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73-488: The 60- to 170-metre-deep gorges stretch for over 33 river kilometres (excluding side gorges) and are notable for many reasons. Their geologically young, prototypical and actively continuing development results in a great variety of geotopes and biotopes that support a correspondingly rich range of flora and fauna. The gorges are very popular with tourists and played an important role in the establishment of conservation consciousness in southwestern Germany. The Wutach Gorge

146-507: A small mouse is very different from a small elephant . These combinations pose a lesser problem in terms of prototype theory. In situations involving adjectives (e.g. tall ), one encounters the question of whether or not the prototype of [tall] is a 6 foot tall man, or a 400-foot skyscraper. The solution emerges by contextualizing the notion of prototype in terms of the object being modified. This extends even more radically in compounds such as red wine or red hair which are hardly red in

219-519: A straight-line distance of barely 20 kilometres, the Wutach and several of its tributaries have cut a natural profile section through almost all of the strata of South German Scarplands , which fan out a further 200 kilometres to the north, but surface here in close succession. The Mesozoic rock layers were clearly inclined more steeply than usual here (on average 7%) by the uplifting of the southern Black Forest and have been cut through here in succession by

292-409: A category than others, because they are a better fit to the concept prototype, having more of the features. Importantly, Hampton's prototype model explains the vagueness that can occur at the boundary of conceptual categories. While some may think of pictures, telephones or cookers as atypical furniture, others will say they are not furniture at all. Membership of a category can be a matter of degree, and

365-509: A chair is associated with bending of one's knees, a fruit with picking it up and putting it in your mouth, etc. At the subordinate level (e.g. [dentist's chairs], [kitchen chairs] etc.) few significant features can be added to that of the basic level; whereas at the superordinate level, these conceptual similarities are hard to pinpoint. A picture of a chair is easy to draw (or visualize), but drawing furniture would be more difficult. Psychologists Eleanor Rosch, Carolyn Mervis and colleagues defined

438-487: A convexity in conceptual space, in that if x and y are elements of a category, and if z is between x and y, then z is also likely to belong to the category. Within language we find instances of combined categories, such as tall man or small elephant . Combining categories was a problem for extensional semantics , where the semantics of a word such as red is to be defined as the set of objects having this property. This does not apply as well to modifiers such as small ;

511-470: A dog or cat, and the prototype for fish might be trout or salmon. However, the features of these prototypes do not present in the prototype for pet fish , therefore this prototype must be generated from something other than its constituent parts. James Hampton found that prototypes for conjunctive concepts such as pet fish are produced by a compositional function operating on the features of each concept. Initially all features of each concept are added to

584-668: A flood in 1804 and again in 1895. Below the ruins of the Neuenburg , which is barely recognisable following a landslip, the Burgmühle Hiking Hostel run by the Friends of Nature acts as a tourist base. In the lowest part of the gorge an educational path leads past impressive tufas and communities of giant horsetail . Prototype theory Prototype theory is a theory of categorization in cognitive science , particularly in psychology and cognitive linguistics , in which there

657-487: A fruit or a vegetable, but when asked separately very few people consider them to be a vegetable and no-one considers them to be a fruit. Antonio Lieto and Gian Luca Pozzato have proposed a typicality-based compositional logic (TCL) that is able to account for both complex human-like concept combinations (like the PET-FISH problem) and conceptual blending. Their framework shows how concepts expressed as prototypes can account for

730-399: A ravine is "a small, narrow, steep-sided valley that is larger than a gully and smaller than a canyon and that is usually worn by running water". Some societies and languages do not differentiate between a gully and ravine; in others, there is a distinction, particularly when concerning environmental management. Gullies are often found in hilly or mountainous regions, where water runoff

803-444: A view of semantic components more as possible rather than necessary contributors to the meaning of texts. His discussion on the category game is particularly incisive: Consider for example the proceedings that we call 'games'. I mean board games, card games, ball games, Olympic games, and so on. What is common to them all? Don't say, "There must be something common, or they would not be called 'games'"--but look and see whether there

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876-471: Is a graded degree of belonging to a conceptual category, and some members are more central than others. It emerged in 1971 with the work of psychologist Eleanor Rosch , and it has been described as a " Copernican Revolution " in the theory of categorization for its departure from the traditional Aristotelian categories . It has been criticized by those that still endorse the traditional theory of categories, like linguist Eugenio Coseriu and other proponents of

949-445: Is anything common to all. For if you look at them you will not see something common to all, but similarities, relationships, and a whole series of them at that. To repeat: don't think, but look! Look for example at board games, with their multifarious relationships. Now pass to card games; here you find many correspondences with the first group, but many common features drop out, and others appear. When we pass next to ball games, much that

1022-494: Is common is retained, but much is lost. Are they all 'amusing'? Compare chess with noughts and crosses. Or is there always winning and losing, or competition between players? Think of patience. In ball games there is winning and losing; but when a child throws his ball at the wall and catches it again, this feature has disappeared. Look at the parts played by skill and luck; and at the difference between skill in chess and skill in tennis. Think now of games like ring-a-ring-a-roses; here

1095-452: Is estimated to exceed a rate of 40 tonnes per hectare (16 long ton/acre; 18 short ton/acre) annually. The shield volcanoes of Hawaii have significant impact on the distribution of ravines across the islands, specifically Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, the former of which is one the most active shield volcanoes on Earth. Both of these volcanoes show V-shaped ravines on their flanks, solely where they have been mantled by Pahala ash. Being

1168-440: Is familiar may add extra features - a process called "extensional feedback". The model was tested by showing how apparently logical syntactic conjunctions or disjunctions, such as "A sport which is also a game" or "Vehicles that are not Machines", or "Fruits or Vegetables" fail to conform to Boolean set logic. Chess is considered to be a sport which is a game, but is not considered to be a sport. Mushrooms are considered to be either

1241-441: Is generally a fluvial slope landform of relatively steep (cross-sectional) sides, on the order of twenty to seventy percent in gradient . Ravines may or may not have active streams flowing along the downslope channel which originally formed them; moreover, often they are characterized by intermittent streams, since their geographic scale may not be sufficiently large to support a perennial stream . According to Merriam-Webster ,

1314-635: Is guided downhill by steep slopes and over time erodes the landscape. A ravine is the final step in gully erosion, formed when a stream has eroded so severely it forms a deep cut in the earth. A gully can be classified as a ravine after it reaches a large depth, typically in excess of 5 metres (16 ft). Ravine erosion contributes heavily to land loss globally and particularly threatens agricultural lands. Additionally, soil loss contributes to pollution, flooding, and sedimentation of waterways. The formation of ravine lands can be sped up by deforestation and overgrazing . In Indian badlands , soil erosion

1387-706: Is part of the Southern Black Forest Nature Park . The ravines start in the valley of the Gutach (the upper reaches of the Wutach) below Neustadt and in the valley of the Haslach below Lenzkirch . After they merge to form the Wutach they run, with small changes of direction, initially generally eastward and end at the village of Grimmelshofen in the municipality of Stühlingen after the Wutach turns sharply southwards in

1460-594: Is the Münzloch , the longest cave of the Wutach Gorge, 84 metres in length. Further downstream, as soon as the Muschelkalk rock faces reach the valley bottom, the canyon -like second gorge section begins. It was the earliest part of the gorge to be developed and remains the most interesting part of the gorge for tourists today. Here the Wutach swings from one rock face to another on its broad gravel bed, sometimes undercutting

1533-522: Is the Rechenfelsen , a short ravine that is a good 20 metres deep. The Rötenbach Gorge, which merges from the left soon thereafter, culminates in a waterfall with two cascades and a total height of 6 metres. Below the few remains of Stallegg Castle the Wutach is quietened by a small reservoir belonging to the Stallegg Electricity Works and built in 1895. Shortly afterwards the stream passes

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1606-455: Is the element of amusement, but how many other characteristic features have disappeared! And we can go through the many, many other groups of games in the same way; can see how similarities crop up and disappear. And the result of this examination is: we see a complicated network of similarities overlapping and criss-crossing: sometimes overall similarities, sometimes similarities of detail. Wittgenstein's theory of family resemblance describes

1679-419: Is this narrative an instance of telling a lie?". Similar work has been done on actions (verbs like look, kill, speak, walk [Pulman:83]), adjectives like "tall", etc. Another aspect in which Prototype Theory departs from traditional Aristotelian categorization is that there do not appear to be natural kind categories (bird, dog) vs. artifacts (toys, vehicles). A common comparison is the use of prototype or

1752-580: The Flühen ( Alemannic : rock faces), the dimensions of the gorge and its rock faces reach their greatest extent. Here lies the heavily fissured Swabian Jura with its highest precipice, the Walenhalde (350 m). The Flühen are, however, exhibit less variety and were did not become a tourist attraction until the opening of the Wutach Valley Railway , which crosses over them. The narrow valley begins with

1825-522: The Großer Kanzelfels ("Great Pulpit Rock") to the north. Parts of its right-hand pulpit collapsed in 1983 about 80 metres into the Wutach. The following long, partly overhanging, rock refuge, Engländerfels was named in memory of an Englishman who fell to his death here in 1906. The Forellenfelsen also recalls the early English fashion of travelling to the Black Forest for "fishing holidays" in

1898-591: The Hörnle . After the Gauchach Gorge joins the main artery from the north, the valley widens again and is open, accessible and populated. At the first road bridge is the Wutachmühle with its sawmill and kiosk. The almost undeveloped valley sides with their rugged, sometimes bizarre relief, leave one to conjecture at the almost continual slip and creep processes of the few remaining solid formations of Keuper rock. Four of

1971-758: The Mannheimer Felsen break out of the jagged rocks. Opposite, on a free-standing, 30-metre-high rock plateau, are the ruins of Blumegg Castle. The counterpart of the Gutach Bridge at the start of the Lower Gorge is the viaduct of the Wutach Valley Railway, which marks the lower end of the Wutach gorges. The most important side gorge, the Gauchach Gorge, which contains the Gauchach stream, is characterised by its narrowness and its cascade-like stream bed formed in

2044-512: The Schelmenhalde with its wide, plunging waterfall, whilst, opposite, a Muschelkalk formation called the Drei Zinnen ("Three Battlements"), which was once perforated by cavities and has now collapsed, slips downstream on slippery masses of Middle Muschelkalk towards the Wutach. Deciduous forest communities now dominate, although occasional meadows interrupt the riparian woodland . Further down

2117-480: The classic theory of categories , like linguist Eugenio Coseriu and other proponents of the structural semantics paradigm . Douglas L. Medin and Marguerite M. Schaffer showed by experiment that a context theory of classification which derives concepts purely from exemplars (cf. exemplar theory ) worked better than a class of theories that included prototype theory. Linguists, including Stephen Laurence writing with Eric Margolis , have suggested problems with

2190-523: The structural semantics paradigm . In this prototype theory, any given concept in any given language has a real world example that best represents this concept. For example: when asked to give an example of the concept furniture , a couch is more frequently cited than, say, a wardrobe . Prototype theory has also been applied in linguistics , as part of the mapping from phonological structure to semantics . In formulating prototype theory, Rosch drew in part from previous insights in particular

2263-596: The Blumberg Gate ( Blumberger Pforte ). Below the former castle of Blumberg the Schleifebach Falls cascade into the valley (4, 9 and 5 metres high). After turning sharply at the prominent Wutach Knee ( Wutachknie ) the Wutach crosses and important fault line , south of which the Upper Muschelkalk, which descends deeply, accompanies the upper valley slopes once more in the form of rock faces. In this third gorge,

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2336-451: The Lower and Middle Muschelkalk rock, the typical Black Forest landscape ends. The limestones, which have been heavily deformed and made slippery by the leaching of gypsum deposits, have given rise to a slightly wider V-shaped valley with a great diversity of habitats and constantly changing local relief. For example, extensive tufa formations rise above the footpath on the sunny slopes of

2409-476: The Wutach Gorge. The central rest stop in the middle gorge is in a spot where the valley widens and is called the Schurhammer Hut. In the following section, the Wutach sinks largely into crevices in the muschelkalk rocks and re-emerges after 1.3 kilometres at the foot of an overhanging section of the rock face. In 1953, the cavern-like Old Wutach portal by the old Rümmelesteg footbridge collapsed; leaving half

2482-520: The Wutach and are quartz porphyry formation up to 80 metres high that are also called the Nägelefels due to the presence of Cheddar Pinks . Near the mill of Schattenmühle and the road crossing the Lotenbach Gorge ( Lotenbachklamm ) joins from the right, a granite gorge with four waterfalls up to 8 metres high, as well as a tributary stream that plunges 20 metres into the river. As the river enters

2555-519: The Wutach from the right. This is the highest waterfall in the Wutach Gorge and was, when Bad Boll was still a spa resort , lit up at night. Today it is almost impossible to get to. At the Felsenweiher , an old backwater below a rock face of the Upper Muschelkalk, the Tannegg Waterfall (named after the ruins of Old Tannegg Castle) tumbles 15 metres over a bizarre tufa formation. Roughly opposite

2628-580: The Wutach. Because the Wutach "only" descends through a gradient of around 1% as it flows eastward, increasingly younger rocks are encountered, each overlaid over its predecessor, as one progresses down the gorge. This has created a continuous sequence of rock outcrops from the basement (here mostly granite ) through the Triassic to the Jurassic . As these rocks each produce their own peculiar and very different landforms when they are cut by vertical erosion , one of

2701-491: The area of the former mining town of Blumberg on meeting the steep slopes of the Baaralb . Initially, the gorge is bordered by the wooded plateaus of the eastern slopes of the Black Forest. Later, its northern border is formed by the historical Bertholdsbaar with the population centre of Löffingen and the village of Rötenbach . To the south is a similar muschelkalk plateau with the settlements of Bonndorf and Wutach . Over

2774-422: The basic level as that level that has the highest degree of cue validity and category validity. Thus, a category like [animal] may have a prototypical member, but no cognitive visual representation. On the other hand, basic categories in [animal], i.e. [dog], [bird], [fish], are full of informational content and can easily be categorized in terms of Gestalt and semantic features. Basic level categories tend to have

2847-639: The beds of the Upper Muschelkalk. Roughly in the middle of the gorge it is joined near the old mill of Bergmühle by the rather straight, rugged ravine known as the Engeschlucht through which the Tränkebach stream runs. Together with the Gauchach and Wutach Gorge it forms the Bachheim Gorge Rectangle ( Bachheimer Schluchtenviereck ). Here, too, at low water it drains away underground to the Wutach. After

2920-433: The category, and those that continue outwards from them, linked by shared features. Peter Gärdenfors has elaborated a possible partial explanation of prototype theory in terms of multi-dimensional feature spaces called conceptual spaces , where a category is defined in terms of a conceptual distance. More central members of a category are "between" the peripheral members. He postulates that most natural categories exhibit

2993-634: The covered, wooden Stallegg Bridge, on the old path between the Fürstenberg estates on either side of the gorge. At point where it is joined by the Reichenbach Gorge the river forces itself through the granite schrofen of the trackless Stallegg Gorge ( Stallegger Schlucht ). It ends at the Räuberschlössle rocks with their ruined castle, the New Blumberg (also New Blumegg ). The rocks lie north of

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3066-588: The foot of the Buchberg . The larger villages of Aselfingen and Achdorf lie at the mouths of the Aubach valley (with its Mundelfingen Waterfall and ruins of Hardegg ) and Krottenbach valley. To the east, prominent mountain landforms of the Eichberg (913.6 metres) and the Buchberg (879.9 metres) tower above the valley; between them the upper Aitrach valley ends 170 metres above the Wutach valley seemingly in mid-air, forming

3139-470: The formulation of a category model based on family resemblance by Wittgenstein (1953), and by Roger Brown 's How shall a thing be called? (1958). The term prototype , as defined in psychologist Eleanor Rosch 's study "Natural Categories", was initially defined as denoting a stimulus, which takes a salient position in the formation of a category, due to the fact that it is the first stimulus to be associated with that category. Rosch later defined it as

3212-606: The little Letterngraben Waterfall on the right hand side of the valley and with waterfalls in the Sackpfeiferdobel and Sturzdobel (15 metres, tufa crags) on the left hand side. The actual Wutachflühen are a 3-kilometre-long, up to 85-metre-high rock wall in the left hand side; it is the greatest outcropping of the Upper Muschelkalk in Germany. Rock pinnacles such as the Lunzistein (also Brautfluh , about 15 metres high) or

3285-573: The main gorge are narrow; several would be impassible without man-made paths being laid through them. The gorge of the main headstream, the Gutach, begins with a noticeably increased gradient just above the Gutach Bridge (built 1900) on the Höllental Railway , whose stone arches support a span of 64 metres, then the longest in Germany. The deepest point of the Haslach Gorge, which joins from the right,

3358-433: The most central member of a category. Rosch and others developed prototype theory as a response to, and radical departure from, the classical theory of concepts, which defines concepts by necessary and sufficient conditions. Necessary conditions refers to the set of features every instance of a concept must present, and sufficient conditions are those that no other entity possesses. Rather than defining concepts by features,

3431-578: The most diversified and most interesting gorge landscapes in Central Europe has resulted. The gorges often transition seamlessly into wide valleys where it is hard to imagine that steep ravines are so nearby. Not only do the gorges themselves form their own natural regions , but the plateaux across which they cut have also been given the status of independent natural regional units. So the Central Wutach Region ( Mittlere Wutachgebiet ) lies between

3504-666: The natural regions of the Baar to the north and the Klettgau Hills ( Klettgauer Hügelland ) to the south, both of which are similar in terms of their bedrock. The region is also a bridge between the mountains of the Black Forest and the Swabian Jura . At the exit of the wide bottomed valleys of the Gutach and the Haslach from the eastern Black Forest, which were heavily shaped by the ice age ,

3577-536: The nine villages that once existed in this so-called Achdorfer Tal (Achdorf Valley ) have fallen victim to the unstable subsoil and been abandoned . Clearly visible are three large landslides: the Eschach Slip ( Eschacher Bergsturz ) on the eastern precipice of the Scheffheu (1880, 1940 and 1966), the 1966 landslide at Eichberg with its resulting waterfall and the 1976 landslide on repeatedly closed Wellblechsträßle at

3650-407: The notion of prototypes being the most typical exemplar, with the proposal that a prototype is a bundle of correlated features . These features may or may not be true of all members of the class (necessary or defining features), but they will all be associated with being a typical member or the class. By this means, two aspects of concept structure can be explained. Some exemplars are more typical of

3723-412: The noun. Verbs, for example, seem to defy a clear prototype: [to run] is hard to split up in more or less central members. In her 1975 paper, Rosch asked 200 American college students to rate, on a scale of 1 to 7, whether they regarded certain items as good examples of the category furniture . These items ranged from chair and sofa, ranked number 1, to a love seat (number 10), to a lamp (number 31), all

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3796-519: The older of the two, Mauna Kea displays more pronounced dissection of these ravines. Rainfall and infiltration capacity are critical to valley initiation on the Hawaiian volcanoes. Once these valleys are initiated, their streams incise to form V-shaped ravines. Eventually, they become sufficiently deep ravine systems and expose groundwater activity. The deepest of these incisions are U-shaped, theatre-headed valleys. This article related to topography

3869-463: The phenomenon of prototypical compositionality in concept combination. Ravine A ravine is a landform that is narrower than a canyon and is often the product of streambank erosion . Ravines are typically classified as larger in scale than gullies , although smaller than valleys . Ravines may also be called a cleuch, dell, ghout ( Nevis ), gill or ghyll , glen , gorge , kloof ( South Africa ), and chine ( Isle of Wight ) A ravine

3942-404: The phenomenon when people group concepts based on a series of overlapping features, rather than by one feature which exists throughout all members of the category. For example, basketball and baseball share the use of a ball, and baseball and chess share the feature of a winner, etc., rather than one defining feature of "games". Therefore, there is a distance between focal, or prototypical members of

4015-401: The prototype of the conjunction. There is then a consistency check - for example pets are warm and cuddly but fish cannot be. Fish are often eaten for dinner, but pets are never. Hence the conjunctive prototype fails to inherit features of either concept that are incompatible with the other concept. A final stage in the process looks for knowledge of the class in long term memory, and if the class

4088-407: The prototype theory defines categories based on either a specific artifact of that category or by a set of entities within the category that represent a prototypical member. The prototype of a category can be understood in lay terms by the object or member of a class most often associated with that class. The prototype is the center of the class, with all other members moving progressively further from

4161-437: The prototype theory. In their 1999 paper, they raise several issues. One of which is that prototype theory does not intrinsically guarantee graded categorization. When subjects were asked to rank how well certain members exemplify the category, they rated some members above others. For example, robins were seen as being "birdier" than ostriches, but when asked whether these categories are "all-or-nothing" or have fuzzier boundaries,

4234-506: The prototype, which leads to the gradation of categories. Every member of the class is not equally central in human cognition. As in the example of furniture above, couch is more central than wardrobe . Contrary to the classical view, prototypes and gradations lead to an understanding of category membership not as an all-or-nothing approach, but as more of a web of interlocking categories which overlap. Further development of prototype theory by psychologist James Hampton, and others replaced

4307-537: The prototypical sense, but the red indicates merely a shift from the prototypical colour of wine or hair respectively. The addition of red shifts the prototype from the one of hair to that of red hair. The prototype is changed by additional specific information, and combines features from the prototype of red and wine . Mikulincer, Mario & Paz, Dov & Kedem, Perry focused on the dynamic nature of prototypes and how represented semantic categories actually changes due to emotional states. The 4 part study assessed

4380-406: The relationships between situational stress and trait anxiety and the way people organize the hierarchical level at which semantic stimuli are categorized, the way people categorize natural objects, the narrowing of the breadth of categories and the proneness to use less inclusive levels of categorization instead of more inclusive ones. Prototype theory has been criticized by those that still endorse

4453-539: The rock, which is left overhanging and is up to about 80 metres high. The Ludwig Neumann Way ( Ludwig-Neumann-Weg ) is one of the most elaborate trail systems maintained by the Black Forest Club and, after almost all the bridges in the original network were destroyed by floods, is exposed but protected by the rock faces. At the very beginning it crosses the Amselfels rock, nearly 70 metres high, with views of

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4526-461: The same features that give rise to typicality structure are also responsible for graded degrees of category membership. In Cognitive linguistics it has been argued that linguistic categories also have a prototype structure, like categories of common words in a language. The other notion related to prototypes is that of a basic level in cognitive categorization. Basic categories are relatively homogeneous in terms of sensory-motor affordances —

4599-477: The same parts and recognizable images. Clearly semantic models based on attribute-value pairs fail to identify privileged levels in the hierarchy. Functionally, it is thought that basic level categories are a decomposition of the world into maximally informative categories. Thus, they However, the notion of Basic-ness as a Level can be problematic. Linguistically, types of bird (swallow, robin, gull) are basic level - they have mono-morphemic nouns, which fall under

4672-457: The similarity to stored exemplars. Smith and Minda looked at the use of prototypes and exemplars in dot-pattern category learning. They found that participants used more prototypes than they used exemplars, with the prototypes being the center of the category, and exemplars surrounding it.  The notion of prototypes is related to Wittgenstein 's (later) discomfort with the traditional notion of category. This influential theory has resulted in

4745-434: The streams often cut through narrow gorges as the gradient increases suddenly. In the granite that initially dominates, dark, trackless ravines alternate with short sections where the valley broadens out. The rocky sides of the valley also have naturally high proportion of conifers. Downstream, in the area of the less resistant beds of bunter sandstone, spectacular gorge scenery is absent. The side gorges of this upper section of

4818-400: The subjects stated that they were defined, "all-or-nothing" categories. Laurence and Margolis concluded that "prototype structure has no implication for whether subjects represent a category as being graded" (p. 33). Daniel Osherson and Edward Smith raised the issue of pet fish for which the prototype might be a guppy kept in a bowl in someone's house. The prototype for pet might be

4891-433: The superordinate BIRD, and have subordinates expressed by noun phrases (herring gull, male robin). Yet in psychological terms, bird behaves as a basic level term. At the same time, atypical birds such as ostrich and penguin are themselves basic level terms, having very distinct outlines and not sharing obvious parts with other birds. More problems arise when the notion of a prototype is applied to lexical categories other than

4964-476: The suspension bridge anchored to the rock. The Josefsfelsen rocks with their crowning rock pinnacle and the Josefssteg footbridge commemorate another victim of a fall in 1907. The end of the middle gorge is marked by the covered Canadian Bridge ( Kanadiersteg ), which was built in 1976 by Canadian engineers. It runs from mouth of the Gauchach to the high mountain spur on the southern side with its old spur castle ,

5037-402: The use of exemplars in category classification. Medin, Altom, and Murphy found that using a mixture of prototype and exemplar information, participants were more accurately able to judge categories. Participants who were presented with prototype values classified based on similarity to stored prototypes and stored exemplars, whereas participants who only had experience with exemplar only relied on

5110-685: The valley broadens out below the Gauchach Viaduct (which carries the Bundesstraße 31 ) the first narrow section begins near the restored and functional mill of Guggenmühle . The actual gorge begins near the castle ruins of the Grünburg (wall remains measuring 15 x 12 m) and the Lochmühle mill, which was destroyed in a flood. Opposite stands the Grünburg Chapel with a votive picture of

5183-518: The valley, initially on the upper slopes, elongated rock faces made of Upper Muschelkalk strata are typical, especially the roughly one-kilometre-long Rappenfelsen on the left above the subsiding subsoil. This is where the Gaisloch , which has collapsed to create an open gorge, joins the main valley. Below it, the oldest and very steep gorge crossing led over the river by the former mill at the Dietfurt; there

5256-507: The way to a telephone, ranked number 60. While one may differ from this list in terms of cultural specifics, the point is that such a graded categorization is likely to be present in all cultures. Further evidence that some members of a category are more privileged than others came from experiments involving: Subsequent to Rosch's work, prototype effects have been investigated widely in areas such as colour cognition, and also for more abstract notions: subjects may be asked, e.g. "to what degree

5329-550: Was a bridge in here in 1614-1632. The centre of the valley was the historic Badhof near the Fritz Hockenjos Footbridge; an avenue and the remains of the park have survived.. On a rocky spur above it, New Tannegg Castle (built by about 1200) had to be abandoned before 1500, because it had partially collapsed down the precipitous cliff. Immediately below the Boller Waterfall cascades for 40 metres in two stages into

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