to help him counter Liu Bei and Cao Cao. However, his followers advised him against doing so by saying, "A wolf shouldn't be kept as a pet as it'll bring harm to the keeper. Cao Cao made a mistake when he refused to kill Guan Yu and landed himself in deep trouble. He even had to consider relocating the imperial capital elsewhere. How can Guan Yu be allowed to live?" Sun Quan then ordered Guan Yu's execution. Pei Songzhi disputed this account as follows: According to ( Wei Zhao 's) Book of Wu , when Sun Quan sent Pan Zhang to block Guan Yu's retreat route, Guan Yu
2277-457: The hunting expedition and Liu Bei did not do so, it was probably because Cao Cao's close aides and relatives were present at the scene and they outnumbered him. Besides, there was a lack of careful planning so Liu Bei had to wait for another opportunity. Even if Liu Bei succeeded in killing Cao Cao, he would not have been able to escape alive, so Liu Bei did not heed Guan Yu's words. There was nothing to regret. The hunting expedition event happened in
2346-764: The latter would not mention anything about granting Guan Yu free passage in his territory. If they genuinely wished to help each other, why would they conceal their movements from each other? By the time Guan Yu retreated from Fancheng, Sun Quan 's forces had occupied Jiangling and captured the families of Guan Yu's soldiers. Lü Meng ordered his troops to treat the civilians well and ensure that they were not harmed. Most of Guan Yu's soldiers lost their fighting spirit and deserted and went back to Jing Province to reunite with their families. Guan Yu knew that he had been isolated so he withdrew to Maicheng ( 麥城 ; in present-day Dangyang , Hubei) and headed west to Zhang District ( 漳鄉 ), where his remaining men deserted him and surrendered to
2415-627: The legitimacy of Sun Quan's claim over the territories in Jiangdong . In this way, the siege on Fancheng would automatically be lifted. Cao Cao heeded their suggestion. Previously, Sun Quan had sent a messenger to meet Guan Yu and propose a marriage between his son and Guan Yu's daughter . However, Guan Yu not only rejected the proposal, but also scolded and humiliated the messenger. Sun Quan was enraged. Cao Cao later sent Xu Huang to lead another army to reinforce Cao Ren at Fancheng. Xu Huang broke through Guan Yu's encirclement and routed Guan Yu's forces on
2484-494: The man, who stood at a height of nine chi , and had a two chi long beard; his face was of the colour of a dark zao , with lips that were red and plump; his eyes were like those of a crimson phoenix, and his eyebrows resembled reclining silkworms . He had a dignified air and looked quite majestic." Alternatively, the idea of his red face could have been borrowed from opera representation, where red faces represented loyalty and righteousness. In illustrations of Romance of
2553-854: The messenger, "You raccoon dogs dare to behave like this! If I can conquer Fancheng, what makes you think I can't destroy you?" Although Sun Quan felt insulted by Guan Yu's response, he still wrote a letter to Guan Yu and pretended to apologise and offer to allow Guan Yu to pass through his territory freely. Pei Songzhi commented on the Dianlue account as follows: Although Liu Bei and Sun Quan appeared to get along harmoniously, they were actually distrustful of each other. When Sun Quan later attacked Guan Yu, he dispatched his forces secretly, as mentioned in Lü Meng's biography: '[...] elite soldiers hid in vessels disguised as civilian and merchant ships.' Based on this reasoning, even if Guan Yu did not seek help from Sun Quan,
2622-1001: The number of visitors to Chinatown. It soon became a major sightseeing spot in Yokohama. On February 1, 2004, the Minatomirai Line railway was opened, along with the Motomachi-Chūkagai Station , which serves Chinatown directly. 2006 saw the establishment of the Mazu Miao temple to mark the 150th anniversary of Yokohama Chinatown, and has become a significant part of the area's modern landscape. Chinatown can be reached by train, bus, seabus and car. There are 6 bus routes from Yokohama Station East bus depot and from Sakuragichō Bus Depot, 16 bus routes that go to Yokohama Chinatown. 35°26′34″N 139°38′45″E / 35.442815°N 139.645929°E / 35.442815; 139.645929 Nankin-machi Nankin-machi ( 南京町 , lit. ' Nanjing town ' )
2691-432: The past, so it was used to justify that Guan Yu had given Liu Bei "valued advice", which the latter ignored. In 214, Ma Chao defected from Zhang Lu 's side to Liu Bei's forces, and he assisted Liu Bei in pressuring Liu Zhang to surrender and yield Yi Province to Liu Bei. When Guan Yu received news that Ma Chao (whom he was unfamiliar with) had recently joined them, he wrote to Zhuge Liang in Yi Province and asked him who
2760-435: The physician to heal him. He then invited his subordinates to dine with him while the surgery was being performed. Blood flowed from his arm into a container below. Throughout the operation, Guan Yu feasted, consumed alcohol and chatted with his men as though nothing had happened. Guan Yu had two known sons – Guan Ping and Guan Xing . Guan Xing inherited his father's title "Marquis of Hanshou Village" ( 漢壽亭侯 ) and served in
2829-422: The point of sharing the same room, sleeping on the same mat and eating from the same pot. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu protected Liu Bei whenever there were large crowds of people and also stood guard beside him when he sat down at meetings all day long. They followed him on his exploits and were always ready to face any danger and hardship. And for their military prowess were appraised as "enemy of ten-thousand". Guan Yu
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2898-492: The provincial inspector Che Zhou ( 車冑 ), and seized control of the province. He moved to Xiaopei and left Guan Yu in charge of the provincial capital Xiapi . In 200, Cao Cao led his forces to attack Liu Bei, defeated him and retook Xu Province. Liu Bei fled to northern China and found refuge under Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao , while Guan Yu was captured by Cao Cao's forces and brought back to Xu. Cao Cao treated Guan Yu respectfully and asked Emperor Xian to appoint Guan Yu as
2967-468: The revolt. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were known as stalwart and strong men; which made them talented fighters. When Liu Bei was appointed as the Minister ( 相 ) of Pingyuan , Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were appointed as Majors of Separate Command ( 别部司马 ), each commanding detachments of soldiers under Liu Bei. Liu Bei cherished them as if they were his own brothers and the three of them were as close as brothers to
3036-473: The river towards Jiangling ; another led by Liu Bei which would travel on land. Cao Cao sent 5,000 elite cavalry to pursue Liu Bei's group and they caught up with them at Changban, where the Battle of Changban broke out. Liu Bei and his remaining followers managed to escape from Cao Cao's forces and reach Han Ford ( 漢津 ), where Guan Yu's group picked them up and they sailed to Xiakou together. In 208, Liu Bei allied with Sun Quan and they defeated Cao Cao at
3105-519: The sake of the Empire. If Heaven still helps those who are righteous, it might be possible that this may turn out to be a blessing in disguise!" Pei Songzhi commented on the Shu Ji account as follows: When Liu Bei, Dong Cheng and others plotted against Cao Cao, their plan failed because it was leaked out. If he did not want to kill Cao Cao for the sake of the Empire, what did he mean when he said this? If Guan Yu did urge Liu Bei to kill Cao Cao during
3174-710: The siege on Boma was lifted. On Cao Cao's recommendation, Emperor Xian awarded Guan Yu the peerage of "Marquis of Hanshou Village" ( 漢壽亭侯 ). Although Cao Cao admired Guan Yu's character, he also sensed that Guan Yu had no intention of serving under him for long. He told Zhang Liao, "Why don't you make use of your friendship with Guan Yu to find out what he wants?" When Zhang Liao asked him, Guan Yu replied, "I am aware that Lord Cao treats me very generously. However, I have also received many favours from General Liu and I have sworn to follow him until I die. I cannot break my oath. I will leave eventually, so maybe you can help me convey my message to Lord Cao." Zhang Liao did so, and Cao Cao
3243-481: The south. There is no archway at the northern entrance, which is guarded by a pair of lions. A pavilion with stone carvings of the 12 Chinese zodiac signs marks the intersecting point of the north–south/east–west axis of Nankinmachi. This is a popular resting place for visitors, as well as a favorite spot for taking photographs. Many establishments such as mahjong clubs and souvenir shops abound throughout Nankinmachi, but none are as prevalent as food businesses. Along
3312-546: The state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period. Guan Yu also had a daughter. Sun Quan once proposed a marriage between his son and Guan Yu's daughter, but Guan Yu rejected the proposal. Her name was not recorded in history, but she was known as " Guan Yinping " ( 關銀屏 ) or "Guan Feng" ( 關鳳 ) in folktales and Chinese opera , as well as in the Dynasty Warriors video game series (as Guan Yinping). Guan Yu allegedly had
3381-576: The streets of Nankinmachi are restaurants and stalls that serve both Chinese Japanese food , Western steak houses as well. Most shops show off their cuisine on display stands for potential customers. Some examples include dim sum , dumplings , buns, and Chinese pastries. During the Lunar New Year and the Mid Autumn season, two major festivals celebrated by Chinese people worldwide, New Year's delicacies and Moon Cakes appear. Motomachi train station
3450-400: The surrenders of Mi Fang and Shi Ren. The Dianlue recorded: When Guan Yu was besieging Fancheng, Sun Quan sent a messenger to Guan Yu to offer aid while secretly instructing the messenger to take his time to travel there. He then sent a registrar ahead to meet Guan Yu first. Guan Yu was unhappy that Sun Quan's offer came late because he had already captured Yu Jin by then. He scolded
3519-556: The three commanderies. In response, Liu Bei ordered Guan Yu to lead troops to stop Lü Meng. Gan Ning , one of Lü Meng's subordinates, managed to deter Guan Yu from crossing the shallows near Yiyang . The shallows were thus named ' Guan Yu's Shallows ' ( 關羽瀨 ). Lu Su (the overall commander of Sun Quan's forces in Jing Province) later invited Guan Yu to attend a meeting to settle the territorial dispute. Around 215, after Cao Cao seized control of Hanzhong Commandery , Liu Bei saw that as
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#17328408155213588-549: The title is entitled to an honorary position in the Hanlin Academy . Chen Shou , who wrote Guan Yu's biography in the Sanguozhi , commented on the latter as such: "Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were praised as mighty warriors capable of fighting ten thousand of enemies (萬人敵). They were like tigers among ( Liu Bei 's) subjects. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei both had the style of a guoshi . Guan Yu repaid Cao Cao's kindness while Zhang Fei released Yan Yan out of righteousness. However, Guan Yu
3657-515: The various commanderies in southern Jing Province, Liu Bei appointed Guan Yu as the Administrator ( 太守 ) of Xiangyang and General Who Defeats Bandits ( 盪寇將軍 ), and ordered him to station at the north of the Yangtze River . Between 212 and 214, Liu Bei started a campaign to seize control of Yi Province from the provincial governor Liu Zhang . Most of Liu Bei's subordinates participated in
3726-563: The war ended, Chinatown once again began to grow. In 1955, a large goodwill gate was built. That is when the Chinatown was officially recognized and called Yokohama Chukagai (Yokohama Chinatown). In 1972, Japan established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China , and severed relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan. Interest among Japanese people grew and led to an explosion in
3795-451: The way, Lü Meng infiltrated and disabled the watchtowers set up by Guan Yu along the river, so Guan Yu was totally unaware of the invasion. When Guan Yu embarked on the Fancheng campaign, he left Mi Fang and Shi Ren behind to defend his key bases in Jing Province – Nan Commandery and Gong'an . Guan Yu had constantly treated them with contempt. During the campaign, after Mi Fang and Shi Ren sent insufficient supplies to Guan Yu's army at
3864-434: The western end of Kobe's foreign district, which soon became the focal point for subsequent Chinese migrants. During that time, many Chinese people from the city of Nanjing also immigrated to the city of Kobe, hence the name of the neighborhood "Nankinmachi" (Nanjing Town). By the early 1920s, Nankinmachi was a vibrant area bustling with businesses, restaurants, and homes. That all changed, however, during World War II, when it
3933-477: Was Changsheng ( 長生 ). He was very studious, and was interested in the ancient history book Zuo zhuan and could fluently recite lines from it. He fled from his hometown for unknown reasons and went to Zhuo Commandery . When the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in the 180s, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei joined a volunteer militia formed by Liu Bei , and they assisted a colonel Zou Jing in suppressing
4002-473: Was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Along with Zhang Fei , he shared a brotherly relationship with Liu Bei and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Guan Yu played a significant role in the events leading up to the end of the Han dynasty and the establishment of Liu Bei's state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. While he
4071-460: Was comparable to Ma Chao. Zhuge Liang knew that Guan Yu was defending the border (so he should not displease Guan Yu). He replied: "Mengqi is proficient in both civil and military affairs. He is fierce and mighty, and a hero of his time. He is comparable to Qing Bu and Peng Yue . He can compete with Yide , but he is not as good as the peerless beard." Guan Yu was very pleased when he received Zhuge Liang's reply and he welcomed Ma Chao. Guan Yu
4140-590: Was destroyed during the allied bombings of Kobe, Nankinmachi was re-built after the war by the remaining Chinese community that stayed behind in post-war Japan . In 1995, it was severely damaged during the Great Hanshin earthquake . It was quickly rebuilt, and once again thrives as a center of Chinese culture and activity throughout the Kansai region . There are currently 10,000 people residing in Nankin-machi. Nankinmachi
4209-530: Was even more impressed with Guan Yu. The Fu Zi gave a slightly different account of this incident. It recorded that Zhang Liao faced a dilemma of whether or not to convey Guan Yu's message to Cao Cao: if he did, Cao Cao might execute Guan Yu; if he did not, he would be failing in his service to Cao Cao. He sighed, "Lord Cao is my superior and he is like a father to me, while Guan Yu is like a brother to me." He eventually decided to tell Cao Cao. Cao Cao said, "A subject who serves his lord but doesn't forget his origins
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#17328408155214278-454: Was executed after he was captured. Linju was about 200 to 300 li away from Jiangling, so how was it possible that Guan Yu was kept alive while Sun Quan and his subjects discussed whether to execute him or not? The claim that 'Sun Quan wanted to keep Guan Yu alive for the purpose of using him to counter Liu Bei and Cao Cao' does not make sense. It was probably meant to silence smart people. Sun Quan sent Guan Yu's head to Cao Cao, who arranged
4347-489: Was executed by Guan Yu. Various local officials such as Administrator of Nanxiang Fu Fang and Inspector Jing Province Hu Xiu defected to Guan Yu. Angered by Cao Cao's forced labor put upon them, rebel peasants and bandits in Liang( 梁 ), Jia( 郟 ) and Luhun( 陸渾 ) also submitted to Guan Yu and received official seals to work as his raiders. Guan Yu's fame spread throughout China. The Shu Ji recorded that before Guan Yu embarked on
4416-458: Was in the imperial capital Xu, he once attended a hunting expedition together with Cao Cao , during which Guan Yu urged him to kill Cao Cao but he refused. Later, when Liu Bei reached Xiakou (after his defeat at the Battle of Changban ), Guan Yu complained, "If you heeded my advice during the hunting expedition in Xu, we wouldn't end up in this troubling situation." Liu Bei replied, "I didn't do so then for
4485-446: Was lionised and his achievements were glorified to such an extent after his death that he was deified during the Sui dynasty . Through generations of storytelling, culminating in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , his deeds and moral qualities have been emphasized immensely, making Guan Yu one of East Asia's most popular paradigms of loyalty and righteousness. He
4554-716: Was not as magnanimous as a great warlord should be, how would he allow this to happen? This was an example of Cao Cao's goodness." When Cao Cao and Yuan Shao clashed at the Battle of Guandu in 200, Yuan sent Liu Bei to contact Liu Pi ( 劉辟 ), a Yellow Turban rebel chief in Runan ( 汝南 ), and assist Liu Pi in attacking the imperial capital Xu while Cao Cao was away at Guandu. Guan Yu reunited with Liu Bei around this time. Liu Bei and Liu Pi were defeated by Cao Cao's general Cao Ren , after which Liu Bei returned to Yuan Shao. Liu Bei secretly planned to leave Yuan Shao, so he pretended to persuade Yuan Shao to form an alliance with Liu Biao ,
4623-472: Was noted for his kindness towards his soldiers and fealty to Liu Bei akin to family, but had no respect for the gentry and treated them without courtesy. Liu Bei and his men followed Cao Cao back to the imperial capital Xu after their victory over Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi in 198. About a year later, Liu Bei and his followers escaped from Xu under the pretext of helping Cao Cao lead an army to attack Yuan Shu . Liu Bei went to Xu Province , killed
4692-423: Was once injured in the left arm by a stray arrow which pierced through his arm. Although the wound healed, he still experienced pain in the bone whenever there was a heavy downpour. A physician told him, "The arrowhead had poison on it and the poison had seeped into the bone. The way to get rid of this problem is to cut open your arm and scrape away the poison in your bone." Guan Yu then stretched out his arm and asked
4761-479: Was succeeded by his younger son, Liu Cong , who surrendered Jing Province to Cao Cao when the latter started a campaign that year with the aim of wiping out opposing forces in southern China. Liu Bei evacuated Xinye together with his followers and they headed towards Xiakou , which was guarded by Liu Biao's elder son Liu Qi and independent of Cao Cao's control. Along the journey, Liu Bei divided his party into two groups – one led by Guan Yu which would sail along
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