Misplaced Pages

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89-689: The Yauza has been mentioned in Russian chronicles since 1156; the exact origin of the name is unknown. Moscow crossed its former natural eastern boundary (marked by the Yauza) in the beginning of the 16th century. The banks of the Yauza within the Garden Ring were densely urbanized by the middle of the 17th century; upstream valleys housed suburban residences of the House of Romanov , from Mikhail to Catherine II . Settlements along

178-403: A debris flow or mud flow . However, also dry debris can exhibit flow-like movement. Flowing debris or mud may pick up trees, houses and cars, and block bridges and rivers causing flooding along its path. This phenomenon is particularly hazardous in alpine areas, where narrow gorges and steep valleys are conducive of faster flows. Debris and mud flows may initiate on the slopes or result from

267-580: A defense measure, Streltsy slobodas were located next to these gates, especially in southern Yakimanka and Zamoskvorechye Districts . While effective against Tatar raiders, the Streltsy were politically destabilizing . After the Streltsy Uprising of 1698, Peter I arranged mass executions of Streltsy on the Earth Rampart, hanging 36 soldiers at each of Zamoskoverchye gates and 56 at Taganka gates;

356-466: A depth from few decimeters to some meters) is called a shallow landslide. Debris slides and debris flows are usually shallow. Shallow landslides can often happen in areas that have slopes with high permeable soils on top of low permeable soils. The low permeable soil traps the water in the shallower soil generating high water pressures. As the top soil is filled with water, it can become unstable and slide downslope. Deep-seated landslides are those in which

445-449: A dump for snow collected from the streets, adding chlorides , soot , rubbish and more oil into the mix. This practice is now banned; the city now employs a network of snow-melting dumps that feed polluted water into treatment facilities. Pollution levels gradually decreased in the 1990s and 2000s, as riverside factories were closed and converted (or completely rebuilt) into offices and housing; by 2008, industry contributed less than 10% of

534-455: A garden. In south-eastern segment ( Tagansky District ), the Ring was not as wide, thus Zemlyanoy Val name persisted. Largest square - actually, a combination of two market squares - was created at Red Gates in the north-eastern segment. In the 1830s-1862, Novinsky Boulevard became a popular amusement park with cheap theaters and carousels. In 1841, local entrepreneurs set up a short railroad with

623-544: A low shearing resistance. On the slopes, some earthflow may be recognized by their elongated shape, with one or more lobes at their toes. As these lobes spread out, drainage of the mass increases and the margins dry out, lowering the overall velocity of the flow. This process also causes the flow to thicken. Earthflows occur more often during periods of high precipitation, which saturates the ground and builds up water pressures. However, earthflows that keep advancing also during dry seasons are not uncommon. Fissures may develop during

712-508: A real Mercury tank engine as a pleasure ride for the party crowds. Rails for horsecars (called konka (конка) in Russian) were installed in Moscow since 1872, however, the first lines were built on radial streets; rail construction on Garden Ring peaked in 1891. Likewise, the first electrical tram was launched in 1899, but Garden Ring was electrified in 1907–1910. The circular line traversing

801-530: A reconstruction of the evolution of a particular landslide. Therefore, landslide hazard mitigation measures are not generally classified according to the phenomenon that might cause a landslide. Instead, they are classified by the sort of slope stabilization method used: Climate-change impact on temperature, both average rainfall and rainfall extremes, and evapotranspiration may affect landslide distribution, frequency and intensity (62). However, this impact shows strong variability in different areas (63). Therefore,

890-401: A significant decrease in pollution levels between 2006 and 2007 alone (a similar decrease was recorded in 2005), and reclassified Yauza water from "dirty" (pollution index of 4..6) to "polluted" (index just below 4), specifically mentioning high levels of iron and manganese . In 2008, however, the trend reversed and pollution in the Yauza exceeded its 2006 levels. The petrochemical content in

979-411: A variety of environments, characterized by either steep or gentle slope gradients, from mountain ranges to coastal cliffs or even underwater, in which case they are called submarine landslides . Gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, but there are other factors affecting slope stability that produce specific conditions that make a slope prone to failure. In many cases,

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1068-430: A very wide range, from as low as 1 mm/yr to many km/h. Though these are a lot like mudflows , overall they are more slow-moving and are covered with solid material carried along by the flow from within. Clay, fine sand and silt, and fine-grained, pyroclastic material are all susceptible to earthflows. These flows are usually controlled by the pore water pressures within the mass, which should be high enough to produce

1157-568: Is a direct descendant of the Skorodom (Скородом, literally Quick Building ) and Earth Rampart (Земляной Вал, Zemlyanoy Val ) fortifications, respectively. Said fortifications were erected in the reign of Feodor I of Russia after a disastrous raid by Ğazı II Giray (1591). Although Boris Godunov , then the de facto regent of Russia, was able to prevent Crimean Tatars from taking the city north of Moskva River , he anticipated future raids and arranged construction of another ring of defenses. When

1246-719: Is an appropriate tool because it has functions of collection, storage, manipulation, display, and analysis of large amounts of spatially referenced data which can be handled fast and effectively. Cardenas reported evidence on the exhaustive use of GIS in conjunction of uncertainty modelling tools for landslide mapping. Remote sensing techniques are also highly employed for landslide hazard assessment and analysis. Before and after aerial photographs and satellite imagery are used to gather landslide characteristics, like distribution and classification, and factors like slope, lithology , and land use/land cover to be used to help predict future events. Before and after imagery also helps to reveal how

1335-434: Is determined by certain geologic factors, and that future landslides will occur under the same conditions as past events. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a relationship between the geomorphologic conditions in which the past events took place and the expected future conditions. Natural disasters are a dramatic example of people living in conflict with the environment. Early predictions and warnings are essential for

1424-514: Is essentially due to a decrease in the shear strength of the slope material, an increase in the shear stress borne by the material, or a combination of the two. A change in the stability of a slope can be caused by a number of factors, acting together or alone. Natural causes of landslides include: Landslides are aggravated by human activities, such as: In traditional usage, the term landslide has at one time or another been used to cover almost all forms of mass movement of rocks and regolith at

1513-457: Is fluid-like and generally much more rapid. This is usually a result of lower shear resistances and steeper slopes. Typically, debris slides start with the detachment of large rock fragments high on the slopes, which break apart as they descend. Clay and silt slides are usually slow but can experience episodic acceleration in response to heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt. They are often seen on gentle slopes and move over planar surfaces, such as over

1602-487: Is over the Vodootvodny Canal . 55°46′25″N 37°37′18″E  /  55.77361°N 37.62167°E  / 55.77361; 37.62167 Landslide Landslides , also known as landslips , or rockslides , are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls , mudflows , shallow or deep-seated slope failures and debris flows . Landslides occur in

1691-544: Is provided below. Under this classification, six types of movement are recognized. Each type can be seen both in rock and in soil. A fall is a movement of isolated blocks or chunks of soil in free-fall. The term topple refers to blocks coming away by rotation from a vertical face. A slide is the movement of a body of material that generally remains intact while moving over one or several inclined surfaces or thin layers of material (also called shear zones) in which large deformations are concentrated. Slides are also sub-classified by

1780-515: Is regulated by the Pererva Dam ( 55°40′21″N 37°42′51″E  /  55.67250°N 37.71417°E  / 55.67250; 37.71417 ) on the Moskva River, and by the locks ( 55°45′23″N 37°40′16″E  /  55.75639°N 37.67111°E  / 55.75639; 37.67111 ) on the Yauza itself east of Kursky Rail Terminal . Raised water levels in the downtown portion of

1869-453: The "B" Ring ( Russian : Садо́вое кольцо́, кольцо́ "Б" ; transliteration: Sadovoye Koltso ), is a circular ring road avenue around central Moscow , its course corresponding to what used to be the city ramparts surrounding Zemlyanoy Gorod in the 17th century. The Ring consists of seventeen individually named streets and fifteen squares. It has a circumference of 16 kilometers (9.9 mi). At its narrowest point, Krymsky Bridge ,

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1958-497: The Time of troubles ended, instead of rebuilding Skorodom, the government of Mikhail Romanov replaced it with a new, taller rampart known as Zemlyanoy Val (Земляной Вал, Earth Rampart), completed in 1630–1638. Its name survives in present-day Zemlyanoy Val Street (former Chkalov Street) in the south-eastern segment of Garden Ring. Instead of towers, the Rampart had 34 gates for passage. As

2047-717: The Tupolev staff reached 5,226. The postwar period added the Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant in Sokolniki and the Lyulka rocket-design bureau (now NPO Saturn ) in Babushkinsky District. Joseph Stalin 's 1935 Moscow Reconstruction Plan called for the creation of an inner ring of navigable waterways in northern Moscow. The proposed Northern Shipping Canal ( Russian : Северный судоходный канал ) connectingKhimki Reservoir with

2136-560: The 18th century; in fact, many segments of the rampart were built out with private and state properties, including the triumphal Red Gates and a similar triumphal arch in Triumphalnaya Square (continuously rebuilt in 1721, 1731, 1742, 1762 and 1775). In the same 1775, local authorities entertained the idea of restoring the rampart but were set back by the number of state institutions that had to be demolished. The Fire of Moscow (1812) destroyed these properties, so nothing stood in

2225-759: The 1990s contained over 250 times the maximum allowed amount of petrochemical substances. The abundance of crucian carp became public in April 2008, when an accidental release of hot water from a power plant killed over a hundred fish near the Rostokino Aqueduct . Gobio albipinnatus , a fish that was believed to be extinct in the Moscow Oblast , was rediscovered in the Yauza and the Setun River in 1993. [REDACTED] Media related to Yauza River at Wikimedia Commons Garden Ring The Garden Ring , also known as

2314-462: The Earth's surface. In 1978, geologist David Varnes noted this imprecise usage and proposed a new, much tighter scheme for the classification of mass movements and subsidence processes. This scheme was later modified by Cruden and Varnes in 1996, and refined by Hutchinson (1988), Hungr et al. (2001), and finally by Hungr, Leroueil and Picarelli (2014). The classification resulting from the latest update

2403-936: The Imperial Technical College, established in 1830 and now known as Moscow State Technical University . The present college community around MSTU includes Moscow Power Engineering Institute , Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics, the Military University in Lefortovo, Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography, the State University Of Land Use Planning, Moscow State Pedagogical University and others in Basmanny District. TsAGI (the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute), established in 1918 in

2492-532: The Moskva just below the Yauza inlet. Untreated filthy surface runoff was (as of 2008) the main source of pollution; in the 1980s it contributed one to eight times more petrochemical waste than direct industrial waste . As of 2008, nearly 80% of the surface runoff in the Central Administrative District is still flushed into the Moskva and Yauza untreated. Until 2000 the river was used in winter as

2581-481: The Ring has six lanes. After finishing reconstruction, all sections of the Ring will not have more than 10 lanes. In 2018, more than 50 % of sections of the Garden Ring are reconstructed, including Zubovskaya square, which was the widest section, there were about 18 lanes before. The Ring emerged in the 1820s, replacing fortifications, in the form of ramparts , that were no longer of military value. The Garden Ring

2670-565: The Ring was completely rebuilt in Stalinist style (or any other style). Any street of the Ring is a mixture of different style and sizes, from single-story 1820s mansions to recently built shopping malls and the 162-meter Swissotel in Red Hills (2005). From the 1990s till 2010, the city government has proposed conversion of the Garden Ring to a one-way street, completely separated from radial street traffic. The public and professionals equally reject

2759-525: The Ring was known as the "B" route (or a "bug" (букашка) in popular language). Gradually, new rental housing of 4, 5, and 6-story buildings replaced the old two-story blocks; Moscow's tallest "skyscraper", an 8-story Art Nouveau Afremov Building, was inaugurated in Sadovaya-Spasskaya Street in 1904. 1935 Joseph Stalin 's master plan of Moscow provided for expansion of Garden Ring to at least 30–40 meter width, and demolition of buildings set at

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2848-470: The Soviet period polluted the Yauza drainage basin to a point where "an oil-soaked tributary of Yauza burst into flame in 1971"; the Yauza itself "was called a river only by force of habit... the biggest gutter for waste in Moscow" and caused a prominent surge in Moskva River pollution below the Yauza inlet. By 2005 this surge disappeared, although pollution levels in the lower Yauza remained 2–3 times higher than in

2937-519: The Yauza ( 55°51′55″N 37°38′17″E  /  55.86528°N 37.63806°E  / 55.86528; 37.63806 ). Alexis I of Russia (reigned 1645–1676) established a chain of country residencies in Preobrazhenskoye and Alekseevskoye ( 55°49′5″N 37°38′40″E  /  55.81806°N 37.64444°E  / 55.81806; 37.64444 ) on the Yauza, and Izmaylovo Estate on its Serebryanka tributary. In 1653 Alexis yielded to

3026-469: The Yauza ( German Quarter , Lefortovo , Preobrazhenskoye ) played a significant role in the history of Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries. Industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries made the Yauza "the biggest gutter for waste in Moscow". In the 2000s the ecology improved, with the closing or conversion of old factories and cleanup efforts by the city government. In 2007 the Yauza waters were reclassified from "dirty" to "polluted" status, but in 2008

3115-418: The Yauza ( Rogozhskoye Cemetery and Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery ) beginning in the 1770s. Edinoverie , a moderate branch of Old Believers in communion with the official Orthodox Church, built a large church complex on a high eastern bank of Yauza in Lefortovo ( 55°45′27″N 37°40′49″E  /  55.75750°N 37.68028°E  / 55.75750; 37.68028 ). In 1779 Catherine II authorized

3204-554: The Yauza basin led to long-term flooding and death of trees deep inside Losiny Ostrov . Within the city of Moscow the Yauza is spanned by 21 road bridges, five railroad bridges, one dedicated tram bridge, two Moscow Metro bridges, numerous pedestrian bridges and the historical Rostokino Aqueduct . Spring floods due to low clearance under old bridges were common, with four in the 1950s alone (1951, 1952, 1955 and 1957); they were practically eliminated when these bridges were rebuilt to modern standards. The most recent flash flood on

3293-528: The Yauza basin. Red Pond ( 55°45′37″N 37°40′36″E  /  55.76028°N 37.67667°E  / 55.76028; 37.67667 ), connected to the Yauza by the Chechora River, was drained and converted to municipal rail yards in 1900–1911. During the same period, the Chechora was diverted into an underground sewer and the Yauza was spanned by new bridges. Higher education along the Yauza goes back to

3382-453: The Yauza became "the city's worst rust and smokestack belt". The "problem child of the first Five Year Plan " continued to grow until the economic collapse of early 1990s, and the river itself became "a reeking porridge of raw wastes from eighty-two manufacturing plants." In the 1990s manufacturing along the Yauza declined, and by 2009 many former industrial sites had been converted or rebuilt into offices and housing. The industrialization of

3471-627: The Yauza is regulated (particularly in winter) and reinforced with water from the Volga that reaches the city through the Moscow Canal . 80 million cubic meters of Volga water is sourced each year from the Khimki Reservoir in northwest Moscow and fed through underground pipes and an open channel to Golovinsky Ponds and the Likhoborka River (a tributary of the Yauza). The water level in the lower Yauza

3560-518: The Yauza occurred August 14, 2003, following a record-setting rainfall. The Yauza and its valleys are not particularly prone to the landslides and erosion common in the western and southern districts of Moscow. There were two minor landslides on the Yauza in 2008, compared with 40 on the Chertanovka River and 33 on the Gorodnya River. There is no commercial or recreational shipping, although

3649-434: The Yauza outside of the Garden Ring limits increased with the advent of railroads; within the Ring, the banks of the Yauza were the only heavily industrialized area. A major hub of three railway stations emerged north from the Yauza in the third quarter of the 19th century. The dense rail network helped establish the eastern perimeter of Moscow ( Basmanny , Lefortovo , Rogozhskoye and Sokolniki ) as "the fastest growing and

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3738-423: The Yauza provided the seed for a chain of private factories; by the end of the 18th century significant industrial clusters emerged in Lefortovo and former German Quarter (then practically devoid of Western-European influence). In 1846, pollution from these mills prompted Moscow governor Aleksey Shcherbatov to survey the banks of the Yauza and enforce administrative action against the offenders. Industrialization of

3827-498: The Yauza was more than three times the national limit (2008: 0.93 mg/L vs. 0.3), suspended particles fivefold (2008: 56 mg/L vs. 10.25). Iron, manganese, formaldehyde , chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand ( BOD 5 ) also exceeded the maximum allowed limits. The Yauza tributaries (except the Ichka River) are still rated as either "dirty" or "very dirty" (pollution index 6..10). The city (as of 2008) planned

3916-402: The Yauza would have made the latter navigable up to Sviblovo; the Yauza valley north from Sviblovo would have been flooded into a broad reservoir. A system of four sets of locks would gradually reduce the water level; the river itself was to be deepened and widened into a navigable canal with granite embankments and broad, riverside highways. Further industrialization of the Yauza was prohibited;

4005-451: The Yauza" on the site owned by Stepan Kuchka and known through another chronicle since 1147. There is no generally accepted etymology for Yauza or Auza . Similar toponyms ( Auzas , Auzes , Auzi ) exist in modern Latvia ; the Baltic origins of Yauza are generally accepted but have not been proven. Medieval Moscow grew from its Kremlin primarily in a northeasterly direction, towards

4094-525: The Yauza. St. Andronik Monastery on the Yauza (established in 1357) formed the eastern defence arc, together with the Pokrovsky and Novospassky monasteries. The Yauza was used as a commercial waterway from Moscow to Vladimir until the 16th century; boats that reached the upper Yauza were dragged over land to the Klyazma River . After the fire of 1494, Ivan III of Russia set up his country residence on

4183-626: The area of the Val Pola disaster (Italy). Evidence of past landslides has been detected on many bodies in the solar system, but since most observations are made by probes that only observe for a limited time and most bodies in the solar system appear to be geologically inactive not many landslides are known to have happened in recent times. Both Venus and Mars have been subject to long-term mapping by orbiting satellites, and examples of landslides have been observed on both planets. Landslide mitigation refers to several human-made activities on slopes with

4272-464: The city's waste water. The historical Kristall distillery ( 55°45′25″N 37°40′32″E  /  55.75694°N 37.67556°E  / 55.75694; 37.67556 ) in Lefortovo remains the last major industrial pollutant on the Yauza. Between 2001 and 2007 the city drained the lower stretches of the Yauza, swept poisonous sediments off its bottom and plugged hundreds of illegal sewage outlets. The city commissioner's report for 2007 registered

4361-513: The construction of Moscow's first water-supply network . Water from underground aquifers in the upper Yauza basin flowed to downtown Moscow through underground pipes, surface canals and an aqueduct which crossed the Yauza valley in Rostokino. After numerous delays and setbacks, the system was commissioned in 1804 and operated into the 20th century; the city of Mytishchi continues to use Yauza aquifers. State-run factories established by Peter I on

4450-579: The development of guidelines for sustainable land-use planning . The analysis is used to identify the factors that are related to landslides, estimate the relative contribution of factors causing slope failures, establish a relation between the factors and landslides, and to predict the landslide hazard in the future based on such a relationship. The factors that have been used for landslide hazard analysis can usually be grouped into geomorphology , geology , land use/land cover, and hydrogeology . Since many factors are considered for landslide hazard mapping, GIS

4539-529: The east of its present riverbed, down today's Izmailovo Gully. After being periodically submerged during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, the region finally became land in the Tertiary period. Due to minor elevation changes, the Yauza diverted into its present course, with its former riverbed taken over by the present-day Serebryanka , which forms part of Yauza basin and flows in the westward direction opposite to

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4628-468: The effects of climate change on landslides need to be studied on a regional scale. Climate change can have both positive and negative impacts on landslides Temperature rise may increase evapotranspiration, leading to a reduction in soil moisture and stimulate vegetation growth, also due to a CO2 increase in the atmosphere. Both effects may reduce landslides in some conditions. On the other side, temperature rise causes an increase of landslides due to Since

4717-432: The embankments of the Moskva and the Yauza were zoned for high-profile public and residential buildings. The Northern Canal, initially planned for completion in 1939, was never built; instead, the water level in the Yauza was reinforced through a low-cost water pipe connecting the Khimki Reservoir and the Likhoborka River (right-side tributary of the Yauza). A single set of locks (instead of four), designed by Georgy Golts,

4806-434: The ends of Garden Ring boulevards to create wide open squares. Grand Stalinist buildings, envisioned on all the ring, were initially planned only for major squares like Kursky Rail Terminal Square and Triumphalnaya Square. However, one end-of-boulevard block survives, precisely on Triumphalnaya Square, atop the six-lane tunnel. The same plan required removal of tram tracks in line with Moscow Metro construction. In fact,

4895-406: The environment , can increase the frequency of natural events (such as extreme weather ) which trigger landslides. Landslide mitigation describes the policy and practices for reducing the risk of human impacts of landslides, reducing the risk of natural disaster . Landslides occur when the slope (or a portion of it) undergoes some processes that change its condition from stable to unstable. This

4984-452: The fluidization of landslide material as it gains speed or incorporates further debris and water along its path. River blockages as the flow reaches a main stream can generate temporary dams. As the impoundments fail, a domino effect may be created, with a remarkable growth in the volume of the flowing mass, and in its destructive power. An earthflow is the downslope movement of mostly fine-grained material. Earthflows can move at speeds within

5073-570: The following streets and squares, in the clockwise direction, It crosses the Moskva River over two bridges, Bolshoy Krasnokholmsky Bridge (which connects the Taganka Square with Nizhnyaya Krasnokholmskaya Street) and Krymsky Bridge (which connects Krymsky Val Street and the Crimean Square). Maly Krasnokholmsky Bridge , connecting Nizhnyaya Krasnokholmskaya Street with Zatsepsky Val Street,

5162-713: The form of the surface(s) or shear zone(s) on which movement happens. The planes may be broadly parallel to the surface ("planar slides") or spoon-shaped ("rotational slides"). Slides can occur catastrophically, but movement on the surface can also be gradual and progressive. Spreads are a form of subsidence, in which a layer of material cracks, opens up, and expands laterally. Flows are the movement of fluidised material, which can be both dry or rich in water (such as in mud flows). Flows can move imperceptibly for years, or accelerate rapidly and cause disasters. Slope deformations are slow, distributed movements that can affect entire mountain slopes or portions of it. Some landslides are complex in

5251-532: The former German Quarter, ( 55°45′50″N 37°40′36″E  /  55.76389°N 37.67667°E  / 55.76389; 37.67667 ) became a seed for one of two aircraft-industry clusters in Moscow. An aircraft-engine plant (the present-day NPO Salyut) was established on the opposite bank in 1926. Andrey Tupolev 's design firm moved out of TsAGI into his own premises on the Yauza ( 55°45′37″N 37°40′36″E  /  55.76028°N 37.67667°E  / 55.76028; 37.67667 ) in 1936; by 1945,

5340-462: The goal of lessening the effect of landslides. Landslides can be triggered by many, sometimes concomitant causes. In addition to shallow erosion or reduction of shear strength caused by seasonal rainfall , landslides may be triggered by anthropic activities, such as adding excessive weight above the slope, digging at mid-slope or at the foot of the slope. Often, individual phenomena join to generate instability over time, which often does not allow

5429-466: The idea of a one-way, 18-lane street. Since 2010, with the arrival of the new city government , these plans were canceled. In 2016 a new reconstruction began. Trolleybus traffic was eliminated and replaced by diesel buses. All the unnecessarily wide sections of the Ring were narrowed down to 10 lanes, the width of each lane was also reduced and the sidewalks were expanded. All the overhead cables were dismantled and moved underground. The Ring consists of

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5518-480: The landscape changed after an event, what may have triggered the landslide, and shows the process of regeneration and recovery. Using satellite imagery in combination with GIS and on-the-ground studies, it is possible to generate maps of likely occurrences of future landslides. Such maps should show the locations of previous events as well as clearly indicate the probable locations of future events. In general, to predict landslides, one must assume that their occurrence

5607-501: The landslide is triggered by a specific event (such as a heavy rainfall , an earthquake , a slope cut to build a road, and many others), although this is not always identifiable. Landslides are frequently made worse by human development (such as urban sprawl ) and resource exploitation (such as mining and deforestation ). Land degradation frequently leads to less stabilization of soil by vegetation . Additionally, global warming caused by climate change and other human impact on

5696-440: The long runout can be different, but they typically result in the weakening of the sliding mass as the speed increases. The causes of this weakening are not completely understood. Especially for the largest landslides, it may involve the very quick heating of the shear zone due to friction, which may even cause the water that is present to vaporize and build up a large pressure, producing a sort of hovercraft effect. In some cases,

5785-482: The military ( Preobrazhensky Lifeguard regiment , established 1687) and supporting the industries spreading on both banks of the river. Bartolomeo Rastrelli erected Annenhof , a summer residence for empress Anna of Russia , in Lefortovo in 1731. Annenhof burnt down in 1746 and was eventually replaced by Catherine 's Palace ( 55°45′42″N 37°41′44″E  /  55.76167°N 37.69556°E  / 55.76167; 37.69556 ), designed by Giacomo Quarenghi ;

5874-413: The most important factors that trigger landslides in any given location. Using GIS, extremely detailed maps can be generated to show past events and likely future events which have the potential to save lives, property, and money. Since the ‘90s, GIS have been also successfully used in conjunction to decision support systems , to show on a map real-time risk evaluations based on monitoring data gathered in

5963-485: The most variegated area, holding dozens of textile and garment factories but also machinery enterprises and Moscow's one steel mill ." The railroad infrastructure in Krasnoselsky District , a steady source of municipal revenue, was threatened by regular floods on numerous tributaries of the Yauza. This risk, along with the drive to free up land for development, led to the first modern flood control measures in

6052-431: The movement of a mass over a planar or curvilinear surface or shear zone. A debris slide is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of material mixed with water and/or ice. It is usually triggered by the saturation of thickly vegetated slopes which results in an incoherent mixture of broken timber, smaller vegetation and other debris. Debris flows and avalanches differ from debris slides because their movement

6141-471: The movement of clayey materials, which facilitate the intrusion of water into the moving mass and produce faster responses to precipitation. A rock avalanche, sometimes referred to as sturzstrom , is a large and fast-moving landslide of the flow type. It is rarer than other types of landslides but it is often very destructive. It exhibits typically a long runout, flowing very far over a low-angle, flat, or even slightly uphill terrain. The mechanisms favoring

6230-451: The negative impacts felt by landslides. GIS offers a superior method for landslide analysis because it allows one to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and display large amounts of data quickly and effectively. Because so many variables are involved, it is important to be able to overlay the many layers of data to develop a full and accurate portrayal of what is taking place on the Earth's surface. Researchers need to know which variables are

6319-401: The original Yauza. The Yauza is 48 kilometres (30 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 452 square kilometres (175 sq mi). It consists of three parts: The Yauza collects waters from many tributaries, most of them confined to underground sewers (e.g. Rachka , Rybenka and Khapilovka ). The few that remain on the surface, at least partially, are (north to south): The flow of

6408-520: The palace now houses a military academy, and the former palace gardens have become a public park. Elizabeth of Russia built her country palace in Rubtsovo, on the site of Mikhail's former residence ( 55°46′56″N 37°41′42″E  /  55.78222°N 37.69500°E  / 55.78222; 37.69500 ), from 1735 to 1743. The Old Believers , a persecuted religious minority, were allowed to practice their beliefs in two isolated communities east of

6497-592: The pressure of Orthodox clergy and expelled Catholics and Protestants from Moscow; they resettled in the German Quarter on the eastern bank of the Yauza, isolated from the city by the marshes around the Kokuy and Chechora streams. Tsar Peter I (reigned 1682–1725) established his own headquarters in Preobrazhenskoye, and was a regular guest in the German Quarter. He neglected his father's palaces, instead concentrating on

6586-402: The reduction of property damage and loss of life. Because landslides occur frequently and can represent some of the most destructive forces on earth, it is imperative to have a good understanding as to what causes them and how people can either help prevent them from occurring or simply avoid them when they do occur. Sustainable land management and development is also an essential key to reducing

6675-403: The rehabilitation of the Yauza tributaries Chermyanka and Likhoborka, which was then threatened by shortage of funds in the wake of the 2008 Russian financial crisis . The upper, cleaner stretch of the Yauza is home to about 20 species of fish, predominantly burbot , perch , crucian carp and gobio , but the lower Yauza also has a population of hardy fish. Perch caught near the Yauza inlet in

6764-437: The remainder of the Streltsy were disbanded by the end of Peter's reign. In 1683–1718, the Rampart served as Moscow customs border; traders, evading taxation, set numerous markets right outside of city gates; the last of these, Zatsepa Market, was closed in the 1970s. Eventually, Peter I lifted this taxation in 1722, but it resumed in the 1730s at the new city border, Kamer-Kollezhsky Val . The rampart lost its military value in

6853-408: The removal of tram tracks proceeded well in advance of subway construction; by 1938, tram remained only in southern and south-eastern segments of the Ring (this segment was closed in 1961 ). Stalinist construction proceeded after World War II , notably the three skyscrapers ( Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia , Kudrinskaya Square and Red Gates Square buildings of 1947–1954). However, no part of

6942-422: The river is accessible to small motor boats as far as Preobrazhenskaya Square ( 55°47′42″N 37°42′14″E  /  55.79500°N 37.70389°E  / 55.79500; 37.70389 ). The first mention of the Yauza (as Auza ) in Russian chronicles is directly connected to the foundation of Moscow: according to the chronicles, in 1156 Yury Dolgoruky "founded Moscow at the estuary of Neglinnaya above

7031-707: The river. Slobodas (settlements) of metalworkers' guilds expanded, and in the 17th century Taganka became the most densely populated, remote area of the city of Moscow. The lower Yauza was used by numerous watermills and public baths tending to the growing population. Suburban valleys of the Yauza also flourished under the early Romanovs . Tsar Mikhail of Russia (reigned 1613–1645) established his country palace in Rubtsovo ( 55°46′56″N 37°41′42″E  /  55.78222°N 37.69500°E  / 55.78222; 37.69500 ) and his former rival Prince Dmitry Pozharsky (1577–1642) lived further out, in Medvedkovo on

7120-489: The sense that they feature different movement types in different portions of the moving body, or they evolve from one movement type to another over time. For example, a landslide can initiate as a rock fall or topple and then, as the blocks disintegrate upon the impact, transform into a debris slide or flow. An avalanching effect can also be present, in which the moving mass entrains additional material along its path. Slope material that becomes saturated with water may produce

7209-412: The sliding surface is mostly deeply located, for instance well below the maximum rooting depth of trees. They usually involve deep regolith , weathered rock, and/or bedrock and include large slope failures associated with translational, rotational, or complex movements. They tend to form along a plane of weakness such as a fault or bedding plane . They can be visually identified by concave scarps at

7298-716: The top and steep areas at the toe. Deep-seated landslides also shape landscapes over geological timescales and produce sediment that strongly alters the course of fluvial streams . Landslides that occur undersea, or have impact into water e.g. significant rockfall or volcanic collapse into the sea, can generate tsunamis . Massive landslides can also generate megatsunamis , which are usually hundreds of meters high. In 1958, one such tsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in Alaska. Landslide hazard analysis and mapping can provide useful information for catastrophic loss reduction, and assist in

7387-513: The trend reversed and pollution in the Yauza exceeded its 2006 levels. As of 2008, Yauza water passing the Moscow city boundary is rated as "polluted", and reaches a "very dirty" level at its inlet. Untreated surface runoff in the Central Administrative District remains the main source of pollution. The Yauza is arguably one of the most ancient European rivers. A proto-Yauza River first appeared in Permian - Triassic period, at which time it flowed to

7476-413: The underlying bedrock. Failure surfaces can also form within the clay or silt layer itself, and they usually have concave shapes, resulting in rotational slides Slope failure mechanisms often contain large uncertainties and could be significantly affected by heterogeneity of soil properties. A landslide in which the sliding surface is located within the soil mantle or weathered bedrock (typically to

7565-474: The very high temperature may even cause some of the minerals to melt. During the movement, the rock in the shear zone may also be finely ground, producing a nanometer-size mineral powder that may act as a lubricant, reducing the resistance to motion and promoting larger speeds and longer runouts. The weakening mechanisms in large rock avalanches are similar to those occurring in seismic faults. Slides can occur in any rock or soil material and are characterized by

7654-443: The way of city development plans. Rather than rebuild the now useless rampart, according to census records, the city leveled it sometime between 1818–1826. The new free land was developed according to local social status: the upper-class western segment of the Ring acquired central boulevards , flanked by side streets. Present-day streets in this segments are still called Boulevards (Zubovsky Boulevard, etc.). Elsewhere, Garden Ring

7743-461: The western bank of the Yauza in Vorontsovo ( 55°45′7″N 37°39′5″E  /  55.75194°N 37.65139°E  / 55.75194; 37.65139 ). During the same period potters, blacksmiths and other craftsmen deemed a fire hazard were evicted from Moscow proper onto the opposite, eastern bank of the Yauza (the present-day area of Taganka Square ), thus beginning the industrialization of

7832-415: Was built in 1940. The river was widened and flanked with embankments according to plan, albeit at a slower pace. The social and zoning policies made in 1935 were soon discarded; industrialization of the Yauza drainage basin continued unchecked through the Soviet period, particularly in the "reviled south-east quadrant" not obstructed by park and forest reserves. The territory immediately east and southeast of

7921-409: Was set as a 10–20 sazhen (22–43 meters) wide street; unused side territories were allocated to existing homeowners on condition that they plant and maintain gardens at their own expense. These streets usually have a name beginning with Sadovaya– , e.g. Sadovo–Triumphalnaya Street. By 1850, all buildings in this street were completely hidden from view by foliage; the street, indeed, was running through

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