The Yagmas ( Chinese : 樣磨 ), or Yaghmas , were a medieval tribe of Turkic people that came to the forefront of history after the disintegration of the Western Turkic Kaganate . They were one component of a confederation which consisted of Yagma, the Karluks , the Chigils and other tribes which founded the Kara-Khanid Khanate . From the seventh century until the Karakhanid period, the Yagma were recorded in Arabic , Persian , and Chinese accounts as a prominent and powerful political entity in the Tarim Basin , Dzungaria , and Jeti-su . Today, the modern Uyghurs of the Kashgar, Atush, and Ghulja regions are believed to be descendants of the Yaghmas.
42-475: Yaghma may refer to: Yagma , a Turkish tribe which was part of the Kara-Khanid khanate confederation Heydar Yaghma , Iranian poet Ghulam Osman Yaghma ,Uyghur president Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Yaghma . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
84-404: A Colonel [in charge of] Envoys there to direct and protect these countries. Emperor Xuan [73–49 BC] changed this title [in 59 BC] to Protector-General. Emperor Yuan [40–33 BC] installed two Wuji Colonels to take charge of the agricultural garrisons on the frontiers of the king of Nearer Jushi [Turpan]. During the time of Emperor Ai [6 BCE – 1 CE] and Emperor Ping [1 – 5 CE], the principalities of
126-640: A few villages. 1. Kashghar belongs to Chinistan but is situated on the frontier between the Yaghma, Tibet, the Qïrghïz , and China. The chiefs of Kashghar in the days of old were from the Qarluq, or from the Yaghma... Kashghar Kashgar ( Uyghur : قەشقەر ) or Kashi ( Chinese : 喀什 ) is a city in the Tarim Basin region of southern Xinjiang , China. It is one of the westernmost cities of China, located near
168-551: A population of approximately 4 million as of 2010 . Kashgar was declared a Special Economic Zone in 2010; it is the only city in western China with this designation. Kashgar also forms a terminus of the Karakoram Highway , the reconstruction of which is considered a major part of the multibillion-dollar China–Pakistan Economic Corridor . The earliest recorded names of the city are Shufu ( 疏附 ) and Shule ( 疏勒 ). Shufu originally referred to Kashgar's old city inhabited by
210-663: Is from the family of the Toquz-Oghuz kings." According to the Persian work Mujmal al-Tawarikh wa-'l-Qisas , the Yağma "padšâh" bore the title of Bogra Khan. The Yagma title of Bogra Khan allowed V.Bartold to suggest that Karakhanid Il-khans were from the Yagma tribe. Mahmud al-Kashgari mentioned the Yagma and Tukhsi tribes, with a clan of Chigils , along the Ili River . In the tenth century
252-431: Is little agriculture, (yet) it produces many furs and in it much game is found. Their wealth is in horses and sheep. The people are hardy, strong, and warlike, and have plenty of arms. Their king is from the family of the Toquz-Oghuz kings. These Yaghma have numerous tribes; some say that among them 1,700 known tribes are counted. Both the low and the nobles among them venerate their king ...and in their region there are
294-563: The Iranian languages , proposed that Kâš may have been the indigenous name of the city, with the Eastern Iranian suffix - ğar ( lit. ' mountain ' ) being attached later on. Archaic English spellings of Kashgar include Cascar and Cashgar . The modern Chinese name Kashi ( 喀什 ) is a shortened form of the longer and less-frequently used Kashiga'er ( 喀什噶尔 ). The Chinese government's official spelling for Kashgar in
336-456: The Uyghur language is Qeshqer ( قەشقەر ). The historical spelling Kashgher ( كاشغەر ) is still used by some Uyghurs today. Kashgar is located at the convergence point of widely varying cultures and empires, it has been under the rule of the historically Chinese, Turkic, Mongol, and Tibetan empires. The city has also been the site of a number of battles between various groups of people on
378-503: The Zizhi Tongjian records that in the 5th month of 435, nine states: Kucha, Kashgar, Wusun, Yueban, Tashkurghan, Shanshan, Karashahr, Turpan and Sute all came to the Wei court. In 439, Shanshan, Kashgar and Karashahr sent envoys to present tribute. The kingdoms of Kucha, Kashgar, Wusun, Yueban, Tashkurghan, Shanshan, Karashahr, Turpan and Sute all began sending envoys to present tribute in
420-444: The 3rd century, mentions a number of states as dependencies of Kashgar: the kingdom of Zhenzhong (Arach?), the kingdom of Suoju (Yarkand), the kingdom of Jieshi, the kingdom of Qusha, the kingdom of Xiye (Khargalik), the kingdom of Yinai (Tashkurghan), the kingdom of Manli (modern Karasul), the kingdom of Yire (Mazar − also known as Tágh Nák and Tokanak), the kingdom of Yuling, the kingdom of Juandu ('Tax Control' − near modern Irkeshtam),
462-570: The 6th century Kashgar is included among the many territories controlled by the Yeda or Hephthalite Huns, but their empire collapsed at the onslaught of the Western Turks between 563 and 567 who then probably gained control over Kashgar and most of the states in the Tarim Basin . The founding of the Tang dynasty in 618 saw the beginning of a prolonged struggle between China and the Western Turks for control of
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#1732852600773504-468: The Emperor and, along with envoys from Dayuan (Ferghana) and Suoju (Yarkand), brought tribute and offerings. From an earlier part of the same text comes the following addition: In the first Yangjia year (132), Xu You sent the king of Shule (Kashgar), Chenpan, who with 20,000 men, attacked and defeated Yutian (Khotan). He beheaded several hundred people, and released his soldiers to plunder freely. He replaced
546-575: The Karluks and the Kimaks , and were a dependent of the Western Turkic Kagans until their demise. According to Yury Zuev , a semantic meaning of the word yağma in the ancient Common Turkic language, is "attack, onslaught." However, according to Peter Golden , the word may have derived from Turkic verbal root yağ- "to pour down, rain", but noting that the form with -ma is unusual. He also noted
588-560: The Kashgar oasis: During the Yuanchu period (114–120) in the reign of Emperor, the king of Shule (Kashgar), exiled his maternal uncle Chenpan to the Yuezhi (Kushans) for some offense. The king of the Yuezhi became very fond of him. Later, Anguo died without leaving a son. His mother directed the government of the kingdom. She agreed with the people of the country to put Yifu (lit. "posthumous child"), who
630-821: The Later Han when China lost touch with most foreign countries and came to be divided into three separate kingdoms. Chapter 30 of the Records of the Three Kingdoms says that after the beginning of the Wei Dynasty (220) the states of the Western Regions did not arrive as before, except for the larger ones such as Kucha , Khotan , Kangju , Wusun , Kashgar, Yuezhi , Shanshan and Turpan , who are said to have come to present tribute every year, as in Han times. In 270, four states from
672-456: The Persian word yaġmâ meaning "prey, plunder, booty, spoils", and that it is unclear if it has any relationship with Yağma. The following account of the country of Yaghma and its towns is given in the tenth century text Hudud al-'alam : East of the Toquz-Oghuz country; south of it, the river Khuland-ghun which flows into the Kucha river, west of it are the Qarluq borders. In this country there
714-568: The Qiuci (Kucha) Marquis of the Left, Douti, King of Shule (Kashgar). In winter 73 CE, the Han sent the Major Ban Chao who captured and bound Douti. He appointed Zhong, the son of the elder brother of Cheng, to be king of Shule (Kashgar). Zhong later rebelled. (Ban) Chao attacked and beheaded him. The Book of the Later Han also gives the only extant historical record of Yuezhi or Kushan involvement in
756-503: The Taiyuan reign period (435–440). In 453 Kashgar sent envoys to present tribute, and again in 455. An embassy sent during the reign of Wencheng Di (452–466) from the king of Kashgar presented a supposed sacred relic of the Buddha; a dress which was incombustible. In 507, Kashgar sent envoys in both the 9th and 10th months. In 512, Kashgar sent envoys in the 1st and 5th months. Early in
798-617: The Tarim Basin. In 635, the Tang Annals reported an emissary from the king of Kashgar to the Tang capital. In 639 there was a second emissary bringing products of Kashgar as a token of submission to the Tang state. Buddhist scholar Xuanzang passed through Kashgar (which he referred to as Kasha ) in 644 on his return journey from India to China. The Buddhist religion, then beginning to decay in India,
840-616: The Uyghurs, while Shule referred to the new city built by Han Chinese settlers, located 6 miles (9.7 km) from the old one. Shule may have been an attempt by the Chinese to transcribe the Sanskrit name for Kashgar, Śrīkrīrāti ( lit. ' fortunate hospitality ' ). The origin of the name Kashgar is not known for certain and is the subject of academic debate. The Roman geographer Ptolemy (90–168), in his work Geography , refers to
882-601: The Western Regions split up and formed fifty-five kingdoms. Wang Mang, after he usurped the Throne [in 9 CE], demoted and changed their kings and marquises. Following this, the Western Regions became resentful and rebelled. They, therefore, broke off all relations with the Interior [China] and, all together, submitted to the Xiongnu again. The Xiongnu collected oppressively heavy taxes and the kingdoms were not able to support their demands. In
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#1732852600773924-554: The Western Regions were said to have presented tribute: Karashahr , Turpan , Shanshan , and Kucha . Some wooden documents from Niya seem to indicate that contacts were also maintained with Kashgar and Khotan around this time. In 422, according to the Songshu , ch. 98, the king of Shanshan, Bilong, came to the court and "the thirty-six states in the Western Regions" all swore their allegiance and presented tribute. It must be assumed that these 36 states included Kashgar. The "Songji" of
966-535: The Yagma tribe lived in the Kashgar area and further northwest. Al Gardezi , who used sources composed in the eighth century, wrote that the Yagma united numerous tribes between the Uyghurs and Karluks in the larger part of the eastern Tian Shan , including Kashgar City and District. Gardezi called the Yagma a "rich people with large herds of horses" in a country of "one month of travel". The Yagma constantly clashed with
1008-546: The Yongping period [58 – 75 CE], the Northern Xiongnu forced several countries to help them plunder the commanderies and districts of Hexi. The gates of the towns stayed shut in broad daylight." More particularly, in reference to Kashgar itself, is the following record: In the sixteenth Yongping year of Emperor Ming 73, Jian, the king of Qiuci ( Kucha ), attacked and killed Cheng, the king of Shule (Kashgar). Then he appointed
1050-409: The Yuezhi (Kushans). They immediately took the seal and ribbon from Yifu and went to Chenpan, and made him king. Yifu was given the title of Marquis of the town of Pangao [90 li, or 37 km, from Shule]. Then Suoju (Yarkand) continued to resist Yutian (Khotan), and put themselves under Shule (Kashgar). Thus Shule (Kashgar), became powerful and a rival to Qiuci (Kucha) and Yutian (Khotan)." However, it
1092-468: The city as Kasi . The Buddhist scholar Xuanzang meanwhile recorded the name Kasha after passing through the city in 644. The name Kashgar did not appear in Chinese records (as 喀什噶爾 ; Kàshígé'ěr ) until the Song dynasty (960–1279), but it was likely to have been used orally long before then. British archaeologist Aurel Stein (1862–1943) argued that the name Kashgar came into use in 716, sometime after
1134-425: The convergence point of widely varying cultures and empires, Kashgar has been under the rule of the Chinese, Turkic, Mongol and Tibetan empires. The city has also been the site of a number of battles between various groups of people on the steppes. Now administered as a county-level city , Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture , which has an area of 162,000 km (63,000 sq mi) and
1176-568: The country's border with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan . For over 2,000 years, Kashgar was a strategically important oasis on the Silk Road between China, the Middle East , and Europe . It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and has a population of 711,300 people (as of 2019 ). Kashgar's urban area covers 15 km (5.8 sq mi), although its administrative area extends over 555 km (214 sq mi). At
1218-640: The foot of the Tian Shan range. Ptolemy speaks of Scythia beyond the Imaus , which is in a "Kasia Regio", probably exhibiting the name from which Kashgar and Kashgaria (often applied to the district) are formed. The country's people practised Zoroastrianism and Buddhism before the coming of Islam . In the Book of Han , which covers the period between 125 BCE and 23 CE, it is recorded that there were 1,510 households, 18,647 people and 2,000 persons able to bear arms. By
1260-403: The king [of Jumi] by installing Chengguo from the family of [the previous king] Xing, and then he returned. The first passage continues: In the second Yangjia year (133), Chenpan again made offerings (including) a lion and zebu cattle. Then, during Emperor Ling's reign, in the first Jianning year [168], the king of Shule (Kashgar) and Commandant-in-Chief for the Han (i.e. presumably Chenpan),
1302-505: The kingdom of Xiuxiu ('Excellent Rest Stop' − near Karakavak), and the kingdom of Qin. However, much of the information on the Western Regions contained in the Weilüe seems to have ended roughly about (170), near the end of Han power. So, we cannot be sure that this is a reference to the state of affairs during the Cao Wei (220–265), or whether it refers to the situation before the civil war during
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1344-537: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaghma&oldid=1103848230 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Yagma The Yagmas appear to be of Toquz Oghuz origin or are closely associated with them. According to Hudud al-'alam "their king
1386-637: The meantime, the Xiongnu became weaker. The king of Suoju [Yarkand], named Xian, wiped out several kingdoms. After Xian's death [c. 62 CE], they began to attack and fight each other. Xiao Yuan [Tura], Jingjue [Cadota], Ronglu [Niya] and Qiemo [Cherchen] were annexed by Shanshan [the Lop Nur region]. Qule [south of Keriya] and Pishan [modern Pishan or Guma] were conquered and fully occupied by Yutian [Khotan]. Yuli [Fukang], Danhuan, Guhu [Dawan Cheng] and Wutanzili were destroyed by Jushi [Turpan and Jimasa]; said kingdoms were subsequently reestablished in later years. During
1428-521: The middle of the Jianwu period [AD 25–56], they each [Shanshan and Yarkand in 38 and 18 kingdoms in 45], sent envoys to ask if they could submit to the Interior [China] and to express their desire for a Protector-General. Emperor Guangwu, decided that because the Empire was not yet settled [after a long period of civil war], he had no time for outside affairs and [therefore] finally refused his consent [in 45 CE]. In
1470-645: The raids on the city by Qutayba ibn Muslim , the then Arab governor of Khurasan . However, Stein's contemporary, the Scottish historian H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971), argued that Qutayba never made it as far as Kashgar, and Stein was likely conflating Kashgar with another city. The English name Kashgar is derived from the Russian name ( Кашгар ), which itself is derived from the Persian name Kâšğar ( کاشغر ). H. W. Bailey (1899–1996), an English scholar who specialised in
1512-617: The steppes. The earliest mention of Kashgar occurs when a Chinese Han dynasty envoy travelled the Northern Silk Road to explore lands to the west. Another early mention of Kashgar is during the Former Han (also known as the Western Han dynasty ), when in 76 BCE the Chinese conquered the Xiongnu , Yutian ( Khotan ), Sulei (Kashgar) and a group of states in the Tarim Basin almost up to
1554-416: The time covered by the Book of the Later Han (roughly 25 to 170 CE), it had grown to 21,000 households and had 3,000 men able to bear arms. The Book of the Later Han provides a wealth of detail on developments in the region: In the period of Emperor Wu [140–87 BC], the Western Regions were under the control of the Interior [China]. They numbered thirty-six kingdoms. The Imperial Government established
1596-477: The town of Zhenzhong [Arach − near Maralbashi] but, having stayed for more than forty days without being able to subdue it, they withdrew. Following this, the kings of Shule (Kashgar) killed one another repeatedly while the Imperial Government was unable to prevent it. These centuries are marked by a general silence in sources on Kashgar and the Tarim Basin. The Weilüe , composed in the second third of
1638-481: Was active in Kashgar. Xuanzang recorded that they flattened their babies heads, tattooed their bodies and had green eyes. He reported that Kashgar had abundant crops, fruits and flowers, wove fine woolen stuffs and rugs. Their writing system had been adapted from Indian script but their language was different from that of other countries. The inhabitants were sincere Buddhist adherents and there were some hundreds of monasteries with more than 10,000 followers, all members of
1680-759: Was killed while hunting by the youngest of his paternal uncles, Hede. Hede named himself king. In the third year (170), Meng Tuo, the Inspector of Liangzhou, sent the Provincial Officer Ren She, commanding five hundred soldiers from Dunhuang, with the Wuji Major Cao Kuan, and Chief Clerk of the Western Regions, Zhang Yan, brought troops from Yanqi ( Karashahr ), Qiuci (Kucha), and the Nearer and Further States of Jushi (Turpan and Jimasa), altogether numbering more than 30,000, to punish Shule (Kashgar). They attacked
1722-490: Was not very long before the Chinese began to reassert their authority in the region: In the second Yongjian year (127), during Emperor Shun's reign, Chenpan sent an envoy to respectfully present offerings. The Emperor bestowed on Chenpan the title of Great Commandant-in-Chief for the Han. Chenxun, who was the son of his elder brother, was appointed Temporary Major of the Kingdom. In the fifth year (130), Chenpan sent his son to serve
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1764-557: Was the son of a full younger brother of Chenpan on the throne as king of Shule (Kashgar). Chenpan heard of this and appealed to the Yuezhi ( Kushan ) king, saying: "Anguo had no son. His relative (Yifu) is weak. If one wants to put on the throne a member of (Anguo's) mother's family, I am Yifu's paternal uncle, it is I who should be king." The Yuezhi (Kushans) then sent soldiers to escort him back to Shule (Kashgar). The people had previously respected and been fond of Chenpan. Besides, they dreaded
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