124-592: The Yakovlev MC-21 ( Russian : Яковлев МС-21 ) is a single-aisle airliner , under development in Russia by the Yakovlev Corporation (formerly known as Irkut Corporation), a branch of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), itself a 92%-owned subsidiary of Russia's state-owned aviation giant Rostec . The program was launched in 2007. Irkut rolled out the first MC-21-300 on 8 June 2016 and first flew
248-649: A constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. On 29 September 2022, Saeima passed in
372-510: A new education law which requires all schools to teach at least partially in Ukrainian, with provisions while allow indigenous languages and languages of national minorities to be used alongside the national language. The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary. The 2019 Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" gives priority to
496-494: A -500, a -600 with 20–25 tf (44,000–55,000 lbf) engines, and a -700 with 30 tf (66,000 lbf) engines, as well as a MC-21X with a 155 t (342,000 lb) tons MTOW for a 9,000–10,000-kilometre (4,900–5,400 nmi; 5,600–6,200 mi) range. Ilyushin Finance wants an MC-21-400 stretch for up to 256 seats and plans to buy 20 to 60 of them. The 250-passenger MC-21-400 single-aisle twinjet could be jointly produced in
620-557: A 132-seat MC-21-100 variant was planned but then superseded by the Superjet 100 development. The small variant with a capacity of 130- to 150-seat was proposed with commonality with the Sukhoi Superjet 130 . UAC is said to be considering further development of the MC-21 by 2035. These include: a -400 with 18-tonne-force [tf] (40,000 lbf) engines for a 105-tonne [t] (231,000 lb) MTOW,
744-538: A Russian firm, developed the vacuum infusion process to produce the wingbox and wing panels. The vertical and horizontal fins and wingbox are also composite and the high aspect ratio wing is a supercritical airfoil . The MC-21 design is more innovative than the C919 : it is the only airliner with a carbon fibre wingbox made with resin infused dry fibre, cured in an oven out of autoclave . The initial design included roughly 33% composite materials, increasing to 40–45% with
868-531: A formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) Tu-134 The Tupolev Tu-134 ( NATO reporting name : Crusty ) is a twin-engined , narrow-body jet airliner built in the Soviet Union for short and medium-haul routes from 1966 to 1989. The original version featured a glazed-nose design and, like certain other Russian airliners (including its sister model
992-479: A language that "belongs to the European cultural space". The financing of Russian-language content by the state will cease, which the concept says create a "unified information space". However, one inevitable consequence would be the closure of public media broadcasts in Russian on LTV and Latvian Radio, as well as the closure of LSM's Russian-language service. In Lithuania , Russian has no official or legal status, but
1116-572: A lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic , Turkic , Persian , Arabic , and Hebrew . According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California , Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Feudal divisions and conflicts created obstacles between
1240-528: A maximum commercial load of 20.3 t (20.0 long tons; 22.4 short tons), range will be reduced to less than 2,000 km (1,200 mi), and the service ceiling will only be 23,000 ft (7,000 m). The original specifications reportedly cannot be met unless engine thrust increases by 20%, an increase thought to be infeasible in commercial operations. Industry analysts questioned the revised delivery schedule due to UAC's reliance on unproven engines and parts from Russian suppliers who also provide parts to
1364-607: A minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Azerbaijan , Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Georgia , Russian has no official status, but it
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#17328441641511488-543: A number of Tu-134s have been converted for use as VIP transports and business jets. A total of 854 Tu-134s were built of all versions (including test bed examples) with Aeroflot as the largest user by 1995, the Tu-134 had carried 360 million passengers for that airline. Following the introduction of engines mounted on pylons on the rear fuselage by the French Sud Aviation Caravelle , airliner manufacturers around
1612-468: A number of flight simulators of different degrees of realism, emergency procedures simulator, firefighting simulator, service simulator, engineering simulator for technician training. In 2009, the MC-21-200 was designed with around 150 passengers in a single-class configuration, to be followed by a 181-seat -300 and 212-seat -400 with basic and extended-range models, plus a very-long-range -200LR. Initially,
1736-539: A potential 195 orders. Transaero bankrupted in 2015. In June 2016, Azerbaijan Airlines tentatively signed to lease ten -300s from Ilyushin Finance. By July 2018, 175 firm orders and nearly 150 intentions had been recorded. Russian language Russian is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family . It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and
1860-516: A qualitatively new entity can be said to emerge—the general language of the working class... capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. In 2010, there were 259.8 million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia – 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries – 93.7 million, in Eastern Europe – 12.9 million, Western Europe – 7.3 million, Asia – 2.7 million, in
1984-539: A subsidiary of United Technologies, along with Aviapribor was initially selected to provide the flight control system actuators. Zodiac Aerospace , Eaton and Meggitt were planned to provide other components. Interior furnishings were planned to come from Zodiac Aerospace, coordinated from C&D Zodiac in Huntington Beach, California. Innovations from Zodiac Aerospace in Carson, California, were to be incorporated in
2108-432: A target figure of 98% by 2023, making it independent of imported components. In July 2021 a composite wing made of Russian materials was docked to the fuselage of the aircraft. The fuselage was designed and manufactured by Irkut Corporation and Yakovlev Design . The landing gear was supplied by the company Hydromash from Nizhny Novgorod . The cockpit and part of the aircraft's avionics were developed and supplied by
2232-527: Is Belarusian, among ethnic Belarusians this share is 28.5%; the highest share of those who speak Belarusian at home is among ethnic Poles — 46.0%. In Estonia , Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook, and is officially considered a foreign language. School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, and in 2022,
2356-475: Is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan . The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. In Tajikistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under
2480-401: Is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian , and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of
2604-593: Is a post-posed definite article -to , -ta , -te similar to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects , instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несл и is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi] , not [nʲɪsˈlʲi] ) – this
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#17328441641512728-485: Is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding , which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the M-1 , and MESM models were produced in 1951. According to
2852-613: Is called yakanye ( яканье ). Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/ , a semivowel /w⁓u̯/ and /x⁓xv⁓xw/ , whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/ , /v/ , and final /l/ and /f/ , respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. There
2976-563: Is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City , Philadelphia , Boston , Los Angeles , Nashville , San Francisco , Seattle , Spokane , Toronto , Calgary , Baltimore , Miami , Portland , Chicago , Denver , and Cleveland . In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially
3100-480: Is needed to complete its development. On 16 March 2019, the third test aircraft, which has been fully fitted out with a passenger cabin, made its maiden flight. After painting at Ulyanovsk , on 13 May 2019 it joined the other two test aircraft at Moscow-Zhukovsky Airport , where the certification programme is being conducted. On 17 September 2019, the third test aircraft made its first international flight from Moscow-Zhukovsky to Istanbul Atatürk Airport. The aircraft
3224-564: Is odd") – чу́дно ( chúdno – "this is marvellous"), молоде́ц ( molodéts – "well done!") – мо́лодец ( mólodets – "fine young man"), узна́ю ( uznáyu – "I shall learn it") – узнаю́ ( uznayú – "I recognize it"), отреза́ть ( otrezát – "to be cutting") – отре́зать ( otrézat – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like афе́ра ( aféra , "scandal, affair"), гу́ру ( gúru , "guru"), Гарси́я ( García ), Оле́ша ( Olésha ), Фе́рми ( Fermi ), and to show which
3348-402: Is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. In China , Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and
3472-569: Is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin , Polish , Dutch , German, French, Italian, and English, and to
3596-576: Is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia, and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006. Around 1.5 million Israelis spoke Russian as of 2017. The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in
3720-517: Is the most spoken native language in Europe , the most spoken Slavic language , as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia . It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers , and the world's ninth-most spoken language by total number of speakers . Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station , one of
3844-746: Is the native language of the Russians . It was the de facto and de jure official language of the former Soviet Union . Russian has remained an official language of the Russian Federation , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan , and is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine , Moldova , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel . Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. It
Yakovlev MC-21 - Misplaced Pages Continue
3968-518: Is the stressed word in a sentence, for example Ты́ съел печенье? ( Tý syel pechenye? – "Was it you who ate the cookie?") – Ты съе́л печенье? ( Ty syél pechenye? – "Did you eat the cookie?) – Ты съел пече́нье? ( Ty syel pechénye? "Was it the cookie you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Using
4092-461: The 2011 Lithuanian census , Russian was the native language for 7.2% of the population. In Moldova , Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. On 21 January 2021, the Constitutional Court of Moldova declared the law unconstitutional and deprived Russian of the status of the language of interethnic communication. 50% of the population
4216-672: The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Rosaviatsia announced that in a resulting change of plans Russia would only use a domestic engine. The original model – the MC-21-300 powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines – would not enter service, and instead production would have to wait for the MC-21-310, powered by the Russian Aviadvigatel PD-14 engine, built by the United Engine Corporation. The production MC-21-300
4340-966: The Apollo–Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su . Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian
4464-549: The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI). In March 2019, AeroComposit reported that it had produced the first fuselage centre section and wing box from domestic materials. The fuselage of the MC-21 is mostly made of lightweight aluminium–lithium alloy , which accounts for 40% of the airframe's structural weight. It is 11 cm (4.3 in) wider than the A320/C919 and 27 cm (11 in) wider than
4588-552: The Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies and Rockwell Collins with the participation of personnel from the Russian company Avionika. It is possible to use both imported auxiliary power units and Russian units developed and produced in NPP Aerosila . For personnel training, the Russian scientific and production company Systems of Complex Simulators developed and manufactured a number of simulators, including
4712-413: The Constitution of Tajikistan and is permitted in official documentation. 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. In Turkmenistan , Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. Among 12% of the population who grew up in
4836-524: The Gromov Flight Research Institute , a 6-hour flight over 4,500 km (2,400 nmi; 2,800 mi) at 33,000 feet (10,000 m). The flight test programme started on 2 November with a 3-hour flight reaching 39,400 feet (12,000 m). Before being flown to Moscow, 20 flights were conducted in Irkutsk. In November, the second prototype was prepared for flight-tests, followed in 2018 by
4960-583: The Russian invasion of Ukraine . Irkut Corporation was placed on the sanctions lists of the United States, Canada, Switzerland and Ukraine, while United Aircraft Corporation was placed on the sanctions lists of the United States, European Union, Japan, Switzerland, France, Belgium and Ukraine, and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) suspended all work on type certification of
5084-649: The Tu-154 ), it can operate from unpaved airfields. One of the most widely used aircraft in former Comecon countries, the number in active service is decreasing because of operational safety concerns and noise restrictions . The model has seen long-term service with some 42 countries, with some European airlines having scheduled as many as 12 daily takeoffs and landings per plane. In addition to regular passenger service, it has also been used in various air force, army and navy support roles; for pilot and navigator training; and for aviation research and test projects. In recent years,
Yakovlev MC-21 - Misplaced Pages Continue
5208-595: The Tupolev Tu-16 strategic bomber, and the Tu-134 carried over the glass nose for the navigator and the landing gear fitted with low-pressure tires to permit operation from unpaved airfields. Serial production began in 1966 at the Kharkov Aviation Production Association, and production of the Tu-124 was discontinued. The Tu-134 was designed for short-haul lines with low passenger traffic. Originally
5332-575: The Ukrainian language in more than 30 spheres of public life: in particular in public administration , media, education, science, culture, advertising, services . The law does not regulate private communication. A poll conducted in March 2022 by RATING in the territory controlled by Ukraine found that 83% of the respondents believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On
5456-682: The United Arab Emirates . Variants with PD-14 engines will be designated MC-21-310 and MC-21-210. By the end of the 2013 MAKS Air Show , there were 175 firm orders including 50 for Rostec subsidiary Aviakapital leased to Aeroflot and 35 more with PD-14 engines for governmental customers, 50 for Ilyushin Finance (10 to be leased to Red Wings Airlines and six to Transaero ), 30 for Vnesheconombank Leasing (10 to be leased to UTair Aviation and 6 to Transaero) and 10 for IrAero with an agreement for 20 others leased from Sberbank of Russia , for
5580-569: The United States Census , in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station – NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to
5704-469: The single-aisle market by Airbus and Boeing. Russian protectionism is hampering access to critical western suppliers for the avionics, landing gear, hydraulics, power systems and engines. Its introduction was delayed to the end of 2018. It is comparable to the Airbus A320neo or Boeing 737 MAX and could replace the outgoing Tu-134 , Tu-154 , Tu-204 and Yak-42 . In February 2017, it passed 90% of
5828-508: The 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular former Warsaw Pact countries. In Armenia , Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as
5952-493: The 737, for a 61 cm (24 in) aisle allowing passing others or a trolley. Its 79.25 t (174,700 lb) MTOW is the same as the almost 5 m (16.5 ft.) shorter A320neo, and is 3 t (6,600 lb) lighter than the almost 3 m (9.8 ft) shorter 737-8, for similar two-class layouts of 162 to 165 while the 737-8 and A320neo have 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) more range. The 130 kN (30,000 lbf) thrust class Pratt & Whitney PW1000G
6076-465: The Belarusian society the Russian language prevails, so according to the 2019 census 6,718,557 people (71.4% of the total population) stated that they speak Russian at home, for ethnic Belarusians this share is 61.4%, for Russians — 97.2%, for Ukrainians — 89.0%, for Poles — 52.4%, and for Jews — 96.6%; 2,447,764 people (26.0% of the total population) stated that the language they usually speak at home
6200-504: The EASA completed initial certification testing with 2.5-to-4-hour flights up to 10,000–33,000 feet (3,000–10,100 m), including high angle-of-attack and stall onset. By then, certification trials were expected to end in the second half of 2020 before first delivery to Aeroflot by year end. On 18 February 2019, Rostec delayed entry into service another year to 2021 due to US sanctions, while another 240–250 billion rubles ($ 3.62–3.78 billion)
6324-519: The Great and developed from the Moscow ( Middle or Central Russian ) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution , the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoisie. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. However,
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#17328441641516448-479: The Gromov Flight Research Institute near Moscow in six hours. Production started in 2018, certification slipped into late 2019 and the first delivery to 2020. For three years after 2018, UAC planned to invest ₽56.4 billion ($ 899 million) for the MC-21. By October 2018, two EASA test pilots and a test engineer test flew the plane in preparation for European certification. On 3 December, a fuselage
6572-578: The Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( знак ударения ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress . For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к ( zamók – "lock") – за́мок ( zámok – "castle"), сто́ящий ( stóyashchy – "worthwhile") – стоя́щий ( stoyáshchy – "standing"), чудно́ ( chudnó – "this
6696-589: The MC-21 by the end of 2018, to start flight tests in 2019 for the MC-21 variant certification in 2021. By October 2018, the PD-14 had received its Rosaviatsia type certification. In October 2019, PD-14 flight-testing on the MC-21 was delayed until 2020. In August 2009, Hamilton Sundstrand , a subsidiary of United Technologies , announced it would provide electric power generation and distribution equipment for $ 2.3 billion over 20 years of production. Rockwell Collins and its Russian partner Avionika were selected to supply
6820-415: The MC-21 project was in need of new government grants. By the end of December 2021, Russian type certification was granted for the MC-21-300 variant powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines, ahead of its planned introduction with its launch operator Rossiya. Additional testing was still needed for high-altitude, strong crosswinds , and low and high temperatures operations. The initial target market
6944-488: The MC-21's avionics . Honeywell , Thales and Elbit Systems were to supply avionics with nine 12-inch multifunction displays , electronic flight bags , synthetic vision and enhanced vision systems . The MC-21 was planned to be the first airliner with active side-sticks , supplied by UTC Aerospace Systems . It was to have fly-by-wire controls. Its design features a glass cockpit with side-stick controls and an optional head-up display . Goodrich Corporation , also
7068-406: The MC-21. To circumvent the sanctions, Irkut decided to use only Russian avionics and engines. By early 2024, it had become clear that the design work and additional testing necessary to use Russian-made equipment would delay the launch date to 2025–2026, and that the aircraft would not meet its original weight, range and operating altitude specifications; additionally, industry analysts questioned
7192-515: The Middle East and North Africa – 1.3 million, Sub-Saharan Africa – 0.1 million, Latin America – 0.2 million, U.S., Canada , Australia, and New Zealand – 4.1 million speakers. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by the number of speakers , after English, Mandarin, Hindi -Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Portuguese. Russian is one of the six official languages of
7316-807: The Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ ( /je/ or /ʲe/ ); ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ ( /i/ ); ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ ( /f/ ); ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ ( /u/ ); ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ ( /ju/ or /ʲu/ ); and ⟨ ѧ ⟩ and ⟨ ѩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/ . While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ ъ ⟩ and ⟨ ь ⟩ originally indicated
7440-440: The Russian military. Analysts said the suppliers were struggling to procure enough components to satisfy military orders, suggesting that civil MC-21 deliveries might be delayed by parts shortages if military parts deliveries had higher priority. The design is based on the never-realized, twin-engine Yakovlev Yak-242 as a development of the three-engine Yakovlev Yak-42 . United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) subsidiary AeroComposit,
7564-458: The Russian principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. This strengthened dialectal differences, and for a while, prevented the emergence of a standardized national language. The formation of the unified and centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the gradual re-emergence of a common political, economic, and cultural space created the need for a common standard language. The initial impulse for standardization came from
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#17328441641517688-454: The Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. In Uzbekistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Russian
7812-521: The Soviet state airline, Aeroflot , updated its requirement specifications to include greater payload and passenger capacity, and since Aeroflot's requirements dictated a larger aircraft than initially planned, the Soloviev Design Bureau developed the more powerful D-30 low-bypass turbofan engines. The Tu-134 prototype, CCCP-45075, first flew on 29 July 1963, initially retaining the designation Tu-124A despite radical differences in design from
7936-556: The Tu-134 made its first scheduled flight from Moscow to Adler . The Tu-134 was the first Soviet airliner to receive international certification from the International Civil Aviation Organization , which permitted it to be used on international routes. Due to this certification, Aeroflot used most of its Tu-134s on international routes. In 1968, the first export customers, Interflug of East Germany , LOT Polish Airlines and Malév Hungarian Airlines purchased
8060-491: The Tu-134. In 1969, the Tu-134 was displayed at the Paris Air Show . From 1972, Aeroflot began placing the Tu-134 in domestic service to Baku , Yerevan , Kyiv , Kishinev , Krasnodar , Leningrad , Omsk , Riga , and Sochi from Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. In its early years, the Tu-134 developed a reputation for reliability and efficiency, especially when compared with previous Soviet designs. After
8184-460: The United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. In Belarus , Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus . 77% of
8308-474: The aircraft had 56 seats in a single class configuration, or 50 seats in a two-class configuration. In 1968, Tupolev began work on an improved Tu-134 variant with a 76-seat capacity. The fuselage received a 2.1-metre (6 ft 11 in) plug for greater passenger capacity and an auxiliary power unit in the tail. As a result, the maximum range was reduced from 3,100 kilometers to 2,770 kilometers. The upgraded D-30 engines now featured thrust reversers, replacing
8432-512: The aircraft on 28 May 2017. The twinjet has a carbon fibre reinforced polymer wing and was to be powered by Aviadvigatel PD-14 turbofans or Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines. The standard MC-21-300 has a capacity of 132–163 passengers in a two-class configuration and 165–211 in a single class, and a range up to 6,000–6,400 km (3,200–3,500 nmi; 3,700–4,000 mi). By July 2018, it had received 175 firm orders. In early 2022, international sanctions against Russia were imposed due to
8556-403: The broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages. The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( современный русский литературный язык – "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter
8680-460: The composite wing. By January 2019, U.S. sanctions against Russia had interrupted the supply of foreign raw materials, on which the UAC relied to produce the composite parts. The UAC started looking for either domestically produced or Chinese replacements, maintaining that the wing box and consoles would still consist of polymeric composites. By then, a metal wing was "no longer on the agenda" according to
8804-562: The country. There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with Israel Plus . See also Russian language in Israel . Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in Afghanistan . In Vietnam , Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. The Russian language
8928-526: The distinction is a prominent feature of the language, which is usually shown in writing not by a change of the consonant but rather by changing the following vowel. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels . Stress , which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically , though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. замо́к [ zamók , 'lock'] and за́мок [ zámok , 'castle']), or to indicate
9052-463: The end of the decade, deliveries of the MC-21 were expected to start in 2024 and reach a delivery rate of 72 aircraft per year by 2029. Aeroflot expected to lease 50 MC-21-300s from Aviakapital for 12 to 18 years and a monthly lease of less than $ 437,282 each. By 2018, they were to be delivered from the first quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of 2026, with EASA certification targeted for early 2021. Powered by PW1400Gs or possibly PD-14s for
9176-514: The entire company as Yakovlev . The program was launched in 2007, planning a 2016 introduction. In 2009, the MC-21 was in the "pre-design" phase, with projected completion of the first prototype in 2013 and the first flight in 2014. By June 2011, the "pre-design" phase was completed and the "working design" stage was under way with three-dimensional models and drawings for subcontractors and suppliers, to be completed by mid-2012. In February 2012, Russian deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin announced it
9300-465: The establishment of tougher noise standards in the ICAO regulations in 2002, the Tu-134 was banned from most western European airports for its high noise levels. In early 2006, 245 Tu-134s were still in operation, 162 of which were in Russia. After a fatal accident in March 2007, and at the instigation of Russian Minister of Transportation Igor Levitin , Aeroflot announced that it would be retiring its fleet, and
9424-413: The factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. On the ruins of peasant multilingual, in the context of developing heavy industry,
9548-689: The feasibility of the revised delivery timeline because the Russian-designed PD-14 engines were unproven and it was unclear if other parts suppliers could meet production targets. In Russian : МС‑21 "Магистральный Самолёт 21 века" Magistral'nyj Samoljot 21 veka translates as "mainline aircraft of the 21st century". It is marketed in the West as the MC-21, though the aircraft's Russian-language designation transliterates as MS-21 . In 2013, Russian deputy premier Dmitry Rogozin indicated that it would be designated Yak-242 once it enters serial production,
9672-451: The final reading amendments that state that all schools and kindergartens in the country are to transition to education in Latvian . From 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only. On 28 September 2023, Latvian deputies approved The National Security Concept, according to which from 1 January 2026, all content created by Latvian public media (including LSM ) should be only in Latvian or
9796-494: The first customer MC-21 were completed by United Aircraft Corporation subsidiary Aviastar . In early 2019, the annual output was targeted from 20 initially to 72 airframes in 2025, towards 100 and possibly 120 later for a forecast of 850 deliveries. In July 2021 it was reported that Aeroflot would launch the MC-21-300 with its regional subsidiary Rossiya Airlines in summer 2022. In September 2021, Evgeny Ditrikh, CEO of GTLK (Public Transport Leasing Company of Russia), stated that
9920-444: The flight-test station on 25 December. By early 2019, the two prototypes had completed 122 test sorties, and following international sanctions against Russia , 1.6 billion roubles ($ 24.2 million) of additional subsidies were allocated to the program for 2019, before 4.11 billion roubles in 2020 and 4.81 billion roubles in 2021: Russian content was aimed at 97% by 2022. The program cost is 438 billion rubles (US$ 6.6 Bn) In February 2019,
10044-617: The generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to
10168-480: The government bureaucracy for the lack of a reliable tool of communication in administrative, legal, and judicial affairs became an obvious practical problem. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries. Since then, the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and
10292-495: The last Tu-134 was removed from service on 1 January 2008. Some were still in operations with Aeroflot subsidiaries on local routes within Russia. The Tu-134 also found a new life as a business jet with many having an expensive business interior installed. High fuel and maintenance costs are increasingly limiting the number used today. In June 2011, as a response to RusAir Flight 9605 which resulted in 47 fatalities, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev ordered preparations for taking
10416-464: The maiden flight of the first MC-21 to be manufactured with domestically produced composite wings. By October 2022, Irkut had fitted the first flight test aircraft with PD-14 engines and other domestically produced components, and flown a test sortie in the new configuration. The aircraft was to participate in the certification programme, targeted to be completed by the end of 2022. In 2022, after international sanctions against Russia were imposed due to
10540-464: The name of a 1990s proposal of an aircraft of similar size. In 2014, Oleg Demchenko, the president of Irkut at the time, also preferred the Yak-242 name, claiming it would better reflect the design bureau behind the aircraft, however, he has also said that any of these renaming decisions would be made after the aircraft first flight and certification work. In August 2023, Irkut Corporation formally rebranded
10664-516: The northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . Russian was also the main foreign language taught in school in China between 1949 and 1964. In Kazakhstan , Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of
10788-515: The other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state language, while after the beginning of Russia's invasion the support for the idea dropped to just 7%. In peacetime, the idea of raising the status of Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the south and east . But even in these regions, only a third of the respondents were in favour, and after Russia's full-scale invasion , their number dropped by almost half. According to
10912-455: The other three languages in the East Slavic branch. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect , although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century,
11036-463: The parachute. The first Tu-134A, converted from a production Tu-134, flew on 22 April 1969. The first airline flight was on 9 November 1970. An upgraded version, the Tu-134B began production in 1980, with the navigator position abandoned, and seating capacity increased to 96 seats. Efforts subsequently began to develop a Tu-134D with increased engine thrust, but the project was cancelled. In September 1967,
11160-446: The parliament approved a bill to close up all Russian language schools and kindergartens by the school year. The transition to only Estonian language schools and kindergartens will start in the 2024-2025 school year. In Latvia , Russian is officially considered a foreign language. 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 18 February 2012, Latvia held
11284-453: The peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky , who toward the end of his life wrote: "Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or
11408-583: The point of contact between the titanium beam and the composite wing skin in the wingbox. The reinforced wingbox withstood a load exceeding specifications without damage in mid-November at TsAGI Moscow. In May 2017, it was undergoing systems ground testing including its auxiliary power unit and taxiing tests. After completing taxi and runway roll tests, its maiden flight was scheduled for late May 2017 with Pratt & Whitney Geared Turbofan engines, certified in September 2016 in Russia. The Russian certification
11532-455: The population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. In October 2023, Kazakhstan drafted a media law aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language over Russian, the law stipulates that the share of the state language on television and radio should increase from 50% to 70%, at a rate of 5% per year, starting in 2025. In Kyrgyzstan , Russian
11656-418: The population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2019 Belarusian census , out of 9,413,446 inhabitants of the country, 5,094,928 (54.1% of the total population) named Belarusian as their native language, with 61.2% of ethnic Belarusians and 54.5% of ethnic Poles declaring Belarusian as their native language. In everyday life in
11780-568: The previous model (new engines, new wings, totally re-designed tail, etc). On 20 November 1963, the new airliner was officially designated Tu-134. Meanwhile in October 1963, the prototype British BAC One-Eleven , which had a similar T-tail layout, crashed with the loss of all crew while testing its stalling properties. The results of an exhaustive investigation by the British Accident Investigation Board prompted Tupolev to enlarge
11904-475: The pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/ , /ĭ/ . Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz , and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš' . Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration
12028-466: The proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family . It is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language used in Kievan Rus' , which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. From the point of view of spoken language , its closest relatives are Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Rusyn ,
12152-491: The respondents), while according to the 2002 census – 142.6 million people (99.2% of the respondents). In Ukraine , Russian is a significant minority language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 5 September 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed
12276-415: The second half, Irkut guaranteed less than 9,865 kg (21,749 lb) fuel burn on a 1,750 nmi (3,240 km; 2,010 mi) route with a 14-knot (26 km/h; 16 mph) tailwind. They were guaranteed to reach 2,100h and a dispatch reliability of 96% for the first year, rising to 2,900h and 97% in the second year then 3,750h and 98.5% in the third year. In October 2018, fuselage panels for
12400-503: The six official languages of the United Nations , as well as the fourth most widely used language on the Internet . Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script ; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every consonant has a hard or soft counterpart, and
12524-622: The static ultimate load test (150% of the highest load in operation) at the TsAGI but failed the 100% test for which the wingbox will need 25-kilogram (55 lb) reinforcements: this is common for new airliners like the Airbus A380 , Boeing 787 or Mitsubishi MRJ , aiming for the smallest possible margin to avoid excess weight; it passed the limit load test (highest load during flight) which enables flight testing which should start in April. Cracks developed at
12648-675: The survey carried out by RATING in August 2023 in the territory controlled by Ukraine and among the refugees, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82% of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16%, Russian is their mother tongue. IDPs and refugees living abroad are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70% of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language. In
12772-459: The syntax of Russian dialects." After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to
12896-506: The tail-heavy arrangement. During a 1960 visit to France, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was so impressed by the quiet cabin of the Caravelle, that on 1 August 1960 the Tupolev OKB received an official directive to design a new aircraft with a similar engine arrangement. The requirement was also driven by the need to replace slow, aging piston-engined Il-14s on domestic routes. In 1961,
13020-518: The tailplane on Tu-134s by 30% for greater control authority. Design curiosities of the Tu-134 included a sharp wing sweepback of 35 degrees, compared to 25–28 degrees in its counterparts. The engines on early production Tu-134s lacked thrust reversers, which made the aircraft one of a handful of types from that era that used a brake parachute for landing in adverse conditions. The majority of onboard electronics operated on direct current . The lineage of early Soviet airliners could be traced directly to
13144-419: The third for which final assembly has started. EASA approval was targeted for mid-2020. Certification testing was to start at the end of 2018 for a mid-2019 Russian type certification after a 1,150 flights effort. Entry into service was then planned for the second half of 2019 with the first five deliveries and within five years UAC plans to ramp up production to 70 aircraft per year. The second test aircraft
13268-770: The two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern , Central (or Middle), and Southern , with Moscow lying in the Central region. The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye ( оканье ). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e⁓i̯ɛ/ in place of Proto-Slavic * ě and /o⁓u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/ , respectively. Another Northern dialectal morphological feature
13392-506: The use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as their first foreign language. In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). According to
13516-514: The water and waste systems. There were two types of auxiliary power units (APU) designed with specifications suitable for MC-21: the HGT750 from Honeywell Aerospace and the TA18-200 developed by Aerosila . Initially it was assumed that the share of domestic components for the MC-21 would be 38%, but due to sanctions in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the Russian government ordered
13640-477: The world rushed to adopt the new layout. Its advantages included clean wing airflow without disruption by nacelles or pylons and decreased cabin noise. At the same time, placing heavy engines that far back created challenges with the location of the centre of gravity in relation to the centre of lift, which was at the wings. To make room for the engines, the tailplanes had to be relocated to the tail fin, which had to be stronger and therefore heavier, further compounding
13764-399: Was delivered to the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute at Moscow-Zhukovsky for fatigue testing: repetitive loads will simulate 180,000 cycles. By then, the third flying prototype was assembled, its systems installed and it was undergoing final adjustments, a fourth test aircraft was in assembly, as the first production fuselage. After completing assembly, the third MC-21 was transferred to
13888-420: Was finalised while three other prototypes were undergoing construction; production of 70 MC-21s annually was initially planned for 2024. Irkut began the second testing phase on 13 September with an eventless 2-hour flight. The phase extended the mass, centering, speed and altitude envelope. In October 2017, the first prototype flew from Irkutsk Aviation Plant to Moscow Ramenskoye Airport to continue testing at
14012-405: Was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. In Nikolaevsk, Alaska , Russian
14136-421: Was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2014 Moldovan census , Russians accounted for 4.1% of Moldova's population, 9.4% of the population declared Russian as their native language, and 14.5% said they usually spoke Russian. According to the 2010 census in Russia , Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of
14260-487: Was for 800 airframes in Russia over the next 20 years. The aircraft was denied European certification on 14 March 2022. In March 2024, Kommersant reported that the design and testing of new Russian-made equipment would delay the aircraft's service introduction until 2025–2026 and that the MC-21 was currently overweight by 5.75 t (5.66 long tons; 6.34 short tons), rendering it incapable of meeting its original specifications for operating weight, range, and altitude. With
14384-579: Was in final assembly in January 2018 and was to join the flight-test campaign in the first quarter. It was to fly in late February or early March 2018. Its construction was completed by March end. It was scheduled to fly in April 2018, and the third in the 2018 fourth quarter. It made its first flight on 12 May for 1 hour 7 minutes, reaching 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) and 215 knots (398 km/h; 247 mph), checking its landing gear retraction and testing wing configurations. On 20 July 2018, it flew from Irkutsk to
14508-502: Was originally scheduled for December 2016, then to April before finally taking place in May. Following this maiden flight, trade and industry minister Denis Manturov claimed it will have 12–15% lower operating costs than contemporaries, generating a demand for over 1,000 MC-21s between 2017 and 2037. Aeroflot expected delivery of the first P&W-powered aircraft through Rostec subsidiary Aviakapital leasing in 2019. Its early production rate
14632-453: Was planned to consist of between 40% and 50% imported parts, and Irkut needed to replace parts that were to be supplied by the sanctioning countries. The need to use Russian avionics was said to delay the first shipment of aircraft to late 2024 or to 2025. However, as part of a plan announced in June 2022, aimed at bringing the proportion of domestically produced aircraft to 80% of the Russian fleet by
14756-448: Was presented to Turkish Airlines at Teknofest Istanbul , and co-production projects were proposed to Turkey . The fourth flight-test aircraft was rolled out on 28 November 2019, and performed its first flight on 25 December 2019. In January 2020, Irkut received the first Russian-designed PD-14 engines for installation. The PD-14-powered MC-21-310 made its maiden flight on 15 December 2020 from Irkutsk. In December 2021, Irkut carried out
14880-438: Was projected for 20 aircraft per year. In August 2017, the first prototype performed nine test flights, analysing stability and controllability in various configurations, altitude, altitude/speed sensors accuracy and engine operation. Its software was adjusted by the results as it was fitted with over 500 strain gauges measuring in-flight loading on the airframe, to verify the initial design, for "several weeks". A second prototype
15004-582: Was selected in December 2009. The design configuration now calls for the PW1400G-JM geared turbo fan engine to be installed on one version. Russia decided to have both an internal and external supplier for the engine and nacelle for greater flexibility in controlling rate and price. The Russian-designed engine used for actual production is the 8–16 tf (18,000–35,000 lbf) Aviadvigatel PD-14 . United Engine Corporation (UEC) planned to deliver five PD-14s for
15128-484: Was slated to begin certification tests in 2015/2016 and to enter production in 2020. The unit cost of the MC-21-200 is US$ 72 million, and US$ 91 million for the MC-21-300. On 8 June 2016, the -300 was rolled-out in Irkutsk , East Siberia, six years after program launch and with 175 orders. It could be the first commercial aircraft to use out of autoclave composite manufacturing for its wings. The program faces domination of
15252-472: Was targeted for 2018 and the European Aviation Safety Agency certificate for 2019. On 28 May 2017 MC-21 completed its successful maiden flight in Irkutsk. Compared with recent 3-to-4-hour maiden flights of western types, this first flight was brief at 30-minute and low, reaching a 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) altitude and 300 kilometres per hour (160 kn; 190 mph). The maiden flight
15376-402: Was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between
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