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54-544: The bureau formed in 1934 under aircraft designer Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev as OKB -115 (the design bureau has its own production base at the facility No.115), but dates its birth from 12 May 1927, the day of maiden flight of the AIR-1 aircraft developed within the Department of Light Aircraft of GUAP (Head Agency of Aviation Industry) under the supervision of A.S. Yakovlev. During World War II Yakovlev designed and produced

108-407: A Vice-Minister of Aviation Industry between 1940 and 1946. Before the start of World War II, he made a number of trips abroad, including Italy, England and Germany, to study aircraft development in those countries. After the start of the war, he helped supervise the evacuation of aircraft factories to the east, and the production organisation, while continuing as head designer of his Bureau. He was also

162-875: A correspondent member of the USSR Academy of Science in 1943. In 1946 he was awarded the title " General-Colonel of Aviation". In 1976 Yakovlev became academician of the USSR Academy of Science. He was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1946–1989). Yakovlev retired 21 August 1984. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. Russian Academy of Sciences#The USSR Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences ( RAS ; Russian : Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk ) consists of

216-525: A decline for the academy as he cut funding for academic institutions and prohibited Russians from attending Western influenced institutions. In 1803, Alexander I reverted to reforms from Catherine the Great's era and gave the academy self-administration power in a new charter. The new charter came with a name change to the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Following Leibniz's instructions, Peter reached out to

270-574: A dedicated Russian Space Science Internet (RSSI). Started with just three members, The RSSI now has 3,100 members, including 57 from the largest research institutions. Russian universities and technical institutes are not under the supervision of the RAS (they are subordinated to the Ministry of Education of Russian Federation), but a number of leading universities, such as Moscow State University , St. Petersburg State University , Novosibirsk State University , and

324-733: A famed line of fighter aircraft . Irkut acquired Yakovlev in April 2004. The Russian government merged the holding company with Mikoyan , Ilyushin , Irkut, Sukhoi and Tupolev as a new company named United Aircraft Building Corporation in February 2006. The firm designed the Pchela ( Russian : Пчела , "bee") drone reconnaissance aircraft (first flown in 1990), but is perhaps best known for its highly successful line of World War II-era piston-engined fighter-aircraft. In August 2023, Irkut Corporation rebranded itself as Yakovlev. The Sukhoi Superjet 100

378-568: A few Academy name changes, ending as The Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences right before the Soviet period. Now headquartered in Moscow, the academy (RAS) is a non-profit organization established in the form of a federal state budgetary institution chartered by the Government of Russia . In 2013, the Russian government restructured RAS, assigning control of its property and research institutes to

432-727: A glider, the AVF-10, which made its first flight on 24 September 1924. The design won an award and secured him a position as a worker at the Zhukovsky Air Force Military Engineering Academy . However, his repeated attempts to gain admission to the Academy were denied due to his “lack of proletariat origins”. In 1927, Yakovlev designed the AIR-1 ultralight aircraft. This was the first of ten aircraft he designed between 1927 and 1933. In 1927, Yakovlev finally gained admittance to

486-446: A major goal in the 1740s by turning out the first Russian scholar members, Stepan Krasheninnikov and Mikhail Lomonosov . The academy's charter in 1747 brought some changed to the academy's organization which stood until the end of the century. Among some of the changes were Russian and Latin as the official languages, a push to translate literature into Russian, and restrictive working hours for faculty. The charter also emphasized

540-454: A new government agency headed by Mikhail Kotyukov . As of November 2017 , the academy included 1,008 institutions and other units; in total about 125,000 people were employed of whom 47,000 were scientific researchers. There are three types of membership in the RAS: full members ( academicians ), corresponding members, and foreign members. Academicians and corresponding members must be citizens of

594-441: A slate of foreign scholars as professors; the academy then gained its first clear set of goals from the 1747 Charter. The academy functioned as a university and research center throughout the mid-18th century until the university was dissolved, leaving research as the main pillar of the institution. The rest of the 18th century continuing on through the 19th century consisted of many published academic works from Academy scholars and

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648-665: The Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , make use of the staff and facilities of many institutes of the RAS (as well as of other research institutions); the MIPT faculty refers to this arrangement as the "Phystech System". From 1933 to 1992, the main scientific journal of the Soviet Academy of Sciences was the Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR ); after 1992, it became simply Proceedings of

702-497: The Soviet space program . In 1957 the first satellite was launched, in 1961 Yury Gagarin became the first person in space, and in 1971 the first space station Salyut 1 began its operation. Discoveries were also made in the nuclear branch and in other fields of physics. Furthermore, the academy participated in opening new universities or new study programs in the already existed universities, whose best absolvents started their career at

756-785: The Yak-1 , Yak-3 , Yak-7 and Yak-9 as well as the Yak-6 transport. In 1945 Yakovlev designed one of the first Soviet aircraft with a jet engine, the Yak-15 . He also designed the first Soviet all-weather interceptor, the Yak-25P , and the first Soviet supersonic bomber, the Yak-28 . In the post-war period, Yakovlev was best known for the civilian airliner, the Yak-42 , a three-engine medium-range aircraft, and numerous aerobatic models. Yakovlev served under Joseph Stalin as

810-745: The Yakovlev military aircraft and founded the Yakovlev Design Bureau . Yakovlev joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1938. Yakovlev was born in Moscow , where his father was an employee of the Nobel Brothers oil company. From 1919 to 1921, he worked as a part-time courier while still in school, and in 1922 he built his first model aeroplane as part of a school project. In 1924, he built

864-499: The mathematicians Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), Anders Johan Lexell , Christian Goldbach , Georg Bernhard Bilfinger , Nicholas Bernoulli (1695–1726) and Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782), botanist Johann Georg Gmelin , embryologists Caspar Friedrich Wolff , astronomer and geographer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle , physicist Georg Wolfgang Kraft , historian Gerhard Friedrich Müller and English Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne (1732–1811). Expeditions to explore remote parts of

918-505: The national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals. Peter the Great established the academy (then the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences) in 1724 with guidance from Gottfried Leibniz . From its establishment, the academy benefitted from

972-623: The Academy and graduated in 1931. He was then assigned to the Moscow Aviation Plant No. 39, where his first design bureau of lightweight aviation was established in 1932. He became the main designer in 1935, then the chief designer (1956–1984) of aircraft for the Yakovlev Design Bureau. The Yakovlev Design Bureau developed many fighter aircraft used by the Soviet Air Force during World War II . Particularly well known are

1026-545: The Academy of Sciences ( Doklady Akademii Nauk ). The academy is also increasing its presence in the educational area. In 1990, the Higher Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded, a specialized university intended to provide extensive opportunities for students to choose an academic path. The academy gives out a number of different prizes, medals and awards among which: The academy

1080-650: The FASO was incorporated into Russia's new Ministry of Science and Higher Education. The latter was created by splitting the Ministry of Education and Science . Mikhail Kotyukov , who had been head of FASO since its creation, was named head of the new Ministry of Science and Higher Education. In June 2023, the RAS opened the Modern Ideology of China Research Laboratory within its Institute of China and Contemporary Asia to study Xi Jinping Thought . The following persons occupied

1134-618: The German philosopher Christian Wolff , a correspondent of Leibniz, in the early 1720s and unsuccessfully offered him the Vice-Presidency of the academy. While Wolff declined a position in the academy, he did invite western scholars to work at the academy to improve higher education within the Russian Empire as outlined in Leibniz's letters. Foreign scholars invited to work at the academy included

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1188-425: The RAS members signalized their intention not to join the new academy if the reform is run as planned in the draft. Some leading scientists (including Pierre Deligne , Michael Atiyah , Mumford , and others) wrote open letters which referred to the planned reform of the RAS as "shocking" and even "criminal". In this situation, the draft was softened in some details—e.g., there remained no words about "dissolution" in

1242-519: The RAS while creating a new "public-governmental" organization with the same name. The RAS would be fused with two other Russian national academies— Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences  [ ru ] and Russian Academy of Medical Sciences , with all members of all academies acquiring equal status as academicians. The law also created a new government agency: Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations  [ ru ] (FASO). FASO would take control of all buildings and other property of

1296-447: The RAS" (163 scientists) or even "RAS professor, academician of the RAS" (16 scientists). The RAS consists of 13 specialized scientific divisions, four territorial branches and 15 regional scientific centers. The academy has numerous councils, committees, and commissions, all organized for different purposes. The Russian Academy of Sciences comprises a large number of research institutions, including: Member institutions are linked via

1350-487: The Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences became incorporated into the RAS, a number of the RAS members accordingly increased. The last elections to the renewed Russian Academy of Sciences were organized from May 30 to June 3, 2022. As of November 2, 2024, the academy had 1873 living Russian members (full: 802, corresponding: 1071) and about 430 foreign members. Since 2015,

1404-415: The Russian Federation when elected. However, some academicians and corresponding members were elected before the collapse of the USSR and are now citizens of other countries. Members of RAS are elected based on their scientific contributions – election to membership is considered very prestigious. In the years 2005–2012, the academy had approximately 500 full and 700 corresponding members. But in 2013, after

1458-732: The St. Petersburg Academy of Science a year before he died, in January 1724 and the Senate decree of February 8, 1724 implemented the academy. It was modeled after the centralized structure of the Paris Academy and the Berlin Academy of Sciences . These model institutions had led to an educated society of philosophical men, something Peter wanted in Russia. In particular, the Berlin Academy of Sciences

1512-647: The Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1974, "among the deputies of the Council of the Union, there were 22 scientists from the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the academies of sciences of the Union republics, and branch academies." In 1989, Andrei Sakharov became a People's Deputy of the USSR. Many scientists have worked in the State Duma of the Russian Federation - among the most famous are the physicist Zhores Alferov (deputy from

1566-597: The USSR over Nazi Germany . During and after the war, the academy was involved in the Soviet atomic bomb project ; due to its success and other achievements in military techniques, the USSR became one of the superpowers in the Cold War era. At the end of the 1940s, the academy consisted of eight divisions (Physico-Mathematical Science, Chemical Sciences, Geological-Geographical Sciences, Biological Science, Technical Science, History and Philosophy, Economics and Law, Literature and Languages); three committees (one for coordinating

1620-466: The United States. Some excellent university graduates who could have become promising researchers also switched to other activities, predominately in commerce. The Russian Academy practically lost a generation of people born from the mid-1960s to mid-1970s; this age category is now underrepresented in all research institutes. In the 2000s, the situation in the Russian science and technology has improved,

1674-639: The academic system as he had seen in Western Europe, although he could not get a meeting with Peter during Peter's first European tour. Leibniz did, however, begin correspondence with Peter's advisors where he discussed different plans to achieve the westernization of Russia. Leibniz suggested an education reform which divided schools, universities, and academies, as well as creating new academies and schools. Also, Leibniz suggested creating an arts and sciences institution with faculty consisting of leading foreign scholars. Following Leibniz's advice, Peter founded

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1728-447: The academy also awards, on a competitive basis, the honorary scientific rank of a RAS Professor to the top-level researchers with Russian citizenship. Now there are 713 scientists with this rank. RAS professorship is not a membership type but its holders are considered as possible candidates for membership; some professors became members already in 2016, in 2019 or in 2022 and are henceforth titled "RAS professor, corresponding member of

1782-422: The academy instead of bureaucratic rule. Also, in the second half of the 18th century, Russian scholars grew in number among the faculty of the academy. To heal the growing internal German versus Russian conflict of the faculty, Catherine the Great convinced Euler to return to St Petersburg and head the academy in 1766, where he stayed until he died in 1783. Catherine the Great's son Paul I's short reign marked

1836-721: The academy published 20 volumes of their academic journal called Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae . The majority of Russian scientific research in the 18th century was done by members of the academy. Originally called The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences ( Russian : Петербургская академия наук ), the organization went under various names over the years, becoming The Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts (Императорская академия наук и художеств; 1747–1803), The Imperial Academy of Sciences (Императорская академия наук; 1803–1836), and finally, The Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (Императорская Санкт-Петербургская академия Наук, from 1836 and until

1890-484: The academy to be a model for Russia. Since the academy was under the Tsar, the presidents, vice-presidents, directors, and vice-directors were all appointed by the crown. Catherine I started this precedent which lasted until the end of the Russian Empire. The academy hit hard times during Empress Anna's rule. A low of 6 students remained in 1744 and the teaching was in German, contrary to Peter I's wishes. The academy achieved

1944-486: The academy, opening it in December 1725. Mathematics, physical sciences, and humanities were the three departments which made up the academy upon its opening. The academy also contained a university and secondary school, promoting higher education in Russia. As such, the initial 17 scholars had to teach and administer research. They were a portion of the 84 Academy staff in 1726 There were also student assistants who helped

1998-456: The academy. In addition, all RAS academic institutes were removed from academy control. Instead, the new government agency FASO was empowered to "evaluate", relying on its own criteria, the efficiency of research institutes and rearrange ineffective ones. The draft law, which, in its initial form, would have fundamentally changed the system of science organization in Russia, provoked conflicts and protests within academic circles. A large group of

2052-516: The country had Academy scientists as their leaders or most active participants. These included Vitus Bering 's Second Kamchatka Expedition of 1733–1743, expeditions to observe the 1769 transit of Venus from eight locations in Russian Empire , and the expeditions of Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811) to Siberia . The expeditions led to the creation of an atlas of Russia and to research in astronomy, geography, and fauna and flora. From 1750 to 1777,

2106-508: The end of the empire in 1917). A separate organization, called the Russian Academy ( Russian : Академия Российская ), was created in 1783 to work on the study of the Russian language . Presided over by Princess Yekaterina Dashkova (who at the same time was the Director of the Imperial Academy of Arts and Sciences, i.e., the country's "main" academy), the Russian Academy was engaged in compiling

2160-532: The exception of the Russian SFSR ), in many cases delegating prominent scientists to live and work in other republics. In the case of Ukraine, its academy was formed by the local Ukrainian scientists and prior to occupation of the Ukrainian People's Republic by Bolsheviks . These academies were: Among the most important achievements of the academy of the second half of the 20th century, there is, first of all,

2214-524: The expertise of the academy would be applied to addressing questions of state construction, while in return the Soviet government would give the academy financial and political support. The most important activities of the academy in the 1920s included an investigation of the large Kursk Magnetic Anomaly , of the minerals in the Kola Peninsula , and participation in the GOELRO plan targeted electrification of

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2268-479: The government announced a modernization campaign . Nevertheless, according to the Russian Academy of Sciences, total R&D spending in 2013 still hovered about 40% below the pre-crisis 1990 levels. Furthermore, a lack of competition, decayed infrastructure and continuing, though slightly reduced, brain drain play their part. On June 28, 2013, the Russian Government announced a draft law that would dissolve

2322-424: The hope for Russian Academy graduates to replace all the foreign scholars in time. Most of the secondary school graduates went into civil service instead of continue to the university. The university part of the academy gradually deteriorated and eventually died by 1767. During Catherine the Great's rule, she enacted reforms to improve the academy for scholars. She created a commission of academy faculty to lead

2376-423: The position of the academy's President (or, sometimes, Director): The last presidential elections in the academy (and also elections of the presidium) were organized on September 25–28, 2017. Initially the event was planned for March 2017, but unexpectedly all candidates retracted their nominations, and the elections were postponed. Scientists of the academy were repeatedly elected deputies of various levels. In

2430-546: The research institutes of the academy. After the collapse of the Soviet Union , by decree of the President of Russia of December 2, 1991, the academy again became the Russian Academy of Sciences , inheriting all facilities of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the territory of the Russian Federation. The crisis of the 1990s in the post-Soviet Russia and a consequent drastic reduction of the state support for science have forced many scientists to leave Russia for Europe, Israel or

2484-400: The scholars and taught in the secondary school. 112 students ages 5–18 made up the total first year enrollment in 1726. 76 of the 112 students were Russian while the other 36 students were foreign. The academy did not have an official charter until 1747. Peter I did lay out the goals for the academy in a document signed before his death called the "Project". In the document, Peter wished for

2538-586: The scientific work of the Academies of the Republics, one for scientific and technical propaganda, and one for editorial and publications), two commissions (for publishing popular scientific literature, and for museums and archives), a laboratory for scientific photography and cinematography and Academy of Science Press departments external to the divisions. The Academy of Sciences of the USSR helped to establish national Academies of Sciences in all Soviet republics (with

2592-652: The six-volume Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language (1789–1794). The Russian Academy was merged into the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1841. Shortly after the October Revolution , in December 1917, Sergey Fedorovich Oldenburg , a leading ethnographer and political activist in the Kadet party, met with Vladimir Lenin to discuss the future of the academy. They agreed that

2646-484: The technical fields, was done. However, on the other hand, in these very times, many scientists underwent repressions for ideological reasons. In the years of the Second World War , the Soviet Academy of Sciences made a big contribution to a development of modern weapons – tanks (new series of T-34 ), airplanes , degaussing the ships (for protection against the naval mines ) etc. – and therefore to victory of

2700-534: The text—and approved on September 27, 2013. In 2014, Putin announced more changes to science funding that reduced RAS power while increasing that of the government. In 2017, the election of the RAS president was also brought under government control. At the General Meeting of the RAS in March 2018, the RAS president (that time) Alexander Sergeev said that the academy enters now the post-reform period. In May 2018,

2754-463: The whole country. In 1925 the Soviet government recognized the Russian Academy of Sciences as the "highest all-Union scientific institution" and renamed it the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union . In 1934, the academy headquarters moved from Leningrad to the capital, Moscow. The Stalin years were marked by a rapid industrialisation of the Soviet Union for which a great deal of research, mainly in

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2808-519: Was a culmination of Emperor Peter the Great 's inspiration from his tours to Western Europe and its higher education centers along with the beginning of his correspondence with Gottfried Leibniz , a philosopher, mathematician, and diplomat. Peter's Western European travels introduced him to the new inventions and ideas of the Enlightenment period. Leibniz was attracted to Peter's desire to promote education and science in Russia through modernization of

2862-536: Was founded by Leibniz, exemplary of the influence which Leibniz had on the creation of the St Petersburg Academy of Science. The Paris Academy was administered directly by the King, which inspired Peter to make himself the supreme head of the St Petersburg Academy of Science, although there could be an academy president. Peter's widow and Empress Catherine I followed through with the establishment and formation of

2916-620: Was redesignated as the SJ-100, and the Irkut MC-21 also adopted the Yakovlev name. The company was sanctioned by the Canadian government on 22 August 2023. Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Я́ковлев ; 1 April [ O.S. 19 March] 1906 – 22 August 1989) was a Soviet aeronautical engineer . He designed

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