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50-557: The Klamath people lived in the area around the Upper Klamath Lake (E-ukshi - “Lake”) and the Klamath , Williamson (Kóke - “River”), Wood River (E-ukalksini Kóke), and Sprague (Plaikni Kóke - “River Uphill”) rivers. They subsisted primarily on fish and gathered roots and seeds. While there was knowledge of their immediate neighbors, apparently the Klamath were unaware of the existence of

100-668: A donation land claim in Yoncalla (between Eugene and Roseburg) in 1846 and established a grist mill. As a carpenter, he had built the first river ferry in Polk County in 1844. He also owned the toll road through the Siskiyous , which he sold in the 1860s. Lindsay was appointed special agent for the Modoc Indians in 1861. In 1862, he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives as

150-575: A Republican representing Jackson County . In 1865, he was appointed Indian subagent, responsible for treaty negotiations and other U.S. government dealings with the Klamath Indians. Lindsay retired to Ashland in 1869. The Modoc War of 1872, between the Modocs and the U.S. Army, began shortly after he retired from his post. In January 1873, along with several other settlers, including Samuel Asahel Clark and R. H. Kincaid , Lindsay successfully proposed

200-616: A house. The Klamaths, Modocs , and the Yahooskin (Yahuskin) Band of Northern Paiute (in Paiute known as: Goyatöka - "Crayfish eaters"), which was erroneously called Upper Sprague River Snakes believed to be a Band of Snake Indians , the collective name given to the Northern Paiute, Bannock, and Shoshone Native American tribes, signed a treaty with the United States in 1864, establishing

250-765: A local village, killing fourteen people. As more settlers entered the region, the Modoc people resisted by raiding parties along the South Emigrant Trail, which passed through the Klamath River Valley south of Upper Klamath Lake. In 1873, the Native Americans were defeated in the Modoc War , and were relocated to a reservation on the north side of the lake. Being naturally eutrophic , the lake has been known since early times for its poor water quality. Frémont noted

300-601: A peace commission to stop the war's spread. Lindsay Applegate died on November 28, 1892, at the home of his son Oliver in Klamath County. He was survived by sons Elisha , Jesse A., Oliver , Ivan , and Lucien, and daughters Alice and Rachel. He had five other children who predeceased him: Warren (who drowned in the Columbia River), Theresa, Annie, Frank, and Jerome. His wife, Elizabeth, died in 1882. Applegate wrote Notes and Reminiscences of Laying Out and Establishing

350-494: A possession." The Klamath use Apocynum cannabinum as a fiber and eat the roots of Lomatium canbyi . They use the rootstocks of Sagittaria cuneata as food. They use Carex , weaving the leaves into mats, using the juice of the pith as a beverage, eating the fresh stems for food and using the tuberous base of the stem for food. Dentalium shells were common among the Klamath prior to colonization. Compared to other native cultures, dentalium didn't hold as much financial use among

400-432: A shriek, and a scene of confusion in our boat that no language can describe. The boat we were watching disappeared and we saw the man and boys struggling in the water. Lindsay's nine-year-old son Warren perished, as did Jesse's ten-year-old son Edward, who did not know how to swim. Lindsay wrote, "We resolved if we remained in the country, to find a better way for others who might wish to emigrate." Additional fatalities in

450-589: A supply of lake waters for their operations. As of 2003, the FWS was monitoring the lake regularly due to water shortfalls, which endangered both fish in the lake and salmon in the Klamath River. The future uses of Klamath Lake are of national interest because of competing claims between farmers' property rights (supported by federal subsidies and programs) and larger environmental goals. Lindsay Applegate Lindsay Applegate (September 18, 1808 – November 28, 1892)

500-573: A viable fishery in the lake and to protect coho salmon in the Klamath River below the lake. Upper Klamath Lake is fed by a watershed of 3,768 square miles (9,760 km ) including the Williamson and Wood Rivers , and is drained by the Klamath River (known here as the Link River ), which issues from the south end of the lake. The lake is connected by a short channel to the smaller Agency Lake to

550-517: Is a large, shallow freshwater lake east of the Cascade Range in south-central Oregon in the United States . The largest body of fresh water by surface area in Oregon, it is approximately 25 miles (40 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide and extends northwest from the city of Klamath Falls . It sits at an average elevation of 4,140 feet (1,260 m). In the early 20th century, most of

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600-495: Is responsible for protecting and maintaining sucker populations in the lake. In 1988, the FWS placed the Lost River sucker and the shortnose sucker ( Catostomidae ) on the federal endangered species list; the numbers of the two formerly abundant Upper Klamath Lake fish species had sharply fallen due to the decline in water quality. As a result, the government abandoned a planned dredging project, which would have further damaged

650-542: Is strong suggestion of a considerable population. Marriage was a unique practice for the Klamath, compared to neighboring cultures found in the borderlands of modern Oregon , California , Nevada and Idaho . For example, unlike the Hupa , Karok , and Yurok , the Klamath didn't hold formal talks between families for a bride price. Especially notable was the cultural norm that allowed wives to leave husbands, as they were "in no sense chattel ... and certainly cannot be disposed of as

700-560: The Achomawi on the Pit River , and occasionally to take prisoners as slaves. They traded with the Wasco-Wishram at The Dalles . However, scholars such as Alfred L. Kroeber and Leslie Spier consider these slaving raids by the Klamath to begin only with the acquisition of the horse. These natives made southern Oregon their home for long enough to witness the eruption of Mount Mazama . It

750-718: The Cascade Range ( Yámakisham Yaina - “mountains of the Northerners”) in the Rogue River Valley ( Wálamsh ) lived the "Rogue "River" Athabascan ( Wálamsknitumi, Wálamskni maklaks - “Rogue River People”) and further south along the Pit River ( Moatuashamkshini/Móatni Kóke - "River of the Southern Dwellers") lived the Achomawi and Atsugewi (both called: Móatuash maklaks - "Southern Dweller", or "Southern People"). The Klamath were known to raid neighboring tribes, such as

800-561: The Cascade Range , approximately following the present-day route of Green Springs Highway, Oregon Route 66 , and emerged near where Keno, Oregon now lies. They went around the south end of Klamath Lake and eventually to the future site of Winnemucca, Nevada . The party then split, leaving some to rest, while the remainder followed the Humboldt River northeast and along the California Trail to Fort Hall. The first emigrants to use

850-645: The Columbia River Plateau . They were most closely linked with the Modoc people. The Klamath spoke one dialect of the Klamath–Modoc language - the northern or "fi-ukshikni" dialect, the other - the "southern" dialect being spoken by the Modoc people , who lived south of the Klamath. Once thought to be a language isolate, Klamath–Modoc is now considered a member of the Plateau Penutian language family. Both

900-568: The Donner Party in the Sierra Nevada, a few hundred miles to the south. By the time they arrived in the Rogue Valley, winter had set in. Rain, snow, mud, swollen creeks and rivers hampered passage. Low supplies, scarce game, dense brush and trees, and difficulty lighting warming fires slowed progress considerably, separating the emigrants over many miles. They were spared by relief parties from

950-649: The Klamath Reservation to the northeast of Upper Klamath Lake. This area was largely part of the traditional territory controlled by the ă′ukuckni Klamath band. The treaty required the tribes to cede the land in the Klamath Basin , bounded on the north by the 44th parallel , to the United States. In return, the United States was to make a lump sum payment of $ 35,000, and annual payments totalling $ 80,000 over 15 years, as well as providing infrastructure and staff for

1000-670: The Modoc Plateau , in the southwest were living Shasta peoples ( S[h]asti maklaks ) and the Klamath River further downstream the Karuk and Yurok (both: Skatchpalikni - "People along the Scott River "), in the west and northwest were the Latgawa ("Upland Takelma") (according to Spier: Walumskni - "Enemy") and Takelma/Dagelma ("Lowland/River Takelma") (more likely both were called: Wálamsknitumi, Wálamskni maklaks - “Rogue River People”). Beyond

1050-711: The Pacific Ocean . Gatschet has described this position as leaving the Klamath living in a "protracted isolation" from outside cultures. North of their tribal territory lived the Molala ( Kuikni maklaks ), in the northeast and east in the desert-like plains were various Northern Paiute bands ( Shá'ttumi , collective term for Northern Paiute, Bannock and Northern Shoshone) - among them the Goyatöka Band ("Crayfish Eaters"), direct south their Modoc kin ( Mo'dokni maklaks - "Southern People, i.e. Tule Lake People") with whom they shared

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1100-648: The Quartz Valley Indian Community in Siskiyou County, California . Traditionally there were several cultural subdivisions among the Klamath, based on the location of their residency within the Klamath Basin. Despite this, the five recognized "tribelets" (the Klamath Tribes count six) mutually considered each other the same ethnic group, about 1,200 people in total. Like many Indigenous cultures of

1150-590: The United States Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)'s Link River Dam as part of the Klamath Reclamation Project , to supply irrigation waters to support agriculture in the upper Klamath Basin. The original timber crib dam was replaced by a more permanent concrete structure in 1921. Prior to the 20th century, the lake was surrounded by widespread marshes and wetlands, which supported fish, birds and wildlife, as well as protecting water quality in

1200-459: The "often foul smelling waters" of the lake, and the Applegate Trail was purposely routed away from the lake because the water was "so bad that it might be too dangerous for livestock to drink late in the season". Starting in the mid-1800s, the valleys both north and south of Upper Klamath were settled and developed for agriculture. Since 1917, the water level in the lake has been regulated by

1250-571: The 1844 and 1845 immigration seasons further stirred up settlers and inspired many to search for alternate routes. Lindsay and fourteen other settlers established the South Emigrant Trail between Fort Hall in Idaho and the Willamette Valley in Oregon via northern Nevada and then through southern Oregon, where Ashland and Roseburg now lie. The intents of this route were to be safer than

1300-534: The Applegate Trail did so in the fall of 1846 by following the Applegate party on the return trip, a group of perhaps 150 families which were persuaded by Jesse. Upon their return, the combined party began to blaze a trail for wagons, though they were ill-prepared for such an effort, having few tools, and consisting of mostly weary emigrants. They also faced an early winter—one which set snowfall records and stranded

1350-706: The Columbia River, encourage settlers to western Oregon, avoid the area controlled by the Hudson's Bay Company , and steer clear of the disputed British territory north of the Columbia, which most settlers expected would soon become the U.S.–British Columbia border. Jesse obtained information from the HBC about the California Trail which led from Idaho to northern California along the Humboldt River . This, combined with knowledge of

1400-436: The Klamath and the Modoc called themselves maqlaqs , maqlags or Maklaks meaning "people". When they wanted to distinguish between themselves they added knii ("people from/of"), the Klamath were called ?ewksiknii , "people of the [Klamath] Lake", and the Modoc were called moowatdal'knii , "people of the south". Upper Klamath Lake Upper Klamath Lake (sometimes called Klamath Lake ) ( Klamath : ?ews , "lake" )

1450-404: The Klamath. However, longer shells were generally held to be more valuable. Nonetheless these shells were esteemed primarily for as jewelry and personal adornment. Septum piercings were commonly given to younger members of Klamath families to allow inserting dentalium. Some individuals wouldn't however use any shells in their septum. Spier gives the following account for their usage: The septum of

1500-728: The Osage Valley in Missouri in 1820, where they farmed. In 1831, Lindsay married Elizabeth Miller, whose sister Melinda was married to Lindsay's older brother Charles, and they had six sons. He fought in the Black Hawk War against Native Americans in 1832. In 1843, Lindsay and Charles traveled with their younger brother Jesse to the Oregon Country , after they all sold their farms in Missouri, bought several hundred head of cattle and set out at

1550-558: The Pacific Northwest, the Klamath lived a semi-sedentary life. Winter settlements were in permanent locations that were reoccupied annually. Construction of the earth-lodges would begin in Autumn, with materials salvaged from abandoned, dilapidated buildings made in previous years. Leslie Spier has detailed some of the winter settlement patterns for Klamath as follows: The towns are not isolated, compact groups of houses, but stretch along

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1600-456: The Willamette Valley when news of their trouble traveled along the trail. The Applegates were blamed for the hardships the first wagon train faced by Jesse Quinn Thornton , who waged a war of words which nearly led to a duel between him and an Applegate supporter, James Nesmith . Remnants of the hostility survive today among some descendants of those survivors. Though the Applegate Trail minimized natural dangers, aggressive Indian warriors took

1650-448: The banks for half a mile or more. In fact, the settlements on Williamson river below the Sprague river junction form a practically continuous string of houses for five or six miles, the house pits being, in many spots, crowded close together. Informants insisted that many of these were occupied at the same time. When we consider that these earth-lodges may have housed several families, there

1700-580: The behest of Jesse's good friend, Robert Shortess. At that time, the Oregon Trail was still in its infancy, and the final hundred or so miles beyond the Wascopam Mission had to be traveled by boat through dangerous winds, rapids, and eddies on the Columbia River : Whirlpools looking like deep basins in the river, the lapping, splashing, and rolling of waves ... Presently there was a wail of anguish,

1750-488: The lake (largely Aphanizomenon flos-aquae ). The algae blooms turn the water an opaque green in the summer and reduce the opportunity for recreational uses of the lake. State standards for dissolved oxygen are routinely violated, meaning that fish are endangered. The lake is still a vital stop for waterfowl along the Pacific Flyway , and is known for its rainbow trout fishery. The US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)

1800-527: The lake were originally inhabited by the Klamath people . The Modoc people inhabited the lands to the south of Upper Klamath Lake, around the Lower Klamath and Tule lakes. The first recorded persons of European descent to visit Upper Klamath Lake were a party of Hudson's Bay Company fur trappers commanded by Peter Skene Ogden in December 1826. Ogden called the lake "Dog Lake", after obtaining nine dogs from

1850-457: The lake. Much of these important habitats were drained to be converted to cultivated farmland, as farmers did not understand the value of the wetlands for the environment. The lake is naturally eutrophic , due to a high concentration of nutrients. In the 20th century, the augmentation of nutrients by agricultural runoff from the surrounding farming valley has caused the lake to become hypereutrophic , resulting in blue-green algae blooms over

1900-481: The lives of at least 300 emigrants by 1862, even though the trail fell into general disuse by 1847. Lindsay Applegate and his party were the first white men in what is now the Lava Beds National Monument . While traveling eastward they were stopped by rough lava around the south end of Tule Lake . The feature known as Stone Bridge at the north end was the route of hundreds of emigrants. Lindsay made

1950-511: The local Klamaths for food. They explored the lake and the Klamath River headwaters, helped by native guides. However, they did not stay in the area for long, instead moving south to tributaries of the Klamath River in search of beaver. Animosity between American immigrants and Native Americans led to armed conflicts. In 1846, a military expedition led by John C. Frémont and Kit Carson were attacked by Native American warriors near Upper Klamath Lake. In revenge, Frémont and Carson's party attacked

2000-516: The major wetlands in the upper Klamath River basin, into a contiguous body of water. The lake was more than ten times the size of present-day Upper Klamath Lake and sat nearly 100 feet (30 m) higher in elevation. Lake Modoc disappeared at the end of the Pleistocene due to a warming and drying climate. The region around Upper Klamath Lake and the Williamson, Sprague and Wood rivers to the north of

2050-502: The members of the expedition were: Capt. Levi Scott, John Scott (son of Levi), Henry Boygus, Lindsay Applegate, Jesse Applegate, Benjamin Burch, John Owens, John Jones, Robert Smith, Samuel Goodhue, Moses "Black" Harris, David Goff, Benit Osburn, William Sportsman, and William Parker. Lindsay Applegate was born to Daniel and Rachel Applegate in Kentucky on September 18, 1808. The family moved to

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2100-443: The north. The Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge has been established on land along the northern edge of the lake to preserve natural habitat. Upper Klamath Lake is the largest remnant of Lake Modoc , a giant pluvial lake that existed in the region until about 10,000 years ago. At its largest, Lake Modoc covered over 1,000 square miles (2,600 km ), joining Upper Klamath, Lower Klamath , and Tule Lakes, as well as all of

2150-517: The nose is pierced and the ear lobes, the latter twice or even more frequently. Both sexes insert dentalium shells horizontally through the septum ... Ear pendants are a group of four dentalia hung in a bunch by their tips. The use of dentalium in septum piercings, in addition to other means of ornamentation, was common among the Wasco-Wishram as well. The Klamath people are grouped with the Plateau Indians —the peoples who originally lived on

2200-466: The reservation. The treaty provided that, if the Indians drank or stored intoxicating liquor on the reservation, the payments could be withheld; the United States could also locate additional tribes on the reservation in the future. The tribes requested Lindsay Applegate as the agent to represent the United States to them. The Indian agent estimated the total population of the three tribes at about 2,000 when

2250-589: The trapper's trail between the Willamette Valley and California, led fifteen men on horseback to set out in mid-June 1846 to look for a link between the two trails, with the expedition blessed by the Provisional Government of Oregon . They traveled due south through the Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue valleys. At the south end of the Rogue Valley—the site of present-day Ashland—they turned east and crossed

2300-492: The treaty was signed. Since termination of recognition of their tribal sovereignty in 1954 (with federal payments not disbursed until 1961), the Klamath and neighboring tribes have reorganized their government and revived tribal identity. The Klamath, along with the Modoc and Yahooskin, have formed the federally recognized Klamath Tribes confederation. Their tribal government is based in Chiloquin, Oregon . Some Klamath live on

2350-494: The water quality. The project was to dredge a deeper navigation channel from one end of the lake to the other; it was planned between several government agencies and Aqua Farm's Inc. A drought in the summer of 2001 heightened environmental concerns about the lake. The BOR stopped withdrawing irrigation water for the Klamath Project in order to protect the sucker population. The farming community protested, as they depended on

2400-463: The wetlands and marshes surrounding the lake were drained for agricultural purposes, damaging the larger habitat. The lake's water has been used to support the federal Klamath Project for irrigation by local farmers for a century. The lake depth fluctuates due to regulation of its water supply, averaging between 8 and 50 feet (2.4 and 15.2 m) deep. The lake level is kept within 4,137 to 4,143 ft (1,261 to 1,263 m) above sea level to ensure

2450-400: Was a legendary volcanic mountain who is the creator of Crater Lake ( giˑw ), now considered to be a beautiful natural formation. In 1826, Peter Skene Ogden , an explorer for the Hudson's Bay Company , first encountered the Klamath people, and he was trading with them by 1829. The United States frontiersman Kit Carson admired their arrows, which were reported to be able to shoot through

2500-478: Was an American pioneer known for his participation in blazing the Applegate Trail , an alternative route of the Oregon Trail . The trail was blazed with his brothers Charles and Jesse in 1846, though Charles was not a member of the party that blazed the section of the Applegate Trail from the Willamette Valley to the Humboldt River . According to an original manuscript written by Lindsay Applegate in 1877,

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