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67-587: The Special Region of Yogyakarta is a province-level special region of Indonesia in southern Java . It is a semi- enclave that is surrounded by on the landward side by Central Java Province to the west, north, and east, but has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean to the south. Co-ruled by the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Duchy of Pakualaman , the region is the only officially recognized diarchy within

134-425: A 10 km (6.2 mi) zone were told to evacuate. The evacuation orders affected at least 19,000 people; however, the number that complied at the time remained unclear to authorities. Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about 1 km (3,300 ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity After

201-452: A column of hot cloud rising up to 100 meters high were observed. Local authorities advised residents living in Merapi's slope to stay at least 7 kilometers away from the crater. An eruption occurred on 19 January starting at 6:59 a.m. local time, with six pyroclastic flows reaching up to 2 kilometers being recorded. On 21 January, the volcano emitted a lava flow up to 2 kilometers long and

268-493: A column of hot cloud rising up to 100 meters. Authorities advised residents living in Merapi's slope to stay at least 7 kilometers away from the crater. Mount Merapi is the site of a very active volcano monitoring program. Seismic monitoring began in 1924, with some of the volcano monitoring stations lasting until the present. The Babadan (northwest location), Selo (in the saddle between Merbabu and Merapi), and Plawangan monitoring stations have been updated with equipment over

335-481: A detected bulge in the volcano's cone indicated that fresh eruptions were imminent. Authorities put the volcano's neighboring villages on high alert and local residents prepared for a likely evacuation. On 19 April smoke from the crater reached a height of 400 m (1,300 ft), compared to 75 m (246 ft) the previous day. On 23 April, after nine surface tremors and some 156 multifaced quakes signalled movements of magma, some 600 elderly and infant residents of

402-433: A height of 2,000 m (6,562 ft). There have been several small eruptions since the beginning of 2020, which are of great interest to volcanologists. The name Merapi is a compound of Sanskrit Meru meaning "mountain" with Javanese api which means "fire". Thus Merapi can be loosely translated as "Mountain of Fire" or "Fire Mountain". Merapi is the youngest in a group of volcanoes in southern Java . It

469-464: A location that was located southeast of Mt. Merapi. The pyroclastic flows are known locally as "wedhus gembel" (Javanese for "shaggy goat"). There were two fatalities as the result of the eruption. In late October, the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), ( Indonesian language —Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Badan Geologi-PVMBG), reported that

536-562: A mountain there, and that they should leave; Empu Rama and Empu Permadi ignored that warning. In anger, the gods buried Empu Rama and Empu Permadi under Mount Jamurdipo; their spirits later became the rulers of all mystical beings in the area. In memory of them, Mount Jamurdipo was later renamed Mount Merapi, which means "fire of Rama and Permadi." The Javanese believe that the Earth is not only populated by human beings, but also by spirits ( makhluk halus ). Villages near Merapi believe that one of

603-495: A pattern of increasing seismicity from Merapi had begun to emerge in early September. Observers at Babadan 7 km (4.3 mi) west and Kaliurang 8 km (5.0 mi) south of the mountain reported hearing an avalanche on 12 September. On 13 September, white plumes were observed rising 800 m (2,600 ft) above the crater. Lava dome inflation, detected since March, increased from background levels of 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) to 0.3 mm (0.012 in) per day to

670-464: A period of multiple eruptions considered to exceed the intensity and duration of those in 1872 on 10 November 2010 the intensity and frequency of eruptions was noticed to subside. By this time, 153 people had been reported to have been killed and 320,000 were displaced. Later the eruptive activities again increased requiring a continuation of the Level 4 alert and continued provision of exclusion zones around

737-741: A rate of 11 mm (0.43 in) per day on 16 September. On 19 September, earthquakes continued to be numerous, and the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1–4). Lava from Mount Merapi in Central Java began flowing down the Gendol River on 23–24 October signalling the likelihood of an imminent eruption . On 25 October, the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within

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804-504: A response to the threat of danger to the volcanological personnel at the higher point. This volcano is monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project . The eruption of 1930 was found to have been preceded by a large earthquake swarm. The network of 8 seismographs currently around the volcano allow volcanologists to accurately pinpoint the hypocentres of tremors and quakes. A zone in which no quakes originate

871-569: A sacred north–south axis line between Merapi's peak and the Indian Ocean , referred by locals as the Southern Ocean. The sacred axis is signified by Merapi peak in the north, the Tugu Yogyakarta monument near Yogyakarta main train station, the axis runs along Malioboro street to Northern Alun-alun (square) across Keraton Yogyakarta (sultan's palace), Southern Alun-alun, all the way to Bantul and finally reaching Samas and Parangkusumo beach on

938-643: Is also one of Indonesia's most renowned centres of higher education. At the city's core is the Sultan's palace , the Kraton . While the city sprawls outward in all directions from the Kraton, the "modern" centre of the city is located to the north. The Special Region forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The Yogyakarta S.R. Electoral District consists of all of

1005-508: Is also the basis of Act No. 3 of 1950 on the formation of DIY), the Head and Vice Head of the Special Region are appointed by the president from the descendants of the ruling family in the region before Indonesian independence with the conditions of "skill, honesty, and loyalty, and keeping in mind the customs of the area." Thus, the Head of the Special Region, until 1988, was automatically held by

1072-561: Is considered one of the major hubs that link the west–east main railway route in Java island. Yogyakarta Station is the main train station located in the center, and Lempuyangan Station is the second train station in the city. The two stations have their schedule to and from other cities on Java island. The Prambanan Express commuter rail service operates west of Yogyakarta Station across Kulonprogo Regency to Purworejo, and KAI Commuter Yogyakarta Line electric commuter rail system operates from east of

1139-437: Is filling up. Lahars (a type of mudflow of pyroclastic material and water) are an important hazard on the mountain, and are caused by rain remobilizing pyroclastic flow deposits. Lahars can be detected seismically, as they cause a high- frequency seismic signal. Observations have found that about 50 mm of rain per hour is the threshold above which lahars are often generated. There are about 90 units (30 percent) from

1206-415: Is found about 1.5 km below the summit, and is thought to be the location of the magma reservoir which feeds the eruptions. Other measurements taken on the volcano include magnetic measurements and tilt measurements. Small changes in the local magnetic field have been found to coincide with eruptions, and tilt measurements reveal the inflation of the volcano caused when the magma chambers beneath it

1273-855: Is situated at a subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian plate is subducting under the Sunda plate . It is one of at least 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia, part of the volcano is located in the Southeastern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire—a section of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through Japan and South East Asia. Stratigraphic analysis reveals that eruptions in the Merapi area began about 400,000 years ago, and from then until about 10,000 years ago, eruptions were typically effusive, and

1340-600: The Gadjah Mada University . The Special Region is also the home of the first established private university in Indonesia, the Islamic University of Indonesia , which was founded in 1945. The Indonesia Institute of Arts , the first-established university in fine arts, is also in the region. Other large universities include Yogyakarta State University , Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University , Sanata Dharma University , Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta , and

1407-474: The Prambanan temple. Today, Trans Jogja has reached other points in the south side of the city. Yogyakarta is home to more than 100 institutions of higher education in Indonesia, the highest number of higher education institutions of any province in Indonesia. Hence, Yogyakarta earned its nickname "Kota Pelajar" (The City of Students). Yogyakarta is the home of the first established state university in Indonesia,

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1474-469: The Special Region of Yogyakarta , Indonesia . It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It is located approximately 28 km (17 mi) north of Yogyakarta city which has a population of 2.4 million. Thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano, with villages as high as 1,700 m (5,577 ft) above sea level . Smoke can often be seen rising from

1541-496: The government of Indonesia . The city of Yogyakarta is a popular tourist destination and cultural center of the region. The Yogyakarta Sultanate was established in 1755 and provided unwavering support for Indonesia's independence during the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). As a first-level division in Indonesia, Yogyakarta is governed by Sultan Hamengkubuwono X as the governor and Duke Paku Alam X as

1608-666: The 1942 invasion of the Dutch East Indies by the Japanese Empire . In August 1945 Indonesia's first president, Sukarno proclaimed the independence of the Indonesian Republic , and by September of that year, Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX and Duke Sri Paku Alam VIII had sent letters to Sukarno expressing their support for the newly born nation of Indonesia, in which they acknowledged the Yogyakarta Sultanate as part of

1675-550: The 4 regencies in the province, together with the city of Yogyakarta, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council. Aside from the Indonesian language , the Javanese language is also designated as the official language of the Special Region of Yogyakarta under Yogyakarta Special Region Regulation Number 2 of 2021. The majority of the population is Muslim , which is 92.94%,

1742-578: The Indonesian Republic. The Sunanate of Surakarta did the same, and both of the Javanese kingdoms were awarded special status as special regions within the Indonesian Republic. However, due to a leftist anti-royalist uprising in Surakarta , the Sunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative status in 1946 and was absorbed into the province of Central Java . Yogyakarta's overwhelming support and

1809-591: The Sultan's patriotism were essential in the Indonesian struggle for independence during the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). The city of Yogyakarta became the capital of the Indonesian Republic from January 1946 to December 1948 after the fall of Jakarta to the Dutch . Later, the Dutch also invaded Yogyakarta causing the Indonesian Republic's capital to be transferred again to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra on 19 December 1948. In return for Yogyakarta's support,

1876-628: The Uniqueness of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The province has a regional legislature, the Special Region of Yogyakarta Regional House of Representatives , which as of the 2024 election has 55 members. The largest party in the legislature is the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle . The Special Region of Yogyakarta (provincial level) is subdivided into four regencies ( kabupaten ) and one city ( kota ), and divided further into districts ( kapanewon or kemantren in

1943-765: The University of Atma Jaya Yogyakarta . Yogyakarta Special Region has signed a sister province relationship or friendly ties agreement with the region/state: Provinces of Indonesia Currently, Indonesia is divided into 38 provinces, nine of which have special autonomous status. The terminology for special status are " Istimewa " and " Khusus ", which translates to 'special' or 'designated' in English. Provinces are further divided into regencies and cities (formerly called second-level region regencies/cities or kabupaten/kotamadya daerah tingkat II ), which are in turn subdivided into districts ( kecamatan ). Proposals for

2010-872: The Yogyakarta Special Region. It has been declared by the Geological Agency of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources . The sites consist of nine sites: Eocene limestone in Gamping (Sleman Regency), pillow lava in Berbah (Sleman), pre-historic volcanic sediment in Candi Ijo, Prambanan (Sleman), dunes in Parangtritis Beach (Bantul Regency), Kiskendo cave, and former manganese mining site in Kleripan (Kulonprogo regency),

2077-514: The Yogyakarta region. The geological authority had invoked the second-highest alert level in November after sensors picked up increasing activity warning the situation could become more unstable. On 27 March, another small eruption occurred, spewing lava and creating pyroclastic flows. Merapi began erupting once again on 8 August 2021, sending new lava flows down the slope of the volcano. On 16 August,

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2144-401: The afternoon of 25 October 2010, Merapi erupted on its southern and southeastern slopes. A total of 353 people were killed over the next month, while 350,000 were forced to flee their homes; most of the damage was done by pyroclastic flows , while heavy rain on 4 November created lahars which caused further damage. Most of the fissures had ceased erupting by 30 November, and four days later

2211-467: The authority of the Provincial Government includes: The authority of the provincial government are government affairs which are located across regencies/municipalities, government affairs whose users are across regencies/municipalities, government affairs whose benefits or negative impacts lie across regencies/municipalities, government affairs which use more resources. efficient if carried out by

2278-456: The city of Yogyakarta) and villages (rural kalurahan or urban kelurahan , doublet ); these are listed below, with their areas and their population at the 2000, 2010 and 2020 Censuses, with their present estimates, as of mid-2023. Located within the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the city of Yogyakarta is known as a center of classical Javanese fine art and culture, such as batik , ballet, drama, music, poetry, and shadow puppetry . It

2345-570: The country. Article 18 paragraph 1 of the 1945 Constitution states that "the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is divided into provincial regions and those provincial regions are divided into regencies and city, whereby every one of those provinces, regencies, and municipalities has its regional government, which shall be regulated by laws." According to the Law on Regional Government (UU 23/2014)

2412-403: The creation of additional provinces (by the splitting of existing provinces) have been considered by the Indonesian government, but further action has been suspended since 2013 under a moratorium declared on any creations of further provinces, regencies or cities. However, in 2022, 9 years later, Central Papua , Highland Papua , South Papua , and Southwest Papua became the youngest provinces in

2479-635: The death toll had risen to 353. On 3 December, the head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Dr. Syamsul Maarif, M. Si, accompanied by the head of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation CVGHM (PVMBG), Dr. Surono made a joint press release at the BNPB Command Post in Yogyakarta. At 09.00 am that day, the CVGHM (PVMBG) lowered the status of Mount Merapi to

2546-471: The decades since establishment. During the 1950s and early 1960s some of the stations were starved of equipment and funds, but after the 1970s considerable improvement occurred with the supply of new equipment. Some of the pre-1930 observation posts were destroyed by the 1930 eruption, and newer posts were re-located. Similarly after the 1994 eruption, the Plawangan post and equipment were moved into Kaliurang as

2613-477: The declaration of Special Authority over Yogyakarta was granted in full in 1950 and Yogyakarta was given the status of a Special Administrative Region, making Yogyakarta the only region headed by a monarchy in Indonesia . The Special Region was struck by a 6.3-magnitude earthquake on 27 May 2006, killing 5,782 people, injuring approximately 36,000, and leaving 600,000 people homeless. The region of Bantul suffered

2680-408: The independence of Indonesia, eight provinces were established. West Java , Central Java , East Java , and Maluku still exist as of today despite later divisions, while Sumatra , Kalimantan , Sulawesi , and Nusa Tenggara , formerly Lesser Sunda ( Sunda Kecil ) were fully liquidated by dividing them into new provinces. The province of Central Sumatra existed from 1948 to 1957, while East Timor

2747-462: The latter one, and 1,400 people were killed by pyroclastic flows. The very large eruption in 1006 is claimed to have covered all of central Java with ash . The volcanic devastation is claimed to have led to the collapse of the Hindu Kingdom of Mataram ; however, the evidence from that era is insufficient for this to be substantiated. In April, increased seismicity at more regular intervals and

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2814-408: The level of Caution Alert (Level III). They clarified that with this alert level the potential of hot ash clouds and projected incandescent material remained. The Geological Agency provided several recommendations including that there would be no community activities in the disaster prone areas and proclaimed an ongoing exclusion zone of 2.5 km (1.6 mi) radius. A phreatic eruption began on

2881-612: The middle of May. On 27 May, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck roughly 50 km (31 mi) southwest of Merapi, killing at least 5,000 and leaving at least 200,000 people homeless in the Yogyakarta region, heightening fears that Merapi would "blow". The quake did not appear to be a long-period oscillation, a seismic disturbance class that is increasingly associated with major volcanic eruptions. A further 11,000 villagers were evacuated on 6 June as lava and superheated clouds of gas poured repeatedly down its upper slopes towards Kaliadem,

2948-434: The morning of 11 May, prompting the evacuation of areas within a 5 km (3.1 mi) radius of the volcano. Adisutjipto International Airport in Yogyakarta was closed due to the eruption's ash plume. This eruption initiated a new phase of dome growth. It led to new evacuations at Merapi in November 2020. The danger of pyroclastic flows was increasing and expanding. Eruptions started on 4 January causing evacuations of

3015-457: The most damage and deaths. The Special Region is located near the southern coast of Java, surrounded on three sides by the province of Central Java , and with the Indian Ocean on the south side. The population at the 2010 Census was 3,457,491 people, which then increased to 3,668,719 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate for mid-2023 was 3,736,489 (comprising 1,849,540 males and 1,886,950 females). It has an area of 3,170.65 km, making it

3082-610: The mountaintop, and several eruptions have caused fatalities. A pyroclastic flow from a large explosion killed 27 people on 22 November 1994, mostly in the town of Muntilan , west of the volcano. Another large eruption occurred in 2006, shortly before the Yogyakarta earthquake . In light of the hazards that Merapi poses to populated areas, it was designated as one of the Decade Volcanoes , which are considered worthy of particular study in light of their history of large, destructive eruptions and proximity to densely populated areas. On

3149-406: The national park, meaning they would not have a house. Merapi is very important to the Javanese people , especially those living around its crater. As such, there are many myths and beliefs attached to Merapi. Although most nearby villages have their own myths about the creation of Mount Merapi, they have numerous commonalities. It is believed that when the gods had just created the Earth, Java

3216-455: The official threat level was lowered. Merapi's characteristic shape was changed during the eruptions, with its height lowered 38 m (125 ft) to 2,930 m (9,613 ft). Since 2010, Merapi had experienced several smaller eruptions, most noticeably two phreatic eruptions which occurred on 18 November 2013 and 11 May 2018. The first and larger of these, caused by a combination of rainfall and internal activity, saw smoke issued up to

3283-578: The out flowing lava emitted was basaltic . Since then, eruptions have become more explosive, with viscous andesitic lavas often generating lava domes . Dome collapse has often generated pyroclastic flows , and larger explosions, which have resulted in eruption columns , have also generated pyroclastic flows through column collapse. Typically, small eruptions occur every two to three years, and larger ones every 10–15 years or so. Notable eruptions, often causing many deaths, have occurred in 1006, 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. Thirteen villages were destroyed in

3350-450: The palace as royal servants ( abdi dalem ), occasionally visiting their descendants in dreams to give prophecies or warnings. To keep the volcano quiet and to appease the spirits of the mountain, the Javanese regularly take offerings on the anniversary of the sultan of Yogyakarta's coronation. For the Yogyakarta Sultanate, Merapi holds a significant cosmological symbolism, because it forms

3417-464: The palaces (in Javanese kraton ) used by the rulers of the spirit kingdom lies inside Merapi, ruled by Empu Rama and Empu Permadi. This palace is said to be a spiritual counterpart to the Yogyakarta Sultanate , complete with roads, soldiers, princes, vehicles, and domesticated animals. Besides the rulers, the palace is said to also be populated by the spirits of ancestors who died as righteous people. The spirits of these ancestors are said to live in

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3484-443: The period following the fall of Suharto . Some provinces have been granted additional autonomy beyond this. The form this special autonomy takes is not standardized, with provinces gaining different formulations of specific autonomy based on particular political imperatives. The provinces are officially grouped into seven geographical units for statistical and national planning purposes, but without administrative function. Upon

3551-622: The plan, simultaneous partial local elections were held in February 2017 , June 2018 and December 2020 , culminating in simultaneous elections for all local executive posts in November 2024 and then every five years. The decentralization of some power and autonomy to provinces is called for by Article 18 of the Constitution of Indonesia , and this article was expanded through amendments in October 1999 in

3618-551: The prehistoric volcano in Nglanggeran (Gunungkidul regency), Wediombo-Siung beaches (Gunungkidul) and Bioturbasi site in Kalingalang (Gunungkidul). The most unusual one is pillow lava in Berbah (Sleman) which is a big, rough black rock that lies on the bank of the narrow Dengkeng River. The prehistoric volcano in Nglanggeran (Gunungkidul Regency) has already been developed as a tourist destination. According to Act No. 22 of 1948 (which

3685-601: The province. Each province has a local government , headed by a governor and a legislative body (DPRD). The governor and members of local representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms, but governors can only serve for two terms. The general election to elect members of the DPRDs is conducted simultaneously with the national general election. Previously, the general elections for Governor and Vice Governor were not held simultaneously. However, since 2015 regional head elections have been held simultaneously. Under

3752-527: The reigning Sultan of Yogyakarta, and the Vice Head of the Special Region, until 1998, was automatically held by Prince Paku Alam who was on the throne. The nomenclature of the Governor and Vice Governor of the Special Region has only been used since 1999 with the issuance of Act No. 22 of 1999. Since 2012, the mechanism for filling the positions of Governor and Vice Governor of DIY is regulated by Act No. 13 of 2012 on

3819-467: The rest are Catholic Christians 4.45%, then Protestant Christians 2.42%, Buddhists 0.08%, Hindus 0.09%, Confucianism and others 0.02%. Yogyakarta is served by Adisutjipto International Airport and Yogyakarta International Airport , the latter being opened for minimum operations in late April 2019 and fully operational starting late March 2020. There are two main railway stations: Lempuyangan Station and Yogyakarta railway station . Yogyakarta

3886-735: The second-smallest area of the provinces in Indonesia, after the Jakarta Capital Region. Along with surrounding areas in Central Java, it has some of the highest population densities of Java. Mount Merapi is located to the immediate north of the city of Yogyakarta and Sleman Regency . It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It last erupted in October–November 2010, killing and injuring many people and temporarily displacing approximately 100,000 residents. Indonesia has several geo-heritage sites in

3953-516: The slopes were evacuated. By early May, active lava flows had begun. On 11 May, with lava flow beginning to be constant, some 17,000 people were ordered to be evacuated from the area and on 13 May, Indonesian authorities raised the alert status to the highest level, ordering the immediate evacuation of all residents on the mountain. Many villagers defied the dangers posed by the volcano and returned to their villages, fearing that their livestock and crops would be vulnerable to theft. Activity calmed by

4020-553: The station to Surakarta. To the south, in the Bantul region, is the Giwangan bus station, one of the largest bus stations in Indonesia. The Yogyakarta metropolitan centre is surrounded by a ring road. In 2008, the government of the Special Region of Yogyakarta launched a bus rapid transit system, the Trans Jogja , which connects places in and around Yogyakarta City, including the airport and

4087-552: The total 258 units of sand barriers (sabo) were damaged. The cost for recovery is about Rp 1 trillion ($ 116 million). Following the 2010 eruption, three Indonesian government departments declared a prohibited zone in which nobody can permanently stay and no infrastructure is allowed in 9 villages (dusun): Palemsari, Pangukrejo, Kaliadem, Jambu, Kopeng, Petung, Kalitengah Lor, Kalitengah Kidul and Srunen, all in Cangkringan district. In 2004, an area of 6,410 hectares around Mount Merapi

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4154-514: The vice governor. With a land area of just 3,170.65 km, it is the second-smallest province-level entity of Indonesia after Jakarta . In Javanese, it is pronounced [joɡjaˈkartɔ] , and named after the city of Ayodhya in Javanese-Hindu mythology. The Dutch name of the Special Region is Djokjakarta . The Sultanate has existed in various forms and survived through the rule of the Dutch and

4221-615: The volcano erupted again, belching a cloud of ash into the air as lava flowed down its crater. The explosions spewed clouds as far as 3.5 kilometres (2 miles) from the rumbling volcano, blanketing local communities in grey ash. On 9 December, a pyroclastic flow traveled along the Bebeng River for a distance of 2.2 km. This comes just as Mount Semeru erupted in an unrelated event, killing at least 43 people. An eruption started on 11 March at around 12 p.m. local time ( Western Indonesia Time , GMT+7). A lava flow up to 7 kilometers long and

4288-819: The volcano. By 18 November the death toll had increased to 275. The toll had risen to 324 by 24 November and Syamsul Maarif, head of the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) explained that the death toll had risen after a number of victims succumbed to severe burns and more bodies were found on the volcano's slopes. In the aftermath of the more intensive eruptive activities in late November, Yogyakarta's Disaster Management Agency reported that there were about 500 reported cases of eruption survivors in Sleman district suffering from minor to severe psychological problems, and about 300 cases in Magelang. By 3 December

4355-413: Was annexed as a province from 1976 until its power transfer to UNTAET in 1999 prior to its independence as a country in 2002. Mount Merapi Mount Merapi ( Javanese : ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁ​ꦩꦼꦫꦥꦶ , romanized:  gunung měrapi , Indonesian : Gunung Merapi , lit.   'Fire Mountain') is an active stratovolcano located on the border between the province of Central Java and

4422-467: Was established as a national park . The decision of the Ministry of Forestry to declare the park has been subsequently challenged in court by The Indonesian Forum for Environment , on grounds of lack of consultation with local residents. During the 2006 eruption of the volcano it was reported that many residents were reluctant to leave because they feared their residences would be confiscated for expansion of

4489-411: Was unbalanced because of the placement of Mount Jamurdipo on the west end of the island. In order to assure balance, the gods (generally represented by Batara Guru ) ordered the mountain to be moved to the centre of Java. However, two armourers, Empu Rama and Empu Permadi, were already forging a sacred keris at the site where Mount Jamurdipo was to be moved. The gods warned them that they would be moving

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