Misplaced Pages

#303696

21-570: Red Karen may refer to: Karenni language Karenni people Karenni States Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Red Karen . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Karen&oldid=1124367222 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

42-602: A fricative consonant , as a literal reading of the IPA chart would suggest), can sometimes be heard as an allophone of English /h/ between vowels, such as in the word behind , for some speakers. In the context of the Indo-Aryan languages like Sanskrit and Hindi and comparative Indo-European studies , breathy consonants are often called voiced aspirated , as in the Hindi and Sanskrit stops normally denoted bh, dh, ḍh, jh, and gh and

63-503: A continuum of glottal aperture between modal voice and breath phonation (voicelessness). Others, such as Laver, Catford, Trask and the authors of the Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS), equate murmur with whispery voice in which the vocal folds or, at least, the anterior part of the vocal folds vibrates, as in modal voice, but the arytenoid cartilages are held apart to allow a large turbulent airflow between them. In that model, murmur

84-415: A diacritic indicating the tone. Breathy voice Breathy voice / ˈ b r ɛ θ i / BRETH -ee (also called murmured voice , whispery voice , soughing and susurration ) is a phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape which produces a sighing-like sound. A simple breathy phonation, [ɦ] (not actually

105-447: A greater extent Phuthi, display good evidence that breathy voicing can be used as a morphological property independent of any consonant voicing value. For example, in both languages, the standard morphological mechanism for achieving the morphosyntactic copula is to simply execute the noun prefix syllable as breathy (or 'depressed'). In Portuguese , vowels after the stressed syllable can be pronounced with breathy voice. Gujarati

126-596: Is a compound phonation of approximately modal voice plus whisper. It is possible that the realization of murmur varies among individuals or languages. The IPA uses the term "breathy voice", but VoQS uses the term "whispery voice". Both accept the term "murmur", popularised by Ladefoged. A stop with breathy release or a breathy nasal is transcribed in the IPA as [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ], [mʱ] etc. or as [b̤], [d̤], [ɡ̈], [m̤] etc. Breathy vowels are most often written [a̤], [e̤], etc. Indication of breathy voice by using subscript diaeresis

147-570: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Karenni language The name Kayah has been described as "a new name invented by the Burmese to split them off from other Karen". Eastern Kayah is reported to have been spoken by 260,000 in Burma and 100,000 in Thailand in 2000, and Western Kayah by 210,000 in Burma in 1987. They are rather divergent. Among

168-405: Is some confusion as to the nature of murmured phonation. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and authors such as Peter Ladefoged equate phonemically contrastive murmur with breathy voice in which the vocal folds are held with lower tension (and farther apart) than in modal voice, with a concomitant increase in airflow and slower vibration of the glottis. In that model, murmur is a point in

189-531: Is spoken in 23 villages along the border of Bawlake and Hpruso townships, in the West Kyebogyi area of Kayah State . Kawyaw dialects are Tawkhu and Doloso, which have been reported to be difficult to mutually understand. According to Aung 2013, Manumanaw Karen does not yet have a standardized script. Catholic missionaries developed a spelling using the Latin script which is used in religious documents, including

210-488: Is the case with English intervocalic /h/. A third is to constrict the glottis, but separate the arytenoid cartilages that control one end. This results in the vocal folds being drawn together for voicing in the back, but separated to allow the passage of large volumes of air in the front. This is the situation with Hindi. The distinction between the latter two of these realizations, vocal folds somewhat separated along their length ( breathy voice ) and vocal folds together with

231-498: Is unusual in contrasting breathy vowels and consonants : બાર /baɾ/ 'twelve', બહાર /ba̤ɾ/ 'outside', ભાર /bʱaɾ/ 'burden'. Tsumkwe Juǀʼhoan makes the following rare distinctions : /nǂʱao/ fall, land (of a bird etc.); /nǂʱao̤/ walk; /nǂʱaˤo/ herb species; and /n|ʱoaᵑ/ greedy person; /n|oaʱᵑ/ cat. Breathy stops in Punjabi lost their phonation, merging with voiceless and voiced stops in various positions, and

SECTION 10

#1732852091304

252-426: Is used to indicate the breathy voice on the vowels: ⟨a̤, e̤, i̤, o̤, ṳ⟩ . Seven digraphs are used. The five vowels of the alphabet are supplemented by four accented letters representing their own vowels. Tones are represented using the acute accent and the caron over the vowel. The breathy voice is indicated with an umlaut below the vowel letter. Breathy voiced vowel letters can also have

273-544: The Thanlwin River . It is also spoken in Pekon township in southern Shan State . Western Kayah dialects are part of a dialect continuum of Central Karen varieties stretching from Thailand. They include: Yintale , reportedly a variety of Western Kayah, is spoken in 3 villages of Hpasawng township, Bawlakhe district, Kayah State . Yintale dialects are Bawlake and Wa Awng. Kawyaw , reportedly similar to Western Kayah,

294-708: The Western dialects are Yintale and kayahManu ( Manumanaw in Burmese). Eastern Kayah is spoken in: Eastern Kayah dialects are Upper Eastern Kayah and Lower Eastern Kayah, which are mutually intelligible. The speech variety of Huai Sua Thaw village (Lower Eastern) is prestigious for both dialect groups. The Eastern Kayah have difficulty understanding the Western Kayah. Western Kayah is spoken in Kayah State and Kayin State , east of

315-478: The arytenoids making an opening ( whispery voice ), is phonetically relevant in White Hmong ( Hmong Daw ). A number of languages use breathy voicing in a phonologically contrastive way. Many Indo-Aryan languages , such as Hindi , typically have a four-way contrast among plosives and affricates (voiced, breathy, tenuis , aspirated) and a two-way contrast among nasals (voiced, breathy). The Nguni languages within

336-425: The four-way contrast in the system has been retained. In all five of the southeastern Bantu languages named, the breathy stops (even if they are realised phonetically as devoiced aspirates) have a marked tone-lowering (or tone-depressing) effect on the following tautosyllabic vowels. For this reason, such stop consonants are frequently referred to in the local linguistic literature as 'depressor' stops. Swazi, and to

357-478: The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European phonemes bʰ,dʰ,ǵʰ,gʰ,gʷʰ . From an articulatory perspective, that terminology is inaccurate , as breathy voice is a different type of phonation from aspiration . However, breathy and aspirated stops are acoustically similar in that in both cases there is a delay in the onset of full voicing. In the history of several languages, like Greek and some varieties of Chinese , breathy stops have developed into aspirated stops. There

378-593: The replacement of modal voicing in voiced segments with whispered phonation, conventionally transcribed with the diacritic ◌̣ . There are several ways to produce breathy sounds such as [ ɦ ] . One is to hold the vocal folds apart, so that they are lax as they are for [h] , but to increase the volume of airflow so that they vibrate loosely. A second is to bring the vocal folds closer together along their entire length than in voiceless [h] , but not as close as in modally voiced sounds such as vowels. This results in an airflow intermediate between [h] and vowels, and

399-620: The southern branch of the Bantu languages , including Phuthi , Xhosa , Zulu , Southern Ndebele and Swazi , also have contrastive breathy voice. In the case of Xhosa, there is a four-way contrast analogous to Indic in oral clicks , and similarly a two-way contrast among nasal clicks, but a three-way contrast among plosives and affricates (breathy, aspirated, and ejective ), and two-way contrasts among fricatives (voiceless and breathy) and nasals (voiced and breathy). In some Bantu languages, historically breathy stops have been phonetically devoiced, but

420-510: The translation of the Bible. A Manumanaw Karen literature committee has been set up and is developing literacy programs with SIL, using spelling based on Burmese script , so that it is accepted by Catholics and Baptists. The tones are indicated using the caron , the acute accent or without the addition of these on the vowels: ⟨á, é, è́, í, î́, ó, ố, ò́, ú, û́⟩ , ⟨ǎ, ě, è̌, ǐ, î̌, ǒ, ô̌, ò̌, ǔ, û̌⟩ . The diaeresis below

441-421: Was approved in or before June 1976 by members of the council of International Phonetic Association . In VoQS, the notation {V̤ } is used for whispery voice (or murmur), and {Vʰ } is used for breathy voice. Some authors, such as Laver, suggest the alternative transcription ⟨ ḅạɾ ⟩ (rather than IPA ⟨ b̤a̤ɾ ⟩) as the correct analysis of Gujarati /bɦaɾ/ , but it could be confused with

SECTION 20

#1732852091304
#303696