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69-605: The Yang clan was founded by Boqiao, son of Duke Wu of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period of the Ji (姬) surname, the surname of the royal family during the Zhou dynasty c.  8th to 5th centuries BCE ) who was enfeoffed in the state of Yang . The German sociologist Wolfram Eberhard calls Yang the "Monkey Clan", citing the totemistic myth recorded in the Soushenji and Fayuan Zhulin that

138-437: A subject–object–verb order. This anomaly is likely due to the influence of neighbouring Mon and Tai languages . The majority of Karen are Theravada Buddhists who also practice animism , while approximately 15–30 percent are Christian . Lowland Pwo-speaking Karens tend to be more orthodox Buddhists, whereas highland Sgaw-speaking Karens tend to be heterodox Buddhists who profess strong animist beliefs. Karen animism

207-664: A federal system in Myanmar instead. Even so, the KNU has declined invitations to speak with the Burmese junta. Karen legends refer to a "river of running sand" which ancestors reputedly crossed. Many Karen believe this refers to the Gobi Desert , although they have lived in Myanmar for centuries. Most scholars dismiss the notion of a Gobi desert crossing, but rather translate the legend as describing "rivers of water flowing with sand". This could refer to

276-720: A new KNU headquarters in Mu Aye Pu , on the Burmese – Thai border. In 2004, the BBC , citing aid agencies , estimates that up to 200,000 Karen have been driven from their homes during decades of war, with 160,000 more refugees from Myanmar, mostly Karen, living in refugee camps on the Thai side of the border. The largest camp is the one in Mae La, Tak province, Thailand, where about 50,000 Karen refugees are hosted. Reports as recently as February 2010, state that

345-523: A prophecy about a book which had been lost and would be returned by a "white brother". This is held to have been fulfilled when the first American Baptist missionaries brought the Bible to the Karen people, but this legend is probably of nineteenth-century origin. Alongside orthodox Christianity, some of those who identify themselves as Christian also have syncretised elements of animism with Christianity. The Karen of

414-554: A report by Guy Horton into depredations by the Myanmar Army against the Karen and other groups in eastern Myanmar stated: Using victims' statements, photographs, maps and film, and advised by legal counsel to the UN tribunal on the former Yugoslavia, he purports to have documented slave labour, systematic rape, the conscription of child soldiers, massacres and the deliberate destruction of villages, food sources and medical services. Throughout

483-609: A second language to communicate with non-Karen neighbours. The Karen languages , members of the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family, consist of three mutually unintelligible branches: Sgaw , Eastern Pwo , and Western Pwo . The Karen languages are almost unique among the Tibeto-Burman languages in having a subject–verb–object word order; other than Karen and Bai , Tibeto-Burman languages typically feature

552-475: Is a Karen refugee who lived in a camp where she went to school and helped her family because her parents sought to go out to work, but they earned little money. Wah suffered from malnutrition because her parents did not have money to buy food for her nine siblings. There is an established governance system in the camps, which are funded by the United Nations, and other donors. The Karen Refugee Committee governs

621-503: Is a young Karen woman who has resettled in San Diego, CA . Aye said, "After growing up in a place like I did, I wanted to become a nurse. I wanted to help sick people [...] travel to refugee camps in Thailand and care for people who cannot afford medication." Additionally, Eh De Gray, who graduated from San Diego's Crawford High School , wants to go back to the camps and share his knowledge with

690-521: Is an Anglicisation of the Burmese word Kayin ( ကရင် ), whose etymology is unclear. The word may have originally been a derogatory term referring to non-Buddhist ethnic groups, or it may derive from Kanyan , a possibly Mon name of a vanished civilisation. In pre-colonial times, the low-lying Burmese and Mon-speaking kingdoms recognised two general categories of Karen, the Talaing Kayin ( တလိုင်းကရင် ), generally lowlanders who were recognised as

759-590: Is defined by a belief in ကလၤ k'lar (soul), thirty-seven spirits that embody every individual. Misfortune and sickness are believed to be caused by k'lar that wander away, and death occurs when all thirty-seven klar leave the body. Karen Buddhists are the most numerous of the Karens and account for around 65 percent of the total Karen population. The Buddhist influence came from the Mon who were dominant in Lower Burma until

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828-532: Is difficult to estimate. The last reliable census of Myanmar was conducted in 1931. A 2006 Voice of America article cites an estimate of seven million Karen in Myanmar. There are another 400,000 Karen in Thailand, where they are by far the largest of the hill tribes . Others live in refugee camps in Thailand. Some Karen have left the refugee camps in Thailand to resettle elsewhere, including in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Scandinavia . In 2011,

897-763: Is in Yangon with 20 member associations throughout Myanmar. The KBC operates the KBC Charity Hospital in Insein , Yangon. The KBC also operates the Karen Baptist Theological Seminary in Insein. The seminary runs a theology program as well as a secular degree program (Liberal Arts Programme) to fulfill young Karens' intellectual and vocational needs. The Pwo Karen Baptist Convention is in Ahlone , Yangon and also operates

966-554: The 8888 Uprising , the KNLA had accepted those demonstrators in their bases along the border. The dictatorship expanded the army and launched a series of major offensives against the KNLA. By 2006, the KNLA's strength had shrunk to less than 4,000, opposing what is now a 400,000-man Burmese army. However, the political arm of the KNLA – the KNU – continued efforts to resolve the conflict through political means. The conflict continues as of 2006 , with

1035-568: The Eastern Zhou and killed Guizhu (詭諸), one of its court officials. The official who held the power in the Eastern Zhou court, Jifu (忌父), escaped to the Western Guo . Duke Wu of Jin died two years after he received the title of Duke of Jin. The Sui dynasty Emperors were from the northwest military aristocracy, and emphasized that their patrilineal ancestry was ethnic Han, claiming descent from

1104-588: The Karen Youth Organisation (KYO), at Vinton Memorial Hall in Yangon . The meeting called for a Karen state with a seaboard, an increased number of seats (25%) in the Constituent Assembly, a new ethnic census, and a continuance of Karen units in the armed forces. The deadline of 3 March passed without a reply from the British government, and Saw Ba U Gyi , the first president of the KNU, resigned from

1173-523: The Zhou dynasty (c. 8th to 5th centuries BC) who was enfeoffed a vast land, the state of Yang , with its central in at ancient's Shaanxi. This name was derived from Yangshe (羊舌) literally “sheep’s tongue”. During the Warring States period (403–221 BC) his descendants fled to escape destruction by the conquering the Qin, and simplified their surname to Yang. Yang clan of Hongnong refer to themselves as "Yang of

1242-554: The neck rings worn by their women, but they are just one sub-group of Red Karens (Karenni), one of the tribes of Kayah in Kayah State , Myanmar. Karen insurgent groups, led primarily by the Karen National Union (KNU), have waged war against the Burmese government since early 1949. The original aim of the KNU was to create an independent Karen homeland called Kawthoolei , but since 1976 they have shifted towards calling for

1311-740: The "four wisdoms", or "Si Zhi (四知)" as the title of their clan hall. Some Yang family clan halls in various parts of China still carry this name. Homogenization of another surname pronounced Yang join into the Yang surname, written with a "hand" radical rather than the "wood" radical. The two characters were used interchangeably in ancient times. The Yang surname members adopted many local sounding and customizable Western style or another language beside Mandarin Chinese surnames with even neutralization name and changes rapidly through generations, but some still preserved Mandarin Chinese character name as secondary name beside

1380-799: The "original settlers" and essential to Mon court life, and the Karen ( ဗမာကရင် ), highlanders who were subordinated or assimilated by the Bamar . The Karen constitute the third largest ethnic population in Myanmar, after the Bamars and Shans . The Karen people live mostly in the hills bordering the eastern mountainous region and Irrawaddy delta of Myanmar, primarily in Kayin State (formerly Karen State), with some in Kayah State , southern Shan State , Ayeyarwady Region , Tanintharyi Region , Bago Division and in northern and western Thailand. The total number of Karen

1449-678: The British. Despite its Christian leadership, the KNA sought to unite all Karens of different regional and religious backgrounds into one organisation. They argued at the 1917 Montagu–Chelmsford hearings in India that Myanmar was not "yet in a fit state for self-government ". Three years later, after submitting a criticism of the 1920 Craddock Reforms , they won 5 (and later 12) seats in the Legislative Council of 130 (expanded to 132) members. The majority Buddhist Karens were not organised until 1939 with

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1518-420: The Burmese army continues to burn Karen villages, displacing thousands of people. Many Karen, including people such as former KNU secretary Padoh Mahn Sha Lah Phan and his daughter, Zoya Phan , have accused the military government of Myanmar of ethnic cleansing . The U.S. State Department has also cited the Burmese government for suppression of religious freedom . A 2005 New York Times article on

1587-493: The Burmese ethnic majority, including military recruitment and seats in the legislature. Some Christian Karens began asserting an identity apart from their non-Christian counterparts, and many became leaders of Karen ethno-nationalist organisations, including the Karen National Union . In 1881 the Karen National Associations (KNA) was founded by western-educated Christian Karens to represent Karen interests with

1656-668: The Burmese population. Many Karen have migrated to Thailand , having settled mostly on the Myanmar–Thailand border . A few Karen have settled in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , India, and other Southeast Asian and East Asian countries. The Karen consist of two subgroups, the White Karen and the Red Karen . The Karen groups as a whole are often confused with the Padaung tribe, best known for

1725-604: The Governor's Executive Council the next day. After the war ended, Myanmar was granted independence in January 1948, and the Karen, led by the KNU, attempted to co-exist peacefully with the Burman ethnic majority. Karen people held leading positions in both the government and the army. In the fall of 1948, the Burmese government, led by U Nu , began raising and arming irregular political militias known as Sitwundan . These militias were under

1794-659: The Hall of Four Wisdoms (楊四知)". The "Hall of Four Wisdoms (四知堂)" refers to a story concerning Yang Zhen (楊震), an official of the Eastern Han dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD), and known for his erudition as well as moral character. When a man named Wang Mi (王密) visited Yang Zhen at night and attempted to bribe him 10 catties of gold, Yang rejected the gift. Wang Mi persevered, saying that nobody would know. Yang Zhen famously retorted "Heaven knows, Earth knows, you know and I know. How can you say that nobody would know?" Descendants of Yang Zhen adopted

1863-715: The Han official Yang Zhen. and the New Book of Tang traced his patrilineal ancestry to the Zhou dynasty kings via Ji Boqiao 姬 伯僑 , who was the son of Duke Wu of Jin. Ji Boqiao's family became known as the Yangshe clan (羊舌氏). The Yang of Hongnong 弘農楊氏 were asserted as ancestors by the Sui Emperors like the Longxi Li's were asserted as ancestors of the Tang Emperors. The Li of Zhaojun and

1932-633: The Irrawaddy delta are mostly Christians, whereas Buddhists tend to be found mainly in Kayin state and surrounding regions. An estimated 15 to 20 percent of Karen identify themselves as Christian today and about 90 percent of Karen people in the US are Christians. Though other estimates put the Karen Christian population as high as 30 percent. The Karen Baptist Convention (KBC) was established in 1913. Its headquarters

2001-570: The Japanese invade the country. Among the victims were a pre-war Cabinet minister, Saw Pe Tha, and his family. A government report later claimed the "excesses of the BIA" and "the loyalty of the Karens towards the British" as the reasons for these attacks. The intervention by Colonel Suzuki Keiji , the Japanese commander of the BIA, after meeting a Karen delegation led by Saw Tha Din, appears to have prevented further atrocities. The Karen people aspired to have

2070-570: The Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), the KNU's army. In late January 1949, the Army Chief of Staff, Gen. Smith Dun, a Karen, was removed from office and imprisoned. He was replaced by the Burmese nationalist Ne Win . Simultaneously a commission was looking into the Karen problem and this commission was about to report their findings to the Burmese government. The findings of the report were overshadowed by this political shift at

2139-437: The Karen diaspora population was estimated to be approximately 67,000. Following British victories in the three Anglo-Burmese wars , Myanmar was annexed as a province of British India in 1886. Baptist missionaries introduced Christianity to Myanmar beginning in 1830, and they were successful in converting many Karen. Christian Karens were favoured by the British colonial authorities and were given opportunities not available to

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2208-421: The Karen migrated into present-day Myanmar between 300 and 800 CE. Karen refers to a heterogeneous lot of ethnic groups that do not share a common language, culture, religion, or material characteristics. A pan-Karen ethnic identity is a relatively modern creation, established in the 19th century with the conversion of some Karen to Christianity and shaped by British colonial policies and practices. "Karen"

2277-601: The Lu of Fanyang hailed from Shandong and were related to the Liu clan which was also linked to the Yang of Hongnong and other clans of Guanlong. Duke Wu of Jin was claimed as the ancestors of the Hongnong Yang. The Yang of Hongnong, Jia of Hedong, Xiang of Henei, and Wang of Taiyuan from the Tang dynasty were claimed as ancestors by Song dynasty lineages. There were Dukedoms for the offspring of

2346-767: The Pwo Karen Theological Seminary. There are other schools for Karen people in Myanmar, such as Paku Divinity School in Taungoo, Kothabyu Bible School in Pathein, and Yangon Home Mission School. The Thailand Karen Baptist Convention is in Chiang Mai , Thailand . The Seventh-day Adventists have built several schools in the Karen refugee camps in Thailand. Eden Valley Academy in Tak and Karen Adventist Academy in Mae Hong Son are

2415-492: The Pwo Karen, who developed it as a way to reinforce community values. The sae klee dance or bamboo dance is a traditional Karen performance held during celebrations such as Christmas and New Year's. Performers are typically divided into two groups. One group creates a platform by holding bamboo sticks in a checkered pattern , while the other group dances on top of the platform. Dancers must be careful to avoid stepping into one of

2484-489: The Thailand-Burma border. According to BMC, "79% of refugees living in these camps are Karen ethnicity." Their lives are restricted in the camps because they usually cannot go out, and the Thai police might arrest them if they do. Employment for the Karen refugees is scarce and risky. Former refugee Hla Wah said, "No jobs [...] So if adults wanted to work, they had to leave quietly without getting caught by Thai police." Wah

2553-478: The Yangs living in southwestern Shu (modern Sichuan ) were descendants of monkeys. The Soushenji "reported that in the southwest of Shu there were monkey-like animals whose names were jiaguo (猳國), mahua (馬化), or jueyuan (玃猿). These animals abducted women and sent them back when they became pregnant. If the baby were not accepted, the woman would have to die. Therefore these children were raised and they received

2622-558: The Zhou dynasty win and erected his colony peacefully. And also Yang Ren is known through the title of Grand Counselor. Which appear at Fengshen Yanyi or Investiture of the Gods, novel accordingly to the historical founding of the Zhou dynasty . Descendants of Yang Eulna (梁乙那), the first historical ancestor of the Jeju's Yang clan was a Shilla figure, but according to another source, his distant ancestor

2691-557: The capital of Jin. Then, he stayed in Xingting for a while. Then, he ordered his half uncle, Han Wan , to ride a chariot with Liang Hong (梁弘) by his right and chase Marquis Ai of Jin who escaped from Yi. They chased him around the bank of the Fen River (汾水) and at that night, they managed to capture Marquis Ai of Jin. The Jin people asked the son of Marquis Ai of Jin, to become the next ruler of Jin and he became Marquis Xiaozi of Jin . In 709 BC,

2760-435: The case of the Karen after the war . While the situation of the Karen was discussed, nothing practical was done before the British left Myanmar. The 1947 Constitution, drawn without Karen participation due to their boycott of the elections to the Constituent Assembly , also failed to address the Karen question specifically and clearly, leaving it to be discussed only after independence. The Shan and Karenni states were given

2829-588: The clan name the Yang surname. For this reason this clan occurred quite frequently in Southwest Shu." Direct descendants of Huang Di of Hua Xia include descendants of Yellow Emperor and Chiyou during the Xia dynasty , also many sons and grandsons of Yu the Great , have taken Yang as surname, some of its sub-domains are the prominent Yang Jian of Zhou which take role as a Heavenly Marshal take his colony to seek peace after

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2898-608: The command of Major Gen. Ne Win and outside the control of the regular army. In January 1949, some of these militias went on a rampage through Karen communities. The Karen National Union has maintained its structure and purpose from the 1950s onward. The KNU acts as a governmental presence for the Karen people, offering basic social services for those affected by the insurgency, such as Karen refugees or internally displaced Karen. These services include building school systems in Thailand and inside Burma, providing medical services, regulating trade and commerce, and providing security through

2967-450: The day-to-day administration of the camp under the authority of the Thai government which guards entrances and exits to the camp. Within the camp there is a robust school system for children up to high school. In some camps there are college courses organized by the Karen Refugee Committee – Education Entity. Beginning in 2000, the Karen started resettling in the United States and Canada . Many Karen have problems fitting in and adjusting to

3036-425: The essential dish of Karen cuisine. The Karen New Year (ကညီနံၣ်ထီၣ်သီ) is one of the major holidays that the Karen people celebrate. The date of the Karen New Year on the Gregorian calendar varies as the Karen people use the lunar calendar . The Karen New Year usually falls on a date in December or January on the Gregorian calendar. Karen Wrist Tying (ကညီလါခူးကံၢ်စု) is an important Karen holiday. This holiday

3105-421: The first convert to Christianity in 1828, was baptised by Rev. George Boardman , an associate of Adoniram Judson , founder of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society . Today there are Christians belonging to the Catholic Church and various Protestant denominations. Some of the largest Protestant denominations are Baptists and Seventh-day Adventists . A popular legend among the Karen people concerns

3174-401: The first year of the reign of Marquis Xiaozi of Jin, Duke Wu of Quwo ordered Han Wan to kill Marquis Ai of Jin. According to the Records of the Grand Historian , in 706 BC, the fourth year of the reign of Marquis Xiaozi of Jin, Duke Wu of Quwo killed Marquis Xiaozi of Jin. King Huan of Zhou sent Guo Zhong (虢仲) to attack Duke Wu of Quwo so he went back to Quwo. Meanwhile, King Huan of Zhou put

3243-420: The formation of a Buddhist KNA. In 1938 the British colonial administration recognised Karen New Year as a public holiday . During World War II , when the Japanese occupied the region, long-term tensions between the Karen and Burma turned into open fighting. As a consequence, many villages were destroyed and massacres committed by both the Japanese and the Burma Independence Army (BIA) troops who helped

3312-452: The insurgency, hundreds of thousands of Karen fled to refugee camps while many others (numbers unknown) were internally displaced persons within the Karen state. The refugees were concentrated in camps along the Myanmar–Thailand border . According to refugee accounts, the camps suffered from overcrowding, disease, and periodic attacks by the Myanmar Army . Around 400,000 Karen people are without housing, and 128,000 are living in camps on

3381-404: The leading center of Karen language Buddhist literature. Many millennial sects were founded throughout the 1800s, led by Karen Buddhist minlaung rebels. Two sects, Telakhon (or Telaku) and Leke, were founded in the 1860s. The Telaku sect, founded in Kyaing and considered a Buddhist sect , is a mixture of spirit worship, Karen customs and worship of the future Buddha Metteyya . The Leke sect

3450-424: The legal name, and appear a lot in some countries like Laos, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, etc. Some examples of it are Karen and other names at Thailand. Yang is most often the transliteration of the character 楊 . The same character can also mean a type of poplar . The character is composed of a "wood" radical mu (木) on the left and the character yi/yang ( 昜 ) on the right, which indicates

3519-446: The middle of the 18th century. Buddhist Karen are found mainly in Kayin State, Mon State , Yangon , Bago and Tanintharyi Region . There are Buddhist monasteries in most Karen villages, and the monastery is the centre of community life. Merit-making activities, such as alms giving, are central to Karen Buddhist life. Buddhism was brought to Pwo-speaking Karens in the late-1700s, and the Yedagon Monastery atop Mount Zwegabin became

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3588-454: The new country. "90% of the Karen refugees reported no knowledge of English or French on arrival." An estimated 8,500 Karen live in Minnesota, primarily Saint Paul . In 2014, Ler Htoo was sworn in after graduating from the St. Paul Police Academy in Minnesota as the first Karen police officer in the United States. More than 5,000 Karen live in Nebraska , and the Karen have also resettled in Southern California and central New York . Mu Aye

3657-413: The past century. Duwae , a type of pagoda worship, with animistic origins, is also practised. There are several prominent Karen Buddhist monks, including Thuzana (S'gaw) and Zagara, who was conferred the Agga Maha Saddammajotika title by the Burmese government in 2004. The Karen of Thailand have their own religion, but some have converted to Buddhism through the efforts of missionaries. Tha Byu ,

3726-435: The platform's many holes. Talabaw or bamboo soup is a traditional Karen dish typically prepared with bamboo shoots , snakehead fish and basil leaves . A small amount of rice and some shreds of meat or seafood may also be added. The soup was traditionally used as a supplement to rice, which was not readily or cheaply available to them. Talabaw is one of the most well known soups in Myanmar, and widely considered to be

3795-723: The pronunciation of the whole character. This is current asserted prevalent lineage for the Yang surname prior to Boqiao: Huangdi (黃帝) -> Shaohao (少昊) -> Emperor Ku (帝喾) -> Hou Ji (后稷) -> Gugong Danfu (古公亶父) -> King Wen of Zhou (周文王) -> King Wu of Zhou (周武王) -> Shu Yu of Tang (唐叔虞) -> Marquis Mu of Jin (晉穆侯) -> Zhuang Bo of Quwo (曲沃莊伯) -> Duke Wu of Jin (晉武公) -> Boqiao ( 伯僑  [ zh ] ) -> Yang Shíwo ( 杨食我  [ zh ] ) Duke Wu of Jin Duke Wu of Jin ( Chinese : 晉武公 ; pinyin : Jìn Wǔ Gōng ), personal name Ji Cheng , also known as Duke Wu of Quwo ( Chinese : 曲沃武公 ; pinyin : Qūwò Wǔ Gōng ),

3864-450: The regions where they formed the majority turned into a subdivision or "state" within Myanmar similar to what the Shan , Kachin and Chin peoples had been given. A goodwill mission led by Saw Tha Din and Saw Ba U Gyi to London in August 1946 failed to receive any encouragement from the British government for any separatist demands. In January 1947 a delegation of representatives of the Governor's Executive Council headed by Aung San

3933-437: The right to secession after 10 years, the Kachin their own state, and the Chin a special division. The Mon and Arakanese of Ministerial Myanmar were not given any consideration. In early February 1947, the Karen National Union (KNU) was formed at a Karen Congress attended by 700 delegates from the Karen National Associations, both Baptist and Buddhist (KNA, founded 1881), the Karen Central Organisation (KCO) and its youth wing,

4002-620: The royal families of the Zhou dynasty, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty in the Later Jin (Five Dynasties) . Karen people The Karen ( / k ə ˈ r ɛ n / kə- REN ), also known as the Kayin , Kariang or Kawthoolese , are an ethnolinguistic group of Tibeto-Burman language -speaking people. The group as a whole is heterogeneous and disparate as many Karen ethnic groups do not associate or identify with each other culturally or linguistically. These Karen groups reside primarily in Kayin State , southern and southeastern Myanmar . The Karen account for around 6.69% of

4071-411: The school children. Gray said, "I want to share my knowledge and experiences with them." There is a population of 2,500 Karen in India, mostly restricted to Mayabunder Tehsil of the Northern Andaman Islands within the union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Nearly all of them are Baptist Protestant Christians. They retain their language to intercommunicate within community, but use Hindi as

4140-404: The sediment-laden Yellow River of China, the upper reaches of which is considered to be the Urheimat of Sino-Tibetan languages . According to the legends, the Karen took a long time to cook shellfish at the river of flowing sand, until the Chinese taught the Karens to open the shells so as to acquire the meat. It is estimated by linguists Luce and Lehman that the Tibeto-Burman peoples such as

4209-404: The state of Jin in this event. In 678 BC, in the 28th year of the reign of Marquis Min of Jin, Duke Wu of Quwo attacked and conquered Jin. Duke Wu of Quwo offered gifts to King Xi of Zhou . In the seventh year of the reign of Duke Zhuang Lu which is 677 BC, King Xi of Zhou appointed Cheng the ruler of Jin and gave him the title of Duke. Not long after Duke Wu of Jin received the title he invaded

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4278-413: The top of the Burmese government. The Karen National Defence Organisation (KNDO) , formed in July 1947, then rose up in an insurgency against the government. They were helped by the defections of the Karen Rifles and the Union Military Police (UMP) units which had been successfully deployed in suppressing the earlier Burmese Communist rebellions, and came close to capturing Yangon itself. The most notable

4347-450: The two largest Seventh-day Adventist Karen schools. Crop rotation agriculture has been a part of Karen culture for at least several hundred years. The don dance is a traditional Karen performance. "Don" roughly translates to "in agreement". The dance is a series of uniform movements accompanied by music played from traditional Karen instruments. During the performance, a "Don Koh" leads the troupe of dancers. The don dance originated from

4416-409: The uncle of Marquis Xiaozi of Jin, into the throne of Jin and he became Marquis Min of Jin . According to the Zuo Zhuan , Duke Wu of Quwo killed Marquis Xiaozi of Jin on the winter of the seventh year of the reign of Duke Huan of Qi which was 705. The year after, King Huan of Zhou sent Guo Zhong (虢仲) to put Marquis Xiaozi of Jin into the throne and he became Marquis Min of Jin. Quwo failed to annex

4485-467: Was founded on the western banks of the Thanlwin River , and is no longer associated with Buddhism (as followers do not venerate Buddhist monks). Followers believe that the future Buddha will return to Earth if they maintain their moral practices (following the Dharma and precepts ), and they practice vegetarianism , hold Saturday services and construct distinct pagodas. Several Buddhist socioreligious movements, both orthodox and heterodox, have arisen in

4554-450: Was invited to London to negotiate for the Aung San – Attlee Treaty, but none of the ethnic minority groups was included by the British government. The following month at the Panglong Conference , when an agreement was signed between Aung San as head of the interim Burmese government and the Shan, Kachin and Chin leaders, the Karen were present only as observers; the Mon and Arakanese were also absent. The British promised to consider

4623-400: Was one of three men who ascended from a cave on the north side of Cheju Island ’s Halla Mountain , Jeju’s Tamnagook kingdom who built the Yang Clan there. The Yang clan was founded by Boqiao (伯僑) and later become Yang Boqiao (楊伯僑) with Yang, as usual ducal courtesy name, son of Duke Wu of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period of the Ji (姬) surname, the surname of the royal family during

4692-428: Was the Battle of Insein , nine miles from Yangon, where they held out in a 111-day siege till late May 1949. Years later, the Karen had become the largest of 20 minority groups participating in an insurgency against the military dictatorship in Yangon. During the 1980s, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) fighting force numbered approximately 20,000. After an uprising of the people of Myanmar in 1988, known as

4761-415: Was the last ruler of the Quwo (曲沃) state who later became a ruler of the Jin state . In 716 BC, Count Zhuang of Quwo died and his son Cheng ascended the throne of Quwo. In 710 BC, the eighth year of the reign of Marquis Ai of Jin , Marquis Ai of Jin invades a small state south of Jin called Xingting (陘廷). Xingting then made an alliance with Duke Wu of Quwo. In the spring of 709 BC, they attacked Yi (翼),

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