56-600: Yamna may refer to: Yamna culture , or Yamnaya, Pit Grave, or Ochre Grave culture, early Bronze Age culture on the Russian steppes Yamna language , or Sunum, an Austronesian language spoken on the coast and an island of Jayapura Bay in Papua province, Indonesia People [ edit ] Yamna Oubouhou (born 1974) Yamna Lobos (born 1983) See also [ edit ] Yanma Jamna (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
112-474: A supine position with bent knees and covered in ochre . Some kurgans contained "stratified sequences of graves". Kurgan burials may have been rare, and were perhaps reserved for special adults, who were predominantly, but not necessarily, male. Status and gender are marked by grave goods and position, and in some areas, elite individuals are buried with complete wooden wagons. Grave goods are more common in eastern Yamnaya burials, which are also characterized by
168-544: A genetic study published in Science in 2018, the remains of twelve individuals ascribed to the Srubnaya culture was analyzed. Of the six samples of Y-DNA extracted, three belonged to R1a1a1b2 or subclades of it, one belonged to R1 , one belonged to R1a1 , and one belonged to R1a1a . With regards to mtDNA , five samples belonged to subclades of U , five belonged to subclades of H , and two belonged to subclades of T . People of
224-431: A higher proportion of male burials and more male-centred rituals than western areas. The Yamnaya culture had and used two-wheeled carts and four-wheeled wagons, which are thought to have been oxen-drawn at this time, and there is evidence that they rode horses. For instance, several Yamnaya skeletons exhibit specific characteristics in their bone morphology that may have been caused by long-term horseriding. The evidence
280-498: A mixture of Yamnaya-related ancestry and an East Asian -related component, which most closely corresponds to the modern North Siberian Nganasan people of the lower Yenisey River , to varying degrees, but generally higher among Eastern Scythians. Srubnaya culture The Srubnaya culture ( Russian : Срубная культура , romanized : Srubnaya kul'tura , Ukrainian : Зрубна культура , romanized : Zrubna kul'tura ), also known as Timber-grave culture ,
336-562: A population of " Caucasus hunter-gatherers " (CHG) who probably arrived from the Caucasus or Iran. Each of those two populations contributed about half the Yamnaya DNA. This admixture is referred to in archaeogenetics as Western Steppe Herder (WSH) ancestry. Admixture between EHGs and CHGs is believed to have occurred on the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe starting around 5,000 BC, while admixture with Early European Farmers (EEF) happened in
392-561: Is considered to be an important part of the early ‘chariot horizon’, representing the rapid spread of the 'chariot complex'. The Srubnaya culture is generally considered to have been Iranian . Its area, which coincides with the presence of Iranian hydronyms , has been suggested as a staging region from which the Iranian peoples migrated across the Caucasus into the Iranian Plateau . Mathieson et al. (2015) surveyed 14 individuals of
448-698: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Yamna culture West: Catacomb culture , Vučedol culture The Yamnaya culture or the Yamna culture , also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture , is a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug , Dniester , and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe ), dating to 3300–2600 BC . It
504-530: Is disputed by archaeozoologist William T. Taylor, who argues that domestication of the horse long postdates the Yamnaya culture. Metallurgists and other craftsmen are given a special status in Yamnaya society, and metal objects are sometimes found in large quantities in elite graves. New metalworking technologies and weapon designs are used. Stable isotope ratios of Yamna individuals from the Dnipro Valley suggest
560-656: Is generally associated with archaic Iranian -speakers. The name comes from Russian сруб ( srub ), "timber framework", from the way graves were constructed. The Srubnaya culture occupied the area along and above the north shore of the Black Sea from the Dnieper eastwards along the northern base of the Caucasus to the area abutting the north shore of the Caspian Sea , west of the Ural Mountains . Historical testimony indicate that
616-611: Is of particular interest to researchers, as the widely-accepted Kurgan hypothesis posits that the people that produced the Yamnaya culture spoke a stage of the Proto-Indo-European language . The speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language embarked on the Indo-European migrations , that gave rise to the Indo-European languages of today. The Yamnaya culture was defined by Vasily Gorodtsov in order to differentiate it from
SECTION 10
#1732848495118672-587: Is the name given in literature to a genetic component that represents descent from the people of the Mal'ta–Buret' culture or a population closely related to them. That genetic component is visible in tests of the Yamnaya people as well as modern-day Europeans. In the Baltic, Jones et al. (2017) found that the Neolithic transition – the passage from a hunter-gatherer economy to a farming-based economy – coincided with
728-566: The Catacomb and Srubnaya cultures that existed in the area, but were considered to be of a later period. Due to the time interval to the Yamnaya culture, and the reliance on archaeological findings, debate as to its origin is ongoing. In 1996, Pavel Dolukhanov suggested that the emergence of the Pit-Grave culture represents a social development of various different local Bronze Age cultures, thus representing "an expression of social stratification and
784-677: The Corded Ware people and the Bell Beaker culture , as well as the peoples of the Sintashta , Andronovo , and Srubnaya cultures. Back migration from Corded Ware also contributed to Sintashta and Andronovo. In these groups, several aspects of the Yamnaya culture are present. Yamnaya material culture was very similar to the Afanasievo culture of South Siberia, and the populations of the two cultures are genetically indistinguishable. This suggests that
840-511: The Corded Ware culture people, with up to 75% Yamnaya-like ancestry in the DNA of Corded Ware skeletons from Central and Eastern Europe. Yamnaya–related ancestry is found in the DNA of modern Central , and Northern Europeans (c. 38.8–50.4 %), and is also found in lower levels in present-day Southern Europeans (c. 18.5–32.6 %), Sardinians (c. 2.4–7.1 %), and Sicilians (c. 5.9–11.6 %). However, according to Heyd, et al. (2023),
896-632: The East Asian mtDNA haplogroup C4 . People of the Yamnaya culture are believed to have had mostly brown eye colour, light to intermediate skin, and brown hair colour, with some variation. Some Yamnaya individuals are believed to have carried a mutation to the KITLG gene associated with blond hair, as several individuals with Steppe ancestry are later found to carry this mutation. The Ancient North Eurasian Afontova Gora group, who contributed significant ancestry to Western Steppe Herders , are believed to be
952-549: The Indo-European languages were the result of "a dominant language spoken by EHGs that absorbed Caucasus-like elements in phonology, morphology, and lexicon." It has also been suggested that the PIE language evolved through trade interactions in the circum-Pontic area in the 4th millennium BC, mediated by the Yamna predecessors in the North Pontic steppe. Guus Kroonen et al. 2022 found that
1008-483: The Pontic–Caspian steppes between c. 3400 and 3200 BC : The spread of the Yamnaya horizon was the material expression of the spread of late Proto-Indo-European across the Pontic–Caspian steppes. [...] The Yamnaya horizon is the visible archaeological expression of a social adjustment to high mobility – the invention of the political infrastructure to manage larger herds from mobile homes based in
1064-471: The Sredny Stog culture , as opposed to the eastern Yamnaya horizon. The Corded Ware culture may have acted as major source for the spread of later Indo-European languages, including Indo-Iranian , while Tocharian languages may have been mediated via the Catacomb culture . They also argue that this new data contradicts a possible earlier origin of Pre-Proto-Indo-European among agricultural societies South of
1120-562: The "North-Western Indian & Pakistani" populations (PNWI) showed significant Middle-Late Bronze Age Steppe (Steppe_MLBA) ancestry along with Yamnaya Early-Middle Bronze Age (Steppe_EMBA) ancestry, but the Indo-Europeans of Gangetic Plains and Dravidian people only showed significant Yamnaya (Steppe_EMBA) ancestry and no Steppe_MLBA. The study also noted that ancient south Asian samples had significantly higher Steppe_MLBA than Steppe_EMBA (or Yamnaya). According to Narasimhan et al. (2019),
1176-472: The "basal Indo-European stage", also known as Indo-Anatolian or Pre- Proto-Indo-European language , largely but not totally, lacked agricultural-related vocabulary, and only the later "core Indo-European languages " saw an increase in agriculture-associated words. According to them, this fits a homeland of early core Indo-European within the westernmost Yamnaya horizon, around and west of the Dnieper , while its basal stage, Indo-Anatolian, may have originated in
SECTION 20
#17328484951181232-522: The Afanasievo culture may have originated from the migration of Yamnaya groups to the Altai region or, alternatively, that both cultures developed from an earlier shared cultural source. Genetic studies have suggested that the people of the Yamnaya culture can be modelled as a genetic admixture between a population related to Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) and people related to hunter-gatherers from
1288-545: The Caucasus (CHG) in roughly equal proportions, an ancestral component which is often named " Steppe ancestry ", with additional admixture from Anatolian, Levantine, or Early European farmers. Genetic studies also indicate that populations associated with the Corded Ware, Bell Beaker, Sintashta, and Andronovo cultures derived large parts of their ancestry from the Yamnaya or a closely related population. The Yamnaya culture
1344-587: The Caucasus, rather "this may support a scenario of linguistic continuity of local non-mobile herders in the Lower Dnieper region and their genetic persistence after their integration into the successive and expansive Yamnaya horizon". Furthermore the authors mention that this scenario can explain the difference in paternal haplogroup frequency between the Yamnaya and Corded Ware cultures, while both sharing similar autosomal DNA ancestry. Genetic studies have found that Yamnaya autosomal characteristics are very close to
1400-533: The Core Yamnaya culture (c. 3600–3400 BC). The Yamnaya economy was based upon animal husbandry , fishing , and foraging , and the manufacture of ceramics , tools , and weapons . The people of the Yamnaya culture lived primarily as nomads, with a chiefdom system and wheeled carts and wagons that allowed them to manage large herds. They are also closely connected to Final Neolithic cultures, which later spread throughout Europe and Central Asia , especially
1456-617: The Scythians shared similar mitochondrial lineages with the Srubnaya culture. The authors of the study suggested that the Srubnaya culture was ancestral to the Scythians. In 2018, a genetic study of the earlier Srubnaya culture, and later peoples of the Scythian cultures , including the Cimmerians , Scythians, Sarmatians , was published in Science Advances . Six males from two sites ascribed to
1512-530: The Srubnaya culture was succeeded by the Scythians . The Srubnaya culture is named for its use of timber constructions within its burial pits. Its cemeteries consisted of five to ten kurgans. Burials included the skulls and forelegs of animals and ritual hearths. Stone cists were occasionally employed. Srubnaya settlements consisted of semi-subterranean and two-roomed houses. The presence of bronze sickles, grinding stones, domestic cattle, sheep and pigs indicate that
1568-409: The Srubnaya culture were analysed, and were all found to possess haplogroup R1a1a1 . Cimmerian, Sarmatian and Scythian males were however found have mostly haplogroup R1b1a1a2 , although one Sarmatian male carried haplogroup R1a1a1. The authors of the study suggested that rather than being ancestral to the Scythians, the Srubnaya shared with them a common origin from the earlier Yamnaya culture . In
1624-620: The Srubnaya culture were found to be closely related to people of the Corded Ware culture , the Sintashta culture , Potapovka culture and the Andronovo culture . These were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the Yamnaya culture and peoples of the Central European Middle Neolithic . The genetic data suggested that these cultures were ultimately derived of a remigration of Central European peoples with steppe ancestry back into
1680-524: The Srubnaya culture. Six men from 5 different cemeteries belonged to the Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 . Extractions of mtDNA from fourteen individuals were determined to represent five samples of haplogroup H , four samples of haplogroup U5 , two samples of T1 , one sample of T2 , one sample of K1b , one of J2b and one of I1a . A 2017 genetic study published in Scientific Reports found that
1736-506: The Srubnaya engaged in both agriculture and stockbreeding. The use of chariots in the Srubnaya culture is indicated by finds of studded antler cheek-pieces (for controlling chariot horses), burials of paired domesticated horses, and ceramic vessels with images of two-wheeled vehicles on them. The predecessor of the Srubnaya culture, a variant of the Abashevo culture known as the Pokrovka type ,
Yamna - Misplaced Pages Continue
1792-583: The Yamnaya culture and the contemporary populations of Europe. Klejn has also suggested that the autosomal evidence does not support a Yamnaya migration, arguing that Western Steppe Herder ancestry in both contemporary and Bronze Age samples is lowest around the Danube in Hungary, near the western limits of the Yamnaya culture, and highest in Northern Europe, which Klejn argues is the opposite of what would be expected if
1848-561: The Yamnaya culture. Dmytro Telegin viewed Sredny Stog and Yamna as one cultural continuum and considered Sredny Stog to be the genetic foundation of the Yamna. The Yamnaya culture was succeeded in its western range by the Catacomb culture (2800–2200 BC); in the east, by the Poltavka culture (2700–2100 BC) at the middle Volga. These two cultures were followed by the Srubnaya culture (18th–12th century BC). The Yamnaya culture
1904-441: The Yamnaya diet was terrestrial protein based with insignificant contribution from freshwater or aquatic resources. Anthony speculates that the Yamnaya ate meat, milk, yogurt, cheese, and soups made from seeds and wild vegetables, and probably consumed mead . Mallory and Adams suggest that Yamnaya society may have had a tripartite structure of three differentiated social classes, although the evidence available does not demonstrate
1960-522: The Yamnaya-related ancestry, termed Western_Steppe_EMBA, that reached central and south Asia was not the initial expansion from the steppe to the east, but a secondary expansion that involved a group possessing ~67% Western_Steppe_EMBA ancestry and ~33% ancestry from the European cline. This group included people similar to that of Corded Ware , Srubnaya , Petrovka , and Sintashta . Moving further east in
2016-715: The Z2103 subclade of R1b-L23, is the most common Y-DNA haplogroup found among the Yamnaya specimens. This haplogroup is rare in Western Europe and mainly exists in Southeastern Europe today. Additionally, a minority are found to belong to haplogroup I2 . They are found to belong to a wider variety of West Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups, including U , T , and haplogroups associated with Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers and Early European Farmers . A small but significant number of Yamnaya kurgan specimens from Northern Ukraine carried
2072-622: The arrival en masse of individuals with Yamnaya-like ancestry. This is different from what happened in Western and Southern Europe, where the Neolithic transition was caused by a population that came from Anatolia, with Pontic steppe ancestry being detected from only the late Neolithic onward. Per Haak et al. (2015), the Yamnaya contribution in the modern populations of Eastern Europe ranges from 46.8% among Russians to 42.8% in Ukrainians . Finland has
2128-526: The central steppe, it acquired ~9% ancestry from a group of people that possessed West Siberian Hunter Gatherer ancestry, thus forming the Central Steppe MLBA cluster, which is the primary source of steppe ancestry in South Asia, contributing up to 30% of the ancestry of the modern groups in the region. According to Unterländer et al. (2017), all Iron Age Scythian Steppe nomads can best be described as
2184-444: The eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe, and the closely related Sredny Stog culture ( c. 4500 –3500 BC) in the western Pontic-Caspian steppe, preceded the Yamnaya culture (3300–2500 BC). Further efforts to pinpoint the location came from Anthony (2007), who suggested that the Yamnaya culture (3300–2600 BC) originated in the Don – Volga area at c. 3400 BC , preceded by
2240-536: The emergence of chiefdom-type nomadic social structures" which in turn intensified inter-group contacts between essentially heterogeneous social groups. The origin of the Yamnaya culture continues to be debated, with proposals for its origins pointing to both the Khvalynsk and Sredny Stog cultures. The Khvalynsk culture (4700–3800 BC) (middle Volga) and the Don-based Repin culture ( c. 3950 –3300 BC) in
2296-448: The existence of specific classes such as priests, warriors, and farmers. According to Jones et al. (2015) and Haak et al. (2015), autosomal tests indicate that the Yamnaya people were the result of a genetic admixture between two different hunter-gatherer populations: distinctive " Eastern Hunter-Gatherers " (EHG), from Eastern Europe, with high affinity to the Mal'ta–Buret' culture or other, closely related people from Siberia and
Yamna - Misplaced Pages Continue
2352-408: The genetic data supports the likelihood that the people of the Yamnaya culture were a "single, genetically coherent group" who were responsible for spreading many Indo-European languages. Reich's group recently suggested that the source of Anatolian and Indo-European subfamilies of the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ) language may have been in west Asia and the Yamna were responsible for the dissemination of
2408-526: The geneticists' hypothesis is correct. Marija Gimbutas identified the Yamnaya culture with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE) in her Kurgan hypothesis . In the view of David Anthony, the Pontic-Caspian steppe is the strongest candidate for the Urheimat (original homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European language , citing evidence from linguistics and genetics which suggests that the Yamnaya culture may be
2464-485: The highest Yamnaya contributions in all of Europe (50.4%). Studies also point to the strong presence of Yamnaya descent in the current nations of South Asia, especially in groups that are referred to as Indo-Aryans. Lazaridis et al. (2016) estimated (6.5–50.2 %) steppe-related admixture in South Asians, though the proportion of Steppe ancestry varies widely across ethnic groups. According to Pathak et al. (2018),
2520-603: The homeland of the Indo-European languages, with the possible exception of the Anatolian languages. On the other hand, Colin Renfrew has argued for a Near Eastern origin of the earliest Indo-European speakers. According to David W. Anthony , the genetic evidence suggests that the leading clans of the Yamnaya were of EHG (Eastern European hunter-gatherer) and WHG (Western European hunter-gatherer) paternal origin and implies that
2576-411: The latter. Reich also argues that the genetic evidence shows that Yamnaya society was an oligarchy dominated by a small number of elite males. The genetic evidence for the extent of the role of the Yamnaya culture in the spread of Indo-European languages has been questioned by Russian archaeologist Leo Klejn and Balanovsky et al., who note a lack of male haplogroup continuity between the people of
2632-500: The middle Volga-based Khvalynsk culture and the Don-based Repin culture ( c. 3950 –3300 BC), arguing that late pottery from these two cultures can barely be distinguished from early Yamnaya pottery. Earlier continuity from eneolithic but largely hunter-gatherer Samara culture and influences from the more agricultural Dnieper–Donets II are apparent. He argues that the early Yamnaya horizon spread quickly across
2688-406: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Yamna . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamna&oldid=936621297 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2744-414: The source of this mutation. A study in 2015 found that Yamnaya had the highest ever calculated genetic selection for height of any of the ancient populations tested. It has been hypothesized that an allele associated with lactase persistence (conferring lactose tolerance into adulthood ) was brought to Europe from the steppe by Yamnaya-related migrations. A 2022 study by Lazaridis et al. found that
2800-410: The southern parts of the Pontic-Caspian steppe sometime later. More recent genetic studies have found that the Yamnaya were a mixture of EHGs, CHGs, and to a lesser degree Anatolian farmers and Levantine farmers, but not EEFs from Europe due to lack of WHG DNA in the Yamnaya. This occurred in two distinct admixture events from West Asia into the Pontic-Caspian steppe. Haplogroup R1b , specifically
2856-471: The specific paternal DNA haplogroup that is most commonly found in male Yamnaya specimens cannot be found in modern Western Europeans, or in males from the nearby Corded Ware culture . This makes it unlikely that the Corded Ware culture can be directly descended from the Yamnaya culture, at least along the paternal line. Autosomal tests also indicate that the Yamnaya are the vector for "Ancient North Eurasian" admixture into Europe. " Ancient North Eurasian "
SECTION 50
#17328484951182912-621: The steppes. Alternatively, Parpola (2015) relates both the Corded ware culture and the Yamnaya culture to the late Trypillia (Tripolye) culture . He hypothesizes that "the Tripolye culture was taken over by PIE speakers by c. 4000 BC," and that in its final phase the Trypillian culture expanded to the steppes, morphing into various regional cultures which fused with the late Sredny Stog (Serednii Stih) pastoralist cultures, which, he suggests, gave rise to
2968-504: The typical phenotype among the Yamnaya population was brown eyes, brown hair, and intermediate skin colour. None of their Yamnaya samples were predicted to have either blue eyes or blond hair, in contrast with later Steppe groups in Russia and Central Asia, as well as the Bell Beaker culture in Europe, who did carry these phenotypes in high proportions. The geneticist David Reich has argued that
3024-421: Was nomadic or semi-nomadic, with some agriculture practiced near rivers, and a few fortified sites, the largest of which is Mikhaylivka . Characteristic of the culture are the burials in pit graves surmounted by kurgans ( tumuli ), often accompanied by animal offerings. Some graves contain large anthropomorphic stelae , with carved human heads, arms, hands, belts, and weapons. The bodies were placed in
3080-435: Was a Late Bronze Age 1900–1200 BC culture in the eastern part of the Pontic–Caspian steppe . It is a successor of the Yamna culture , the Catacomb culture and the Poltavka culture . It is co-ordinate and probably closely related to the Andronovo culture , its eastern neighbor. Whether the Srubnaya culture originated in the east, west, or was a local development, is disputed among archaeologists. The Srubnaya culture
3136-523: Was discovered by Vasily Gorodtsov following his archaeological excavations near the Donets River in 1901–1903. Its name derives from its characteristic burial tradition: Я́мная ( romanization : yamnaya ) is a Russian adjective that means 'related to pits ( yama )', as these people used to bury their dead in tumuli ( kurgans ) containing simple pit chambers. Research in recent years has found that Mikhaylovka , in lower Dnieper river, Ukraine, formed
#117882