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112-506: The Oregon Coast Aquarium is an aquarium in Newport in the U.S. state of Oregon . Opened in 1992, the facility sits on 23 acres (9.3 ha) along Yaquina Bay near the Pacific Ocean. The aquarium was home to Keiko , the orca who starred in the movie Free Willy , from January 7, 1996, until September 9, 1998, when he was shipped to Vestmannaeyjar , Iceland. USA Today considers

224-468: A saltwater aquarium , though he did not use the term. In 1846, Anne Thynne maintained stony corals and seaweed for almost three years, and was credited as the creator of the first balanced marine aquarium in London. English chemist Robert Warington experimented with a 13-gallon container, which contained goldfish, eelgrass , and snails , creating one of the first stable aquaria. The aquarium principle

336-519: A "world class" aquarium were finalized in 1990. The Aquarium was designed by SRG Architects, Portland: BIOS:Inc, of Seattle, and Walker/Macy Landscape Architects, Portland, Oregon. After early bids were rejected by the aquarium's board of directors, Mountain States Construction was selected to build the first phase for about $ 12 million in August 1990. Plans for the first phase included construction of

448-570: A $ 7.8 million habitat for the movie star in Oregon. Keiko was moved to Iceland in 1998 in an attempt to return him to the wild. For 2012, the aquarium had 450,000 visitors and earned $ 850,000 on about $ 7.3 million in revenues. The Oregon Coast Aquarium's collection focuses on the flora and fauna native to the Oregon Coast . The aquarium is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums . Exhibits in

560-574: A 40,000-square-foot (3,700 m) building and four acres of outdoor exhibits, with completion expected in spring 1992. Construction began in August 1990 on phase one, with two other phases expected to start three years and eight years later. On May 23, 1992, the Oregon Coast Aquarium opened with about 5,500 visitors the first day. Those in attendance on the first day included Senator Mark O. Hatfield , Governor Barbara Roberts , and Congressmen Mike Kopetski and Les AuCoin . The opening theme of

672-414: A 400-litre (110 US gal; 88 imp gal) tank with many other fish in it represents only a minor change. For this reason, hobbyists often favor larger tanks, as they require less attention. Several nutrient cycles are important in the aquarium. Dissolved oxygen enters the system at the surface water-air interface. Similarly, carbon dioxide escapes the system into the air. The phosphate cycle

784-1156: A challenge to recreate such environments, and most "true" biotopes will only have a few (if not only one) species of fish and invertebrates. Finally, an emerging concept for the home is that of a wall mounted aquarium, some of which are displayed at the Living Art Marine Center . An aquarium can range from a small glass bowl containing less than 1 litre (2.1 US pt) of water to immense public aquaria that house entire ecosystems such as kelp forests . Relatively large home aquaria resist rapid fluctuations of temperature and pH , allowing for greater system stability. Beginner aquarists are advised to consider larger tanks to begin with, as controlling water parameters in smaller tanks can prove difficult. Small, unfiltered bowl-shaped aquaria are now widely regarded as unsuitable for most fish. In order to keep water conditions at suitable levels, aquariums should contain at least two forms of filtration : biological and mechanical. Chemical filtration should also be considered under some circumstances for optimum water quality. Chemical filtration

896-420: A circular, submerged lid. Pseudokreisels are "U" or semicircle shaped, usually without a lid. Stretch kreisels are a "double gyre" kreisel design, where the tank length is at least twice the height. Using two downwelling inlets on both sides of the tank lets gravity create two gyres in the tank. A single downwelling inlet may be used in the middle as well. The top of a stretch kreisel may be open or closed with

1008-425: A cooler environment. Temperature consistency is more important than range. Most organisms are not accustomed to sudden changes in temperatures, which can cause shock and lead to disease. Water temperature can be regulated with a thermostat and heater (or cooler). Water movement can also be important in simulating a natural ecosystem. Aquarists may prefer anything from still water up to swift currents , depending on

1120-444: A dazzling aquarium is one of the last surefire ways to impress their peers." A kreisel tank ( kreisel being German for " spinning top " or " gyroscope ") is an aquarium shaped like a horizontal cylinder that is designed to hold delicate animals such as jellyfish and newborn seahorses. These aquariums provide slow, circular water flow with a bare minimum of interior hardware to prevent the inhabitants from becoming injured by pumps or

1232-410: A female by the presence of a small, conical papilla behind the anal vent. Up to age two, males and females grow at similar rates, with both reaching an average length of 45 centimeters (18 in). After age two, females grow faster than males, with the growth of males tapering off at about age eight, and females continuing to grow until about age 12 to 14. In 1977, Dr. Dick Beamish and Doris Chilton of

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1344-481: A hard substrate such as rocky reefs and generally deeper waters as well. Such a shift in habitat based on the life stages portrays Lingcod's ontogenetic shift. Typically, female Lingcod will migrate seasonally to spawn but male Lingcod prefer to stay near the familiar habitat in which they were born. However, in certain cases, there have been cases of immature Lingcod migrating more than 60 miles. Females mainly go to more shallow waters to lay eggs. Lingcod have

1456-399: A lid. There may also be screens about midway down the sides of the tank, or at the top on the sides. It is possible to combine these designs; a circular shaped tank is used without a lid or cover, and the surface of the water acts as the continuation of circular flow. Another popular setup is the biotope aquarium. A biotope aquarium is a recreation of a specific natural environment. Some of

1568-432: A lower hepatosomatic index value, which may indicate blueness is also an indication of poor body condition. The exact mechanism behind the production of blueness is not yet determined. One explanation includes that parasites may cause physiological damage to the fish, producing blueness as a result. Another possible explanation is that starvation may be the driving factor for blue coloration and parasite burden, but this factor

1680-447: A male's territory. The female Lingcod will leave the nest site immediately after depositing eggs. However, the male Lingcod will come to fertilize the eggs by spawning. After the eggs are fertilized, the male will actively defend the nest from predators for 6 weeks until the eggs hatch between January and June. Male Lingcods typically will only defend one nest, however, it has been observed for male lingcods to defend up to three nests if

1792-460: A narrow home range and show territorial behaviors. This behavior aids Lingcods in returning to the same reef for spawning. Lingcod can also live more than 20 years but typically only live up to 14 years for males and 20 years for females. Starting in November, male lingcod migrate to nearshore spawning grounds and establish territories. Such interannual nest fidelity coupled with great precision of

1904-514: A natural water source (such as a river, lake, or ocean) to reduce the level of treatment. Some hobbyists use an algae scrubber to filter the water naturally. Water temperature determines the two most basic aquarium classifications: tropical versus cold water . Most fish and plant species tolerate only a limited temperature range; tropical aquaria, with an average temperature of about 25 °C (77 °F), are much more common. Temperate or coldwater aquaria are for fish that are better suited to

2016-433: A popular choice for many home and hobbyist aquarists for many years. Once silicone sealant became strong enough to ensure a long-term water-tight seal, it eliminated the need for a structural frame. In addition to lower cost, glass aquaria are more scratch resistant than acrylic. Although the price is one of the main considerations for aquarists when deciding which of these two types of aquaria to purchase, for very large tanks,

2128-582: A river chute. The outdoor amphitheater was built as part of the same renovation project that brought the nature play area and the headwaters feature. It is an outdoor presentation space that hosts educational presentations from experts and animal demonstrations from caretakers. The Aquarium has the largest outdoor Seabird Aviary in North America, which is home to tufted and horned puffins, black oystercatchers, common murres, rhinoceros auklets and pigeon guillemots. The Aquarium also exhibits two turkey vultures in

2240-597: A separate outdoor area. Outdoor exhibits also showcase marine mammal species native to the Oregon Coast, including sea otters , harbor seals , and sea lions. There is even a coastal cave that houses a giant Pacific octopus . The rocks in the outdoor exhibit are artificial rocks constructed of gunite . The Aquarium is also home to a nature trail that overlooks the Yaquina Bay estuary and features native plants and free-roaming wildlife. Aquarium The aquarium principle

2352-458: A small glass bowl, a few liters in volume, to immense public aquaria of thousands of liters. Specialized equipment maintains appropriate water quality and other characteristics suitable for the aquarium's residents. In 1369, the Hongwu Emperor of China established a porcelain company that produced large porcelain tubs for maintaining goldfish ; over time, people produced tubs that approached

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2464-401: A tank by diluting effects from death or contamination events that push an aquarium away from equilibrium. The bigger the tank, the easier such a systemic shock is to absorb, because the effects of that event are diluted. For example, the death of the only fish in an 11-litre (3 US gal; 2 imp gal) tank causes dramatic changes in the system, while the death of that same fish in

2576-449: A tropical temperature and requires less capacity from an aquarium heater. Acrylic-soluble cements are used to directly fuse acrylic together. Acrylic allows for the formation of unusual shapes, such as the hexagonal tank. Acrylics are easier to scratch than glass, but unlike glass, scratches in acrylic can be polished out. Large aquaria might instead use stronger materials such as fiberglass -reinforced plastics . However, this material

2688-430: Is oviparous which reflects the males guarding the eggs in a nest until the eggs hatch. Oviparous parental care provides offspring care by one, both, or neither parent by maximizing both sexes’ fitness through a wide range of mating behaviors such as monogamy to polygamy . Usually, like in the case of Lingcod, males are the primary caregivers but Lingcod typically follows a polygamy mating structure which contributes to

2800-431: Is an important, although often overlooked, nutrient cycle. Sulfur, iron, and micronutrients also cycle through the system, entering as food and exiting as waste. Appropriate handling of the nitrogen cycle , along with supplying an adequately balanced food supply and considered biological loading, is enough to keep these other nutrient cycles in approximate equilibrium. An aquarium must be maintained regularly to ensure that

2912-518: Is as follows. Protein calories % : 0.7 g Fat calories % : 7.6% Carbohydrate calories % : 0.0% According to the NOAA Fisheries, both population stocks (The Northern Pacific Coast and Southern Pacific Coast stocks) of lingcod are not overfished as of the 2021 stock assessment and are not subjected to overfishing based on 2021 catch data. More information and updated information may be found at Stock SMART (noaa.gov) for

3024-413: Is composed of spines and rays , separated by a notch. The anal fin also contains 3 spines. Lingcod do not have a swim bladder . Lingcod grows relatively quickly and up to 5 feet (60 inches or 152 centimeters) or 80 pounds but has been reported to weigh 59 kilograms (130 pounds). About 20% of the lingcod population in the Pacific Ocean on the west coast of North America presents a blue coloration, while

3136-406: Is destroyed by cooking, may be due to biliverdin , but this has not been established beyond doubt. Lingcods have several variations in their appearance, including dark gray, blue, brown, or green coloring on the back, sometimes accompanying mottling or spotting on the upper back that is copper colored. The belly is typically lighter than the body. Lingcod typically has a large head and mouth where

3248-687: Is due to Lingcod's association with strength and resilience which reflects Peter's faithfulness and courage in preaching the Gospel in the face of persecution and hardship. Moreover, the lingcod's large mouth may also represent Peter's outspokenness in communicating the Word of God. Lingcod also has a significant role in the Celtic culture as its fierce demeanor and predatory nature represent warrior-like qualities of strength and power. Lingcod continues to be used as an inspiration for artists and designers. In African culture,

3360-406: Is found usually near alternating sizes of rock substrates with varying combinations of moderate and low relief but still in generally shallow waters. As Lingcod approach adulthood, they move to more rocky habitats or into seaweed, kelp, and eelgrass beds. The benefit of this habitat is food abundance. Year 3+ Lingcod (Lingcod that are equal to or greater than 50 cm) are positively associated with

3472-436: Is frequently achieved via activated carbon , to filter medications, tannins , and/or other known impurities from the water. Reef aquaria under 100 litres (26 US gal; 22 imp gal) have a special place in the aquarium hobby; these aquaria, termed nano reefs (when used in reefkeeping), have a small water volume, under 40 litres (11 US gal; 9 imp gal). Practical limitations, most notably

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3584-608: Is keeping them in a wall. Here the use of plywood is hidden by sinking the aquarium inside the wall. Putting insulation between the two helps with the insulation of a heated tank. Objects used for aquariums include: coffee tables, sinks, and even toilets. Another such example is the MacQuarium , an aquarium made from the shell of an Apple Macintosh computer . In recent years, elaborate custom-designed home aquariums costing hundreds of thousands of dollars have become status symbols—according to The New York Times , "among people of means,

3696-609: Is maintained by NOAA Fisheries: The Northern Pacific stock and the Southern Pacific stock. When lingcod are in their larvae life stage, they typically live near the surface of the ocean. At the juvenile life stage, lingcod live on sandy ocean bottoms with eelgrass or kelp beds near the shore. More specifically, year 1 Lingcod (Lingcod that are equal to or under 25 cm) are found in homogeneous soft sediment to avoid predation from adult Lingcod as well as wave relief areas. Meanwhile, year 2 Lingcod (Lingcod that are 25–45 cm)

3808-455: Is most often addressed through two filtration solutions: Activated carbon filters absorb nitrogen compounds and other toxins , while biological filters provide a medium designed to enhance bacterial colonization . Activated carbon and other substances, such as ammonia absorbing resins, stop working when their pores fill, so these components have to be replaced regularly. Ling cod The lingcod or ling cod ( Ophiodon elongatus )

3920-603: Is neither a ling nor a cod, but is also known as known as the buffalo cod or cultus cod, or Buckethead is a fish of the greenling family Hexagrammidae . It is the only extant member of the genus Ophiodon . A slightly larger, extinct species, Ophiodon ozymandias , is known from fossils from the Late Miocene of Southern California. Ophiodon elongatus is native to the North American west coast from Shumagin Islands in

4032-471: Is not transparent. Reinforced concrete is used for aquaria where weight and space are not factors. Concrete must be coated with a waterproof layer to prevent the water from breaking down the concrete, as well as preventing contamination of the water by the concrete. Plywood can also be used when building aquaria. The benefits of using plywood include: lower construction costs, less weight, and better insulation. A popular positioning choice for plywood aquaria

4144-499: Is of concern for Lingcod as younger Lingcod are typically in shallow waters near vegetation of kelp or eelgrass beds. Such kelp and eelgrass beds are very susceptible to natural and anthropogenic impacts and thus are declining worldwide, pushing younger Lingcod to more structurally complex habitats such as hard and mixed substrates. Lingcod is harvested alongside bottom longline and salmon troll fisheries. When trawls are used to harvest Lingcod, there are varying degrees of disruption to

4256-478: Is only a portion of the complete cycle: nitrogen must be added to the system (usually through food provided to the tank inhabitants), and nitrates accumulate in the water at the end of the process, or become bound in the biomass of plants. The aquarium keeper must remove water once nitrate concentrations grow, or remove plants which have grown from the nitrates. Hobbyist aquaria often do not have sufficient bacteria populations to adequately denitrify waste. This problem

4368-423: Is smaller octopuses , and they also readily devour large rockfish . Lingcod that survive the larval stages have few predators themselves and are vulnerable mainly to marine mammals, such as sea lions , harbor seals , sharks, and more mature Lingcods . Larvae Lingcod typically feed on zooplankton, krill, and larval crustaceans while juvenile Lingcod feed on small fish . Nutrition information for lingcod

4480-575: Is still harvested for subsistence alongside commercial fisheries with longlines, trolls, and jigs. For the Indigenous peoples of North America, the lingcod acts as a totem for lessons of adaptability, depth, and resilience which reflects the lingcod's existence deep under the sea. More specifically, for the Tlingit people of Alaska, the lingcod represents wisdom and strength. For the Haida people of British Columbia,

4592-689: Is the center may be resorbed, resulting in the loss of the first two annuli. It is therefore necessary to determine an average width for the first two annuli by examining the fins from juvenile fish. This measurement can then be used to estimate the position of the third annulus on older fish. Adult lingcod are aggressive predators. They consume other bottom-dwelling fish, including other Lingcod, squid, octopus, and crab. Lingcod are voracious predators, feeding on nearly anything they can fit in their mouths, including invertebrates and many species of fish, such as herring (Clupea pallasii), salmon, and Pacific hake (Merluccius productus). One of their favorite foods

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4704-518: Is the most basic measure of water conditions. An aquarium may have freshwater (salinity below 500 parts per million), simulating a lake or river environment; brackish water (a salt level of 500 to 30,000 PPM), simulating environments lying between fresh and salt, such as estuaries ; and salt water or seawater (a salt level of 30,000 to 40,000 PPM), simulating an ocean environment. Rarely, higher salt concentrations are maintained in specialized tanks for raising brine organisms. Saltwater

4816-415: Is to have very small aquariums, termed mini aquariums (less than 150 litres or 40 gallons) or nano aquariums (less than 75 litres or 20 gallons). These can be either freshwater or saltwater, and are intended to display a tiny but self-contained ecosystem. The typical hobbyist aquarium includes a filtration system, an artificial lighting system, an air diffuser and pump, and a heater or chiller depending on

4928-499: Is toxic to fish in high concentrations. Another type of bacteria (genus Nitrospira ) converts nitrite into nitrate , a less toxic substance. ( Nitrobacter bacteria were previously believed to fill this role. While biologically they could theoretically fill the same niche as Nitrospira , it has recently been found that Nitrobacter are not present in detectable levels in established aquaria, while Nitrospira are plentiful.) However, commercial products sold as kits to "jump start"

5040-569: Is under the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan. In commercial harvest, in 2022, 1.8 million pounds of Lingcod were harvested, which was valued at $ 2.7 million. Commercial harvest equipment varies by sector but can include different hook-and-line gear , gill nets , trawls , and traps. Lingcod may be sold fresh, dead, alive, or frozen in the US and in exports. Recreation fishing for lingcod occurs throughout

5152-571: Is unmeasurable. Moreover, the study's findings suggest that the immune system may play a role in blue coloration, but when coupled with parasitism expresses a role in the population dynamics of lingcod. Future studies are required for further determination of the cause of polymorphism of Lingcod. Ophiodon elongatus is native to the North American west coast from the Shumagin Islands in the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California , Mexico. They are found on

5264-541: Is usually alkaline, while the pH ( alkalinity or acidity ) of fresh water varies more. Hardness measures overall dissolved mineral content; hard or soft water may be preferred. Hard water is usually alkaline, while soft water is usually neutral to acidic. Dissolved organic content and dissolved gases content are also important factors. Home aquarists typically use tap water supplied through their local water supply network to fill their tanks. Straight tap water cannot be used in localities that pipe chlorinated water. In

5376-790: The Great Exhibition of 1851. In 1853, the aquarium craze was launched in England by Philip Henry Gosse who created and stocked the first public aquarium in the London Zoo which came to be known as the Fish House. Gosse coined the word "aquarium", opting for this term (instead of "aquatic vivarium" or "aqua-vivarium") in 1854 in his book The Aquariums: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Water . In this book, Gosse primarily discussed saltwater aquaria. In

5488-474: The Gulf of Alaska to Baja California , Mexico. It has been observed up to a size of 152 centimetres (60 in) and a weight of 59 kilograms (130 lb). It is spotted in various shades of gray. The lingcod is a popular eating fish and is thus prized by anglers. Though not closely related to either ling or cod , the name "lingcod" originated because it somewhat resembles those fish. Around 20% of lingcods have blue green to turquoise flesh. The color, which

5600-546: The Pacific Biological Station published an article showing that cross sections of the fourth to eighth fin rays from the second dorsal fin provided a method for estimating the age of lingcod. This method has since been validated by a mark-recapture study in which lingcod received an injection of oxytetracycline . Other methods of aging, such as those using scales and otoliths , were found to underestimate ages for older fish. Ages are determined from fins in much

5712-542: The Victorian era in the United Kingdom, a common design for the home aquarium was a glass front with the other sides made of wood (made watertight with a pitch coating). The bottom would be made of slate and heated from below. More advanced systems soon began to be introduced, along with tanks of glass in metal frames. During the latter half of the 19th century, a variety of aquarium designs were explored, such as hanging

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5824-604: The aquascaping designs of Takashi Amano influencing fishkeepers to treat home aquariums as aesthetically pleasing compositions, rather than simply as a way of displaying fish specimens. In the United States, as of 1996, aquarium keeping is the second-most popular hobby after stamp collecting . In 1999, an estimated 9.6 million US households owned an aquarium. Figures from the 2005/2006 APPMA National Pet Owners Survey report that Americans own approximately 139 million freshwater fish and 9.6 million saltwater fish. Estimates of

5936-447: The gravel , or other substrate if the aquarium has one; however some manage to avoid this entirely by keeping it somewhat self-sufficient. A good habit is to remove the water being replaced by "vacuuming" the gravel with suitable implements, as this will eliminate uneaten foods and other residues that settle on the substrate . In many areas tap water is not considered to be safe for fish to live in because it contains chemicals that harm

6048-481: The nitrogen cycle or be removed by passing through zeolite . Ammonia is also produced through the decomposition of plant and animal matter, including fecal matter and other detritus . Nitrogen waste products become toxic to fish and other aquarium inhabitants at high concentrations. In the wild, the vast amount of water surrounding the fish dilutes ammonia and other waste materials. When fish are put into an aquarium, waste can quickly reach toxic concentrations in

6160-661: The weight of water (1 kilogram per litre (8.345 lb/U.S. gal; 10.022 lb/imp gal)) and internal water pressure (requiring thick glass siding) of a large aquarium, restrict most home aquaria to a maximum of around 1 cubic metre in volume (1000 L, weighing 1,000 kg or 2,200 lb ). Some aquarists, however, have constructed aquaria of many thousands of litres. Public aquariums and oceanariums designed for exhibition of large species or environments can be dramatically larger than any home aquarium. The Georgia Aquarium , for example, features an individual aquarium of 6,300,000 US gallons (24,000,000 L). A new trend

6272-429: The 1850s, the aquarium became a fad in the United Kingdom. Tank designs and techniques for maintaining water quality were developed by Warington, later cooperating with Gosse until his critical review of the tank water composition. Edward Edwards developed these glass-fronted aquaria in his 1858 patent for a "dark-water-chamber slope-back tank", with water slowly circulating to a reservoir beneath. Germans soon rivaled

6384-509: The 1960s, metal frames made marine aquaria almost impossible due to corrosion, but the development of tar and silicone sealant allowed the first all-glass aquaria made by Martin Horowitz in Los Angeles, CA. The frames remained, however, though purely for aesthetic reasons. Japan played an increasingly important role in shaping aquarium design in the latter part of the twentieth century, with

6496-627: The British in their interest. In 1854, an anonymous author had two articles published about the saltwater aquaria of the United Kingdom: Die Gartenlaube (The Garden House) entitled Der Ocean auf dem Tische (The Ocean on the Table). However, in 1856, Der See im Glase (The Lake in a Glass) was published, discussing freshwater aquaria, which were much easier to maintain in landlocked areas. In 1862 William Alford Lloyd , then bankrupt because of

6608-620: The Deep was created in Keiko's former home, and has three sections. Orford Reef contains mostly rockfish and other smaller Pacific-Northwest fish. Halibut Flats contains halibut , ling cod , a small ray, and other large fish, and includes a mock sunken ship. Open Sea is the last section in the tunnel, and holds many species of sharks including seven gill sharks , as well as rays , mackerel , anchovies and salmon . The aviary at Oregon Coast Aquarium exhibits sea and shore birds. Those on display include

6720-466: The Lingcod as the "Godzilla of the kelp forest" as a spirit animal. In Eastern cultures, the lingcod represents perseverance and adaptability due to the fish's ability to camouflage in their habitat and it is also a delicacy in many Asian cultures due to the tenderness and distinct flavor of lingcod. In Christianity, lingcod may represent the apostle, Peter, a fisherman who was called to follow Jesus. This

6832-612: The Northern Pacific stock and Stock SMART (noaa.gov) for the Southern Pacific stock. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game conservatively manages Lingcod in Alaska to prevent overfishing as it is hard for Lingcod to recover from an overfishing event. Such management includes protecting female Lingcod that are spawning and male Lingcod who are nest-guarding, by closing sport and commercial fisheries closed during those two periods. Minimum size limits of Lingcod are also established to prevent

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6944-540: The Oregon Coast Aquarium world-class and Coastal Living magazine ranks it among the top ten aquariums in North America. Newport business leaders proposed building an aquarium beginning in the early 1980s. They proposed a $ 7 million facility in 1982 as a way to boost the local economy. Two years later they incorporated as a non-profit, and increased fundraising efforts in 1987, collecting $ 11 million by 1991. Plans to turn 23 acres (9.3 ha) along Yaquina Bay in Newport into

7056-622: The Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) to manage lingcod in addition to other groundfishes on a sustainable basis. This management is under the federal Groundfish Fishery Management Plan (GFMP) implemented by the PFMC in 1982 which facilitates the joint jurisdiction of the states and the federal government. However, federal and local regulations still apply for fishing and recreation use regarding lingcod to protect habitat and other sensitive fish populations. Habitat conservation

7168-593: The West Coast, including Alaska. 1.3 million pounds of lingcod were harvested by recreational anglers in 2021. There are restrictions to sizes and the number of Lingcod that can be kept each day. Legal equipment includes hook and line as well as spear gear. Historically, Lingcod has been harvested by many indigenous coastal populations within Southeast, Southcentral, and Western Alaska. Traditionally, they were caught for subsistence use with wooden or bone hooks. Today, lingcod

7280-654: The Wonders of the Deep Sea in 1854. Small aquariums are kept in the home by hobbyists . There are large public aquariums in many cities. Public aquariums keep fish and other aquatic animals in large tanks. A large aquarium may have otters , dolphins , sharks , penguins , seals , and whales . Many aquarium tanks also have plants. An aquarist owns fish or maintains an aquarium, typically constructed of glass or high-strength acrylic . Aquaria with flat walls are known as fish tanks or simply tanks, while those with rounded walls are known as fish bowls . Size can range from

7392-482: The addition of a commercially available mixture of salts and other minerals. Some aquarists modify water's alkalinity, hardness, or dissolved content of organics and gases, before adding it to their aquaria. This can be accomplished by additives, such as sodium bicarbonate, to raise pH. Some aquarists filter or purify their water through deionization or reverse osmosis prior to using it. In contrast, public aquaria with large water needs often locate themselves near

7504-548: The aquarium on a wall, mounting it as part of a window , or even combining it with a birdcage . Around 1908, the first mechanical aquarium air pump was invented, powered by running water, instead of electricity. The introduction of the air pump into the hobby is considered by several historians of the hobby to be a pivotal moment in its development. Aquaria became more widely popular as houses had an electricity supply after World War I . Electricity allowed artificial lighting, as well as aeration , filtration , and heating of

7616-517: The aquarium was following the path of a raindrop from the Oregon Coast Range all the way to the Pacific Ocean. On January 7, 1996, Keiko the orca whale arrived on a United Parcel Service C-130 cargo plane, with freight expenses donated by the company. This move from Reino Aventura , an amusement park in Mexico City, came after fund raising by environmentalists and school children to build

7728-505: The aquarium's inhabitants. Many aquaria incorporate a hood, containing the lights, to decrease evaporation and prevent fish from leaving the aquarium (and anything else from entering the aquarium). Combined biological and mechanical aquarium filtration systems are common. These either convert ammonia to nitrate (removing nitrogen at the expense of aquatic plants), or to sometimes remove phosphate . Filter media can house microbes that mediate nitrification . Filtration systems are sometimes

7840-491: The aquarium's inhabitants. Water movement can be controlled via aeration from air pumps, powerheads, and careful design of internal water flow (such as location of filtration system points of inflow and outflow). Of primary concern to the aquarist is management of the waste produced by an aquarium's inhabitants. Fish, invertebrates, fungi , and some bacteria excrete nitrogen waste in the form of ammonia (which converts to ammonium , in water) and must then either pass through

7952-586: The aquarium. According to the July issue of The North American Review of the same year, William Stimson may have owned some of the first functional aquaria, and had as many as seven or eight. The first aquarist society in the United States was founded in New York City in 1893, followed by others. The New York Aquarium Journal , first published in October 1876, is considered to be the world's first aquarium magazine. In

8064-601: The area including jellyfish , and a tidepool exhibit in which visitors may touch sea stars and sea anemones . Temporary exhibits have included "Turtles," "Swampland," Claws that featured crustaceans, and Oddwater , which featured unusual sea creatures such as the green-blooded cuttlefish and the jet-powered chambered nautilus . The largest exhibit is "Passages of the Deep", in Keiko 's former tank, it features walk-through acrylic tubes surrounded by deep water marine animals such as sharks , rays , and rockfish . Passages of

8176-460: The behavior and survival of tank inhabitants. An aquarium can be placed on an aquarium stand. Because of the weight of the aquarium, a stand must be strong as well as level. A tank that is not level may distort, leak, or crack. These are often built with cabinets to allow storage, available in many styles to match room decor . Simple metal tank stands are also available. Most aquaria should be placed on polystyrene to cushion any irregularities on

8288-475: The bottom, with most individuals occupying rocky areas at depths of 10 to 100 m (32 to 328 ft), however, Lingcod has been found at depths of 475 meters (1,558 feet). Tagging studies have shown lingcod is a largely nonmigratory species, with colonization and recruitment occurring in localized areas only. However, Lingcod are the most abundant near British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, USA. The Lingcods within this range are composed of two stocks, whose status

8400-516: The craze in England being over, moved to Grindel Dammthor, Hamburg, to supervise the installation of the circulating system and tanks at the Hamburg Aquarium . During the 1870s, some of the first aquarist societies were appearing in Germany. The United States soon followed. Published in 1858, Henry D. Butler's The Family Aquarium was one of the first books written in the United States solely about

8512-491: The distance the section is cut from the fin ray base is important, so all fins should be collected with the bases intact. More specifically, in preparation for determining the age of a Lingcod, the fourth to eighth rays on the second dorsal fin are used due to having the highest accuracy and readability. Once the rays are cut, the rays are dried in a manner where they lay perpendicular to the cut base for up to 3 days. Once dried, two layers of Cyanoacrylate glue are used to harden

8624-619: The effective population size of Lingcod. The larvae are pelagic until late May or early June, when they settle to the bottom as juveniles . Initially they inhabit eelgrass beds, then move to flat, sandy areas that are not the typical habitat of older lingcod. They eventually settle in habitats of similar relief and substrate as older lingcod but remain at shallower depths for several years. Females reach sexual maturity when they are 3 years old and 30 inches long. Males reach sexual maturity when they are 2 years old and about 20 inches long.  An adult male can be distinguished externally from

8736-421: The enclosed environment unless the tank is cycled to remove waste. A well-balanced tank contains organisms that are able to metabolize the waste products of other aquarium residents, recreating a portion of the nitrogen cycle . Bacteria known as nitrifiers (genus Nitrosomonas ) metabolize nitrogen waste. Nitrifying bacteria capture ammonia from the water and metabolize it to produce nitrite . Nitrite

8848-552: The first person to create aquaria for experimenting with aquatic organisms. This experimentation lead to several discoveries, including the first direct evidence that argonauts , a marine cephalopod, create their own shells. In 1836, soon after his invention of the Wardian case , Dr. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward proposed to use his tanks for tropical animals. In 1841 he did so, though only with aquatic plants and toy fish. However, he soon housed real animals. In 1838, Félix Dujardin noted owning

8960-416: The fish are kept healthy. Daily maintenance consists of checking the fish for signs of stress and disease . Also, aquarists must make sure that the water has a good quality and it is not cloudy or foamy and the temperature of the water is appropriate for the particular species of fish that live in the aquarium. Typical weekly maintenance includes changing around 10–30% or more of the water while cleaning

9072-594: The fish. Tap water from those areas must be treated with a suitable water conditioner, such as a product which removes chlorine and chloramine and neutralizes any heavy metals present. The water conditions must be checked both in the tank and in the replacement water, to make sure they are suitable for the species. The solute content of water is perhaps the most important aspect of water conditions, as total dissolved solids and other constituents dramatically impact basic water chemistry, and therefore how organisms interact with their environment. Salt content, or salinity ,

9184-473: The glass panels attached with metal frames and sealed with putty. Metal-framed aquariums were still available until the mid-1960s, when the modern, silicone-sealed style replaced them. Acrylic aquariums first became available to the public in the 1970s. Laminated glass is sometimes used, which combines the advantages of both glass and acrylic. Today, most aquaria consist of glass panes bonded together by 100% silicone sealant, with plastic frames attached to

9296-842: The harvest of immature fish to allow the fish to spawn at least once before harvest. There are also catch limits, where the sporting side of fishing is restricted by a daily bag and possession limit, and the commercial side is restricted by bycatch and bycatch quotas. Under the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife , lingcod are identified as a Priority Species under the WDFW's Priority Habitat and Species Program. This provides lingcod protective measures for their survival due to factors such as their population status, sensitivity to habitat alteration, and/or recreational, commercial, or tribal importance. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife works closely with NOAA Fisheries, other states, and

9408-444: The lingcod also symbolizes resilience and adaptability due to its ability to thrive through tough conditions and adapt to new environments. Spiritually, lingcod are indicative of powerful spiritual messengers who have strong intuition and strength. Moreover, some cultures believe that when a lingcod encounters a person, it may bring good luck and positive energy. Some omens may have positive or negative connotations. For example, seeing

9520-409: The lingcod represents a powerful guardian. These tribes mentioned and many more, have deep and rich fishing traditions and connections to the ocean which may have provided lingcod symbolism in addition to being a resource. Additionally, it is said that the lingcod may have been created by a powerful deity as a predator to control the overpopulation of other fish species. Other cultures may have considered

9632-407: The liver or gallbladder may also result in biliverdin permeating tissues and biliverdin is also linked to starvation. Anecdotally, blue coloration in lingcod has been thought to be caused by dietary preferences through the individual preference of the consumption of prey items that have increased levels of biliverdin in their tissue or prey items that trigger biliverdin release. A study examining

9744-464: The main building include four permanent displays: Sandy Shores, Rocky Shores, Coastal Waters, and a changing exhibit area. The first features fish and invertebrates that live either close to shore or in bays such as Yaquina Bay. Progressing, the aquarium displays feature animals further offshore ending in a kelp forest and sea jelly exhibit. Flanking the permanent displays are the changing exhibits. There are also exhibits focusing on small marine life in

9856-678: The most complex component of home aquaria. Aquarium heaters combine a heating element with a thermostat , allowing the aquarist to regulate water temperature at a level above that of the surrounding air, whereas coolers and chillers (refrigeration devices) are for use anywhere, such as cold water aquaria, where the ambient room temperature is above the desired tank temperature. Thermometers used include glass alcohol thermometers, adhesive external plastic strip thermometers , and battery-powered LCD thermometers. In addition, some aquarists use air pumps attached to airstones or water pumps to increase water circulation and supply adequate gas exchange at

9968-686: The most popular biotopes are the freshwater habitats of the Amazon River , the Rio Negro River, the African rift lake environments of Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika , and saltwater coral reefs of Australia , the Red Sea , and the Caribbean Sea . The fish, plants, substrate, rocks, wood, coral, and any other component of the display should completely match that of the local natural environment. It can be

10080-411: The nests are within their territory and close enough to each other. Two types of guarding behavior can be observed in male Lingcod. The first type of behavior includes a male lying directly on or next to the nest and remaining motionless unless disturbed. The second type of behavior includes a male in a sentry post and providing active defense when any other fish would swim close. This reproductive method

10192-533: The nitrogen cycle often still contain Nitrobacter . Aquatic plants also eliminate nitrogen waste by metabolizing ammonia and nitrate. When plants metabolize nitrogen compounds, they remove nitrogen from the water by using it to build biomass that decays more slowly than ammonia-driven plankton already dissolved in the water. Some hobbyists also use "anoxic filtration," which relies on bacteria that live in low-oxygen environments. The nitrogen cycle in an aquarium

10304-480: The numbers of fish kept in aquaria in Germany suggest at least 36 million. The hobby has the strongest following in Europe, Asia, and North America. In the United States, 40% of aquarists maintain two or more tanks. Over time, there has been an increasing appreciation of the usefulness of access to an aquarium to provide potential stress reduction and improvement of mood in people observing aquatic life. According to

10416-637: The ocean floor which impacts habitat. There is a lesser degree of disruption when trawls are used on soft, sandy, or muddy ocean floors. It has been reported that charter boat fishermen in Washington, CA use an alternative bait, large flatfish, to better target Lingcod while decreasing yelloweye rockfish bycatch. Historically, in 1997, Lingcod were declared overfished, ranging from Washington to California. In, 2005 they were declared restored, thanks to restrictive fishing regulations and favorable oceanographic conditions. Management includes size limits, trip limits,

10528-422: The opening and closing of certain seasons or areas, gear restrictions that can limit bycatch and further impacts to the habitat, and a trawl rationalization catch share program. The trawl rationalization catch share program is a program that is based on catch limits which are constructed from the health of each fish stock. This is then divided into shares and given to individual fishermen and groups. Such management

10640-560: The other 80% presents with the brown coloration morphology. Blue lingcods have blue coloration in both the external and internal tissue. In general, the effect of blue polymorphism observed in other fish species, such as other members of the Family Hexagrammidae and Family Cottidae, can be from the bile pigment biliverdin. Biliverdin is a product of heme catabolism which circulates the lymph and suffuses tissues. However, this hypothesis has not been tested in lingcod. Dysfunction of

10752-410: The past, it was possible to "condition" the water by simply letting the water stand for a day or two, which allows the chlorine time to dissipate. However, chloramine is now used more often and does not leave the water as readily. Water conditioners formulated to remove chlorine or chloramine are often all that is needed to make the water ready for aquarium use. Brackish or saltwater aquaria require

10864-428: The price difference tends to disappear. Acrylic aquaria are now the primary competitor with glass. Prior to the invention of UV stabilization , early acrylic aquaria discolored over time with exposure to light; this is no longer the case. Acrylic is generally stronger than glass, weighs less, and provides a certain amount of temperature insulation. In colder climates or environments, it is easier to achieve and maintain

10976-606: The rays, followed by cutting the rays into 1–2mm wide sections from the start of the fin base with a PACE Pico high-speed saw. This usually provides 5–6 ray sections that can be examined under a microscope slide in addition to two layers of medium viscosity mounting fluid. To determine the age of a Lingcod, the number of annuli is counted. Annuli are the translucent zones that form during winter growth yearly. Summer and spring growth results in an opaque zone. Checks or fine and translucent rings may also result from summer growth. One problem associated with using fin rays to age older fish

11088-654: The relationship between parasites and lingcods from the coast of Alaska, Washington, and California, USA found that blue male lingcods carried 1.89 times more parasites brown counterparts. However, the study found that there was no difference in blue and brown female lingcod regarding parasite burden despite blue coloration being more common in females. The discrepancy in the burden of parasites between male and female lingcod may be because male vertebrates' immune systems are typically less effective than females since male sex hormones have immunocompromising properties. The same study found that blue Lingcod individuals of both sexes have

11200-532: The research of having an aquarium is many health benefits like reduce stress, blood pressure and heart rate improvement, better quality sleep , reduce anxiety and pain , therapy of excited children, Alzheimer's therapy and improve productivity . The first modern aquarium made of glass was developed in the 19th century by Robert Warrington. During the Victorian age , glass aquariums commonly had slate or steel bottoms, which allowed them to be heated underneath by an open-flame heat source. These aquariums had

11312-417: The same manner as for other aging structures: sections of varying thickness are examined under a microscope, and the annuli, or rings, that are formed for each year of growth are counted and used to estimate the age. The cross sections must be made at right angles to the length of the fin ray, and it is therefore important that fins be dried flat, with the cut surface at right angles to the fin rays. In addition,

11424-399: The seabirds tufted puffin , common murre , rhinoceros auklet , pigeon guillemot , and the shore bird black oystercatcher . The seabird aviary includes two large pools and rocky cliffs. The aquarium's nature play area offers an interactive exhibit for kids which features models of logs (in reference to the area's history in timber), a replica eagle's nest, and a slide designed to look like

11536-482: The shape of modern fish bowls. Leonhard Baldner , who wrote Vogel-, Fisch- und Tierbuch (Bird, Fish, and Animal Book) in 1666, maintained weather loaches and newts . It is sometimes held that the aquarium was invented by the Romans, who are said to have kept sea barbels in marble-and-glass tanks, but scholars doubt the veracity of this. In 1832, Jeanne Villepreux-Power , a pioneering French marine biologist, became

11648-428: The site is one of the first recorded examples of such behaviors in temperate marine fish. This behavior also provides evidence that male Lingcod's selection for nesting sites are a component of prespawning mate attraction behavior. Spawning likely occurs at night and occurs annually between January and March. A female Lingcod may lay up to 500,000 eggs in a nest, which she will place under rocks or rocky crevices within

11760-399: The tank itself. The tank has no sharp angles around its sides and keeps the housed animals away from plumbing. Water moving into the tank gives a gentle flow that keeps the inhabitants suspended. Water leaves the tank through a screen which prevents animals from being drawn into the pump intake or overflow line. There are several types of kreisel tanks. In a true kreisel, a circular tank has

11872-579: The underlying surface or the bottom of the tank itself that may cause cracks. However, some tanks have an underframe making this unnecessary. Another important consideration for aquariums is their electrical usage. Water is expensive to keep heated, along with the lights that many aquariums, especially those with live plants have. New aquarists should also pay close attention to their electrical setup for their aquarium, taking care to set up power connections with drip loops to prevent water from getting to outlets. Large volumes of water enable more stability in

11984-580: The upper and lower edges for decoration. The glass aquarium is standard for sizes up to about 1,000 litres (260 US gal; 220 imp gal). However, glass is brittle and has very little give before fracturing, though generally the sealant fails first. Aquaria are made in a variety of shapes, such as cuboid , hexagonal , angled to fit in a corner (L-shaped), and bow-front (the front side curves outwards). Fish bowls are generally either made of plastic or glass, and are either spherical or some other round configuration in shape. Glass aquaria have been

12096-403: The upper jaw extends posteriorly past the eyes. They have 18 large and sharp teeth that are canine-like. This body of a lingcod resembles a fusiform body plan , indicating their primary mode of movement is quick, short, bursts. The head of a lingcod is unscaled and has a cirrus above the eye. Lingcod's lateral line is prominent and white while the body is covered in cycloid scales. The dorsal fin

12208-400: The water surface. Wave-making devices have also been constructed to provide wave action. An aquarium's physical characteristics form another aspect of aquarium design. Size, lighting conditions, density of floating and rooted plants, placement of bog-wood , creation of caves or overhangs, type of substrate , and other factors (including an aquarium's positioning within a room) can all affect

12320-611: The water. Initially, amateur aquarists kept native fish (with the exception of goldfish); the availability of exotic species from overseas further increased the popularity of the aquarium. Jugs made from a variety of materials were used to import fish from overseas, with a bicycle foot pump for aeration. Plastic shipping bags were introduced in the 1950s, making it easier to ship fish. The eventual availability of air freight allowed fish to be successfully imported from distant regions. Popular publications started by Herbert R. Axelrod influenced many more hobbyists to start keeping fish. In

12432-497: Was fully developed by Warington, explaining that plants added to water in a container would give off enough oxygen to support animals, so long as their numbers do not grow too large. He published his findings in 1850 in the Chemical Society's journal . The keeping of fish in an aquarium became a popular hobby and spread quickly. In the United Kingdom, it became popular after ornate aquaria in cast-iron frames were featured at

12544-443: Was fully developed in 1850 by the chemist Robert Warington , who explained that plants added to water in a container would give off enough oxygen to support animals, so long as the numbers of animals did not grow too large. The aquarium craze was launched in early Victorian England by Gosse, who created and stocked the first public aquarium at the London Zoo in 1853, and published the first manual, The Aquarium: An Unveiling of

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