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59-633: There are three small communities that border the Yaquina River and Bay: Newport (population approx. 9,989), Toledo (population approx. 3,459) and Elk City (population approx. 25). The Yaquina Bay in Newport is a popular tourist destination along the Pacific Coast Highway. It is also an important estuary for the area's ecology and economy. Yaquina Bay is named after the Yaquina Tribe that occupied

118-408: A ) concentrations vary seasonally with ocean water import, particularly during summer upwelling. Variation of Chl a also depends on the timing of summer upwelling each year, where upwelling could occur earlier or be delayed. Oregon estuaries typically have low median Chl a levels, about less than 5 micrograms per liter of water. When high concentrations of Chl a are advected into the estuary, there

177-533: A lawsuit in the United States District Court alleging that nine individuals had violated his civil rights by assaulting him, stealing his property, and forcibly removing him from the Toledo community. After a nine-day trial, the jury unanimously agreed with Ogura and awarded him $ 2,500 in damages plus court costs. A book was written about this called The Toledo Incident of 1925 . Between 1927 and 1944,

236-509: A male householder with no wife present, and 31.9% were non-families. 22.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.02. The median age in the city was 37.6 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 28.5% were from 45 to 64; and 11.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of

295-444: A resource for recreational fishers. Yaquina Bay has been shown to be a site for spawning and development of many species. Pacific Herring and bay goby larvae are abundant, but other larval fishes such as sculpin , anchovy , smelt , clingfishes , cod , stickleback , pipefish , prickleback , gunnels, sandlance , rockfish , greenlings, lumpfish , and flounder are present in the estuary. Although there are larval fish present in

354-473: A restored Southern Pacific 1923 Railway Post Office / Baggage car. On 3 August 1893, Toledo became the first city to have a railroad depot made out of brick in Oregon. The reason to build a depot had to do with a dispute of a twenty-foot strip of land. The city of Toledo, at the time, had no depot provided to the citizens. However, the citizens of Toledo made a demand on the railroad commissioners asking that

413-460: A source of silica for diatoms in Yaquina Bay. The upstream Yaquina River source material is more quartz dominated (more silica) than downstream source material. Some of the heavy minerals upstream include micas ( biotite and muscovite made of potassium , aluminum , and silica ), hematite (iron), and limonite (iron oxides). Near the coastal shoreline and mouth of the Yaquina Bay estuary,

472-550: A substantial contributor to the county economy, accounting for $ 133.8 million in industry income in 2012. Some tourist destinations include South Beach State Park, Yaquina Bay State Recreation Site, the Oregon Coast Aquarium , restaurants, shops, and attractions on the Bayfront, and Hatfield Marine Science Center . Yaquina Bay is a characteristic estuary, with freshwater input from the Yaquina River as well as an open access to

531-470: A vulnerability assessment to assess the current state of the coast in respect to future hazards occurring. They included Yaquina Bay in their case study, as this area is heavily influenced by tourism, businesses, industries, vessels, to name a few. The assessment was able to address areas of concern and helped businesses and industries by highlighting ways to adapt to the changing conditions to prevent future damage. Toledo, Oregon Toledo /toLIdou/

590-570: Is a city located on the Yaquina River and along U.S. Route 20 in Lincoln County , in the U.S. state of Oregon . The population was 3,465 at the 2010 census . The city was a 2009 All-America City Award finalist. European-American settlement in Toledo began in 1866, when John Graham, his son Joseph, and William Mackey, claimed land made available by the Homestead Act of 1862 . The site

649-602: Is also an increase in flood tide DO levels. Summer upwelling along the Oregon coast brings nutrients from deep waters up into the Yaquina Bay estuary. This event, along with decreased rain and river input, and increased light, all contribute to the seasonal chemistry variability in the Bay. As with any coastal zone, there are inherent hazards present. Especially in the Pacific Northwest , coastlines are impacted by large waves, storm surge, strong currents, wind, and rain. Yaquina Bay

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708-403: Is approximately 2.4 m (7.9 ft). Tidal flux is typically vigorous and allows intense mixing near the mouth of the Bay. However, there is seasonal variation on mixing within the estuary. During the summer and early months, June to October, the estuary is well-mixed contrasted to the winter months, November to May, when the estuary is more stratified. Due to the variation in tides and mixing,

767-479: Is influenced by daily tides, river sediment input, summer upwelling along the coast, and biological processes. Yaquina Bay experiences mixed semidiurnal tides, ranging from 1.9 to 2.5 m (6.2-8.2 ft) daily. The influx of water from the ocean changes the salinity of the estuary, creating a salt intrusion that has been estimated to reach as far as 21.8 km (13.5 mi) upriver. Daily tidal changes affect estuary mixing and stratification . Flood tides coming from

826-589: Is low, typically during the summer. Chlorophyll concentrations and other measurements of water chemistry (see Chemistry section below) verify these observations. Yaquina Bay was formed roughly 2.2 million years ago in the Oligocene Epoch of the Cenozoic Era. Increased sedimentation and subsidence contributed to formation of Yaquina Bay. Sedimentary rocks in this area are mainly "sandstone, siltstone and clay-containing mudstone", as indicated in geological samples from

885-450: Is seasonally affected by these impacts, with winter typically the most intense period. Storms and rain increase, which leads to more land runoff and also causes waves and currents to reshape the coastline. Erosion is a challenge for Yaquina Bay and the entire Oregon Coast . Yaquina Bay's sediments are made up of sandstone , siltstone and clay-containing mudstone and these soft sediments contribute to annual erosion. Waves, however, are

944-570: The Creamery Package Manufacturing Company , nestled in Chicago, operated a substantial sawmill and stock cooperage in Toledo. This mill was dedicated to producing butter tub stock, churning out up to two million spruce butter tubs annually. These tubs were shipped as knockdown kits via rail to three Midwestern factories for regional assembly and distribution, with most designed to hold a generous 63 pounds of butter. According to

1003-612: The Lincoln County School District : Toledo Elementary School (K–6) and Toledo High School (7–12). Toledo High School is a combination junior high and high school , and serves students in seventh through twelfth grade . Toledo is now the western terminus of a Portland and Western Railroad line. This route was once part of the Oregon Pacific Railroad , which was completed from Yaquina City through Toledo to Corvallis in 1885. This railroad later linked

1062-571: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.41 square miles (6.24 km ), of which, 2.18 square miles (5.65 km ) is land and 0.23 square miles (0.60 km ) is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,465 people, 1,331 households, and 907 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,589.4 inhabitants per square mile (613.7/km ). There were 1,474 housing units at an average density of 676.1 per square mile (261.0/km ). The racial makeup of

1121-548: The Yaquina River contributes to the Yaquina Bay estuary chemistry, varying with seasonal rainfall. In the winter, when there is higher rainfall and therefore more input from the river, siliceous diatoms are more abundant and have higher species diversity. This is contrasted with fewer diatom species in seasons when there is less rainfall. Rocks are mostly made of silica and when land weathering takes place, rocks are broken down into their smaller silica components. With increased rainfall and sediment transport, this weathering provides

1180-554: The Central Oregon Coast Range, Pleistocene marine sediments and estuarine deposits. These sediments have three realms of deposition; marine deposition, fluviatile, and an intermediate transition state called marine-fluviatile. Marine deposition is found within the initial 2.4 km (1.5 mi) of the estuary and is associated with average ocean salinity and turbulent mixing. The sediment is similar in texture to sand and other fine grains. Fluviatile deposition extends from

1239-513: The Coast Range, the doctor, along with three other explorers, set out for the coast in quest for his new appointment. In 1861, Captain Spencer, from the state of Washington, first settled in Yaquina Bay. Spencer, with the assistance of a local Indian guide, discovered valuable oyster beds within the Bay, which would attract future businesses, particularly firms from San Francisco. In 1866, news spread

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1298-491: The Oregon Pacific be forced to provide reasonable accommodations there. The people of Toledo and Oregon Pacific agreed to a contract: the people would pay $ 250 in money and to furnish an equal amount of labor on the building. Oregon Pacific, in return, agreed to erect within sixty days from the date of the contract a brick depot building at Toledo of the size and dimensions as before agreed upon at 20 feet by 60 feet. The depot

1357-779: The Pacific Ocean introducing ocean saltwater. Yaquina Bay is maintained at 6.7 m (22 ft) in depth with the help of dredging, but depth decreases upstream with the occurrence of shoals, tidal flats, and other shallow zones. The estuary is about 11.6 km at mean tide and can decrease to 9.1 km at mean low tide. The North and South Yaquina Jetties, at the junction between the Pacific Ocean and Yaquina Bay, were constructed in 1888. Predictions of tidal height and times are based on National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data with respect to Hatfield Marine Science Center's Center Dock. Yaquina Bay's high and low tidal range

1416-560: The Pacific Spruce Corporation decided to hire Japanese contract labor to sort lumber in its Toledo sawmill. Managers informed local employees that only the Japanese would work the graveyard shift . The sawmill employees did not object, but local businessmen opposed bringing Japanese workers into the community. Two days after the Japanese arrived, a mob forced a Japanese labor crew to leave town. A year later, Tamakichi Ogura filed

1475-400: The Yaquina Bay estuary change with season. During drier seasons, the ocean is the major nitrogen source while the river is the major source in wetter seasons, where river discharge can be up to five times higher than drier seasons. Samples taken at the surface with varying salinities showed dissolved inorganic nitrogen is found mostly at the two salinity extremes; the mouth of the estuary and up

1534-403: The Yaquina Bay estuary from the 1920s to the 1980s. Yaquina Bay and its watershed have multiple uses, including fishing, tourism, recreation, and research. As of 2014, the highest percentage of the Newport workforce is employed in management, business, science, and arts (36.7%), while only 8.9% are employed in natural resources, construction, and maintenance. Agriculture is a small percentage of

1593-445: The Yaquina Bay estuary vary depending on depth. Concentrations are lowest in the channel (<0.2%) and highest in shallower sediments, particularly from samples collected at tidal flats (2.7%). About 1-7% of sand in the Yaquina Bay estuary is made of carbonates like mollusk shell fragments and foraminifera . Carbonate concentrations are higher in the bay channel (5%) and decrease towards the bay margin (3%). Major nitrogen sources for

1652-419: The Yaquina River. The input at the mouth of Yaquina Bay indicates input from upwelled waters during the summer season. The nutrient flux into the estuary is enough to sustain primary productivity during the summer months. Phosphorus is generally a limiting nutrient in the ocean. In Pacific Northwest estuaries, an important source of phosphorus comes from ocean upwelling in the summer (see below). Samples taken at

1711-664: The city to Albany in 1887, with a 4000 foot long bridge across the Willamette River , in the Willamette Valley . The city is also served by the port authority (the Port of Toledo), and Toledo State Airport . The area's railroad history is preserved and celebrated at the Yaquina Pacific Railroad Historical Society (YPRHS) in Toledo. Two local and historic Georgia-Pacific locomotives are on display at

1770-452: The city was $ 34,503, and the median income for a family was $ 39,597. Males had a median income of $ 35,104 versus $ 22,297 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 14,710. 19.3% of the population and 18.6% of families were below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 26.6% of those under the age of 18 and 8.9% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. There are two public schools in Toledo, which are part of

1829-523: The city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,472 people in the city, organized into 1,312 households and 926 families. The population density was 1,602.2 inhabitants per square mile (618.6/km ). There were 1,474 housing units at an average density of 680.2 per square mile (262.6/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 91.88% White, 3.37% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.23% African American, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.52% from other races, and 3.40% from two or more races. 2.59% of

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1888-445: The city was 89.9% White , 0.6% African American , 3.8% Native American , 0.5% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 1.2% from other races , and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.7% of the population. There were 1,331 households, of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.5% were married couples living together, 14.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had

1947-433: The coast, and even helped settlers reach their new coastal home. With the influx of residents, seasonal visitors to the area, and booming businesses, Yaquina Bay's oyster trade quickly began to decline. In 1869, a group of oystermen formed a task force with the interest of preserving oyster beds. To better the public's interest and their own, they worked diligently to restore and protect the oyster communities. Shortly after

2006-495: The economy in Lincoln County, but has increased in the past ten years. While timber harvesting has been a historic contributor to the economy, this industry has since decreased. Employment had declined by 82% between about 1980 and 2000. In 2015, Pacific Whiting, or North Pacific Hake, was the largest source of fish caught by commercial fisheries from Newport, OR, while Pink Shrimp brought in the greatest dollar amount. As of 2015,

2065-657: The establishment of Newport, the Yaquina Bay lighthouse began construction in 1871. However, with the establishment of the Yaquina Head lighthouse to the north, it was decommissioned in 1874. For a long time, Yaquina Bay was the midpoint between San Francisco and Seattle. With increased ship and navigation traffic into the area, the number of shipwrecks increased rapidly. Historical uses of Yaquina Bay include commercial oyster farming and fishing, recreational clamming, and shipping and navigation. Logging practices also occurred in

2124-415: The estuary are mostly male. They move through the estuary, but spend a lot of time near the Bayfront or hauled out on docks, perhaps due to the additional food or safety. Some fish species present in Yaquina Bay include English sole and sculpin, in addition to river lamprey, lingcod, anchovies, Pacific herring, sturgeon, flounder, and salmon. Clams and Dungeness crabs are also present within the bay and make up

2183-486: The estuary, the Pacific herring was found to be the only commercial species that relies on the estuary for spawning and development. Yaquina Bay also provides a nursery environment for English sole. Multiple species of juvenile salmon, including chum , coho , and chinook , also pass through Yaquina Bay during their life cycle, often transitioning from shallower to deeper waters as they grow. The Yaquina Bay estuarine chemistry

2242-508: The estuary. Another type of estuary habitat is formed by native Olympia oysters ( Ostrea lurida ). These are historically abundant in Yaquina Bay, and in addition to creating hard surfaces in the estuary, oysters also filter the bay water and provide food for local people. In fact, settlement on the mouth of Yaquina Bay is attributed in part to the oyster fishery. In subtidal areas, marine mammals such as harbor seals and California sea lions are sometimes present in Yaquina Bay. Sea lions in

2301-434: The estuary. Burrows in the mud made by mud shrimp pump oxygen deeper into the sediment, which makes it available for microbes to use. Mud shrimp activity has also been shown to increase the movement of carbon and dissolved inorganic nitrogen in and out of the mud. Some species of diatoms , a type of phytoplankton , can be found on the sediments of Yaquina Bay wetlands. These diatoms are also important in nutrient cycling within

2360-405: The estuary. DO levels of imported ocean water are dependent on physical factors (wind stress and cool water temperature) and biological factors (association with chlorophyll a and respiration). Ocean influence of DO levels in the estuary extends to about 10 km (6.2 mi) upriver. In the upper estuary beyond ocean influence, DO levels decrease with increasing temperature. Chlorophyll a (Chl

2419-521: The first mayor. The county seat moved from Toledo to Newport in 1953. To make matters worse, an improved U.S. Route 20 bypassed the city, ( Special routes of U.S. Route 20 ) and as a result, many businesses relocated to Newport. In 1918, the Port of Toledo leased land to the Spruce Production Division for a sawmill to cut airplane frames for World War I. However, before production began at

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2478-555: The main proponent of erosion. Waves are parallel to the beach and as wind increases, energy is enhanced and height grows, causing a devastating effect on beaches. Also, as currents run along the coast, they move sand causing either addition or depletion of sand in some areas. This has been evident around the Yaquina Jetty. With longshore drift increased during the winter, sand is deposited and dramatically built up in this area. In 2002, researchers, stakeholders, and policy makers organized

2537-477: The museum. One locomotive is the "One Spot", a 2-8-2 steamer built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1922. This locomotive spent its entire working career within Lincoln County, from 1922 to 1959. The other locomotive at the museum is a GE 50 ton diesel, built in 1951 for the C.D. Johnson Lumber Co as their No. 8, which was later purchased by Georgia-Pacific. It was donated in 2016 to YPRHS. The Museum also has

2596-476: The ocean bring coastal nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus into the estuary. During mixing events, the Yaquina Bay estuary experiences changes in gradients for salinity, concentration of chemical species, and suspended sediment, which in turn influences biological productivity. The Yaquina Bay estuary has high primary productivity throughout the year due to high dissolved oxygen concentrations and cool water temperature from tidal flushing. Sediment input from

2655-426: The point of freshwater input up to 9.7 km (6 mi) into the Bay, with its sediments more coarse. The transition stage between these two realms contains sediment mixes from the marine and fluviatile areas. The last recorded rate of sediment deposition was in 1936, with a recorded estimate of 23 cm (9.1 in) annually. However, deposition is subject to seasonal variations. Maximum deposition takes place in

2714-429: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 1,312 households, out of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

2773-444: The promises and new life Yaquina Bay had to offer, and it quickly brought a surge of settlers to the area. Newport was quickly formed and oyster companies and other industries began to take residence. The growing oyster business initiated the construction of a wagon road from Corvallis to Yaquina Bay, costing approximately $ 20,000 and spanning 45 miles. The road was completed in 1873 and promised continued connections between Corvallis and

2832-498: The salinity changes drastically depending on location within the Bay. Average salinity at the mouth of the Bay is 34 psu, whereas the salinity upriver is 0. The Yaquina River is 95 km (59 mi) long, beginning at the Central Oregon Coast Range, rounding past multiple bordered cities, and eventually opening up into Yaquina Bay. The river provides nutrients for the Bay and supports a variety of biology. Sediments that are found within Yaquina Bay are derived from tertiary rocks from

2891-454: The sand grains are mostly feldspars and chert (silica), and volcanic fragments (most likely high in silica, potassium, aluminum, sodium, and calcium). In nearshore marine deposit sediment, the source material is less quartz (less silica) compared to upriver sources; heavy minerals include pyroxene (a group of silicate minerals), hypersthene (magnesium iron silica), and diopside (magnesium calcium silica). Organic carbon concentrations of

2950-653: The sediments. The oldest rocks found in the Coast Range and in Yaquina Bay date back to Paleocene and Eocene Epochs, about 40-60 million years ago. The seafloor to the west of Oregon is continually spreading and there is evidence of subduction taking place along the coast of Oregon and Washington. Yaquina Bay comprises several different habitats that provide resources for many species. These habitats include intertidal eelgrass beds, mudflats , and sandflats, and subtidal areas. Mudflats and sandflats are typically covered by water during high tide and exposed to air during low tide, while subtidal areas are covered by water almost all of

3009-400: The site, the war ended. C. D. Johnson and associates formed a subsidiary, Pacific Spruce Corporation, which in 1920 bought the mill and related equipment, which by 1922 processed logs shipped to Toledo by rail and logs floated down the Yaquina River from nearby Lincoln County Logging camps. Georgia-Pacific acquired the operation in 1952 and turned it into a pulp mill by 1957. In 1925,

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3068-469: The surface with varying salinities showed dissolved inorganic phosphorus more prevalent in areas with higher salinities compared to lower, thus indicating the ocean as the source for this system. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is an important water quality parameter because of its close relationship with biological activity. In the Yaquina Bay estuary, DO levels may be lower and almost hypoxic due to low DO levels with coastal upwelled water imported into

3127-486: The territory along the Yaquina River. With the railroad addition in the late 1880s, many thought Yaquina Bay would be the commerce center for the Pacific Northwest. Wheat, lumber, and other goods were transported to Yaquina Bay as the area began to develop. Oyster companies and other merchandise organizations began to take residence in the Bay. Indigenous peoples of the region had called Yaquina Bay home for years until

3186-444: The time. Beds of native eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) and beds of invasive eelgrass ( Zostera japonica ) grow separately and provide a distinct habitat for certain organisms. Birds, including gulls, ducks, shorebirds, crows, geese, egrets, rails, pelicans and cormorants are present in Yaquina Bay using the eelgrass and mudflats as habitats. Mud shrimp also live in mudflats, and they play an important role in nutrient cycling within

3245-462: The value of commercial fisheries out of Newport totals approximately $ 33,221,009. Recreational fishing also occurs in Yaquina Bay, with perch, rockfish, herring, chinook salmon, clams, and crabs being the popular catch. Aquaculture of oysters also occurs in Yaquina Bay, totaling 1,172 pounds in 2012. Yaquina Bay Harbor houses commercial and recreational fishing vessels, other recreational boats, government vessels, and research vessels. Tourism represents

3304-414: The westward expansion. In 1856, the first vessel entered Yaquina Bay carrying supplies for Siletz Block-houses up the Yaquina River. The newfound Bay access promised a great deal of advantages, particularly open transportation and shipping to and from San Francisco Bay. Also in 1856, a doctor from the Willamette Valley was appointed surgeon to an Indian agency in Yaquina Bay. Following Indian trails through

3363-479: The winter and early spring when river runoff is highest due to increased rain, when the longshore drift is coming from the south, and when winds are from the southwest. In the summer, deposition is low because of lower runoff, southward longshore drift and northwest winds. Turbulent mixing within the estuary increases the amount of suspended sediment and therefore increases the turbidity within Yaquina Bay. Turbidity has been found to be most prominent when river runoff

3422-407: Was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.05. In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.6% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males. The median income for a household in

3481-400: Was called "Graham's Landing" until a post office was established two years later. Joseph D. Graham, John's son, named the post office for Toledo, Ohio , because he was homesick. William Mackey was the first postmaster. Toledo was made the county seat of the newly established Lincoln County in 1893. The city incorporated in 1893 and reincorporated in 1905. Charles Barton Crosno served as

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