Misplaced Pages

#201798

67-516: Wutach may refer to: Wutach (river) , a river in Baden-Württemberg Wutach (municipality) , a municipality through which the river flows Wutach Gorge , a gorge system through which the river flows Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Wutach . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

134-525: A gradient of around 1% as it flows eastward, increasingly younger rocks are encountered, each overlaid over its predecessor, as one progresses down the gorge. This has created a continuous sequence of rock outcrops from the basement (here mostly granite ) through the Triassic to the Jurassic . As these rocks each produce their own peculiar and very different landforms when they are cut by vertical erosion , one of

201-604: A great variety of geotopes and biotopes that support a correspondingly rich range of flora and fauna. The gorges are very popular with tourists and played an important role in the establishment of conservation consciousness in southwestern Germany. The Wutach Gorge is part of the Southern Black Forest Nature Park . The ravines start in the valley of the Gutach (the upper reaches of the Wutach) below Neustadt and in

268-508: A maximum depth of 160 m (520 ft) (see Wutach Gorge ) which has long been a tourist attraction. Between the second and the last part of the gorge, near the village of Achdorf in the municipality of Blumberg , it takes a sharp turn (known as the Wutachknie or Knee of the Wutach), and subsequently flows SW to join the Rhine near Tiengen in the town of Waldshut-Tiengen . At the Wutachknie

335-471: A natural profile section through almost all of the strata of South German Scarplands , which fan out a further 200 kilometres to the north, but surface here in close succession. The Mesozoic rock layers were clearly inclined more steeply than usual here (on average 7%) by the uplifting of the southern Black Forest and have been cut through here in succession by the Wutach. Because the Wutach "only" descends through

402-659: A series of tight turns, including crossing back over itself, in order to make a substantial increase in height without exceeding a 1:100 gradient. The Wutach drains almost the entire south-eastern slopes of the Black Forest. There, its waters first flow through glacially formed valley troughs, carved into the crystalline rocks of High Black Forest . Here are the lakes of the Feldsee and Titisee (Gutach), Windgfällweiher (Haslach), Schluchsee ( Schwarza ) and Schlüchtsee ( Schlücht ). After flowing through several very narrow ravines,

469-571: Is canalised. The most important settlements in this part of the valley are the town of Stühlingen and the villages of Eggingen and Wutöschingen . Before Lauchringen the Wutach turns again in the same direction as a tributary, this time the Klingengrabens /Kotbach which arrives in a broad valley from the Klettgau region. In Unterlauchringen the Wutach forms one of the largest waterfalls in Germany,

536-752: Is joined by the Sägenbach, which rises on the Baldenweger Buck on the Feldberg. More than 70% of the average water volume of both streams is siphoned off before their confluence and diverted to the Schluchseewerk hydropower station. As a result, at the Bärental Gauge above the just under 5-metre-high Seebach Waterfall, the Seebach only has a volumetric flow of 0.3 m /s instead of its natural 0.8 m /s. Below

603-525: Is one of the most important hiking areas of the Black Forest and is covered by a dense network of trails. Through the Wutach Gorge run two main trails maintained by the Black Forest Club : South of the Wutach Gorge, from Grimmelshofen downstream, there are footpaths and cycleways by the side of the river. Note: Several digital maps erroneously show the course of the Wutach following the former route of

670-524: Is represented in the gorge, which is one of the most species-rich and intensively studied natural areas in Central Europe. A full-time nature conservation warden looks after the area, balancing the interests of up to 100,000 visitors during the summer months with the requirements of nature and landscape protection (including guided walks). One of the peculiarities of the Middle Gorge is the infiltration of

737-539: Is the Münzloch , the longest cave of the Wutach Gorge, 84 metres in length. Further downstream, as soon as the Muschelkalk rock faces reach the valley bottom, the canyon -like second gorge section begins. It was the earliest part of the gorge to be developed and remains the most interesting part of the gorge for tourists today. Here the Wutach swings from one rock face to another on its broad gravel bed, sometimes undercutting

SECTION 10

#1732852597202

804-522: Is the Rechenfelsen , a short ravine that is a good 20 metres deep. The Rötenbach Gorge, which merges from the left soon thereafter, culminates in a waterfall with two cascades and a total height of 6 metres. Below the few remains of Stallegg Castle the Wutach is quietened by a small reservoir belonging to the Stallegg Electricity Works and built in 1895. Shortly afterwards the stream passes

871-580: The Flühen ( Alemannic : rock faces), the dimensions of the gorge and its rock faces reach their greatest extent. Here lies the heavily fissured Swabian Jura with its highest precipice, the Walenhalde (350 m). The Flühen are, however, exhibit less variety and were did not become a tourist attraction until the opening of the Wutach Valley Railway , which crosses over them. The narrow valley begins with

938-467: The Großer Kanzelfels ("Great Pulpit Rock") to the north. Parts of its right-hand pulpit collapsed in 1983 about 80 metres into the Wutach. The following long, partly overhanging, rock refuge, Engländerfels was named in memory of an Englishman who fell to his death here in 1906. The Forellenfelsen also recalls the early English fashion of travelling to the Black Forest for "fishing holidays" in

1005-656: The Grüble , only a few metres below the summit of the Seebuck , a subpeak of the Black Forest's highest mountain, the Feldberg . Shortly thereafter it drops in three cascades through a height of 62 metres down the Feldsee Waterfall into the rocky cirque lake of the Feldsee . Heading east-northeast, the stream then follows the glacially formed Bärental valley through the municipality of Feldberg to Lake Titisee . During this stretch it

1072-591: The Hörnle . After the Gauchach Gorge joins the main artery from the north, the valley widens again and is open, accessible and populated. At the first road bridge is the Wutachmühle with its sawmill and kiosk. The almost undeveloped valley sides with their rugged, sometimes bizarre relief, leave one to conjecture at the almost continual slip and creep processes of the few remaining solid formations of Keuper rock. Four of

1139-758: The Mannheimer Felsen break out of the jagged rocks. Opposite, on a free-standing, 30-metre-high rock plateau, are the ruins of Blumegg Castle. The counterpart of the Gutach Bridge at the start of the Lower Gorge is the viaduct of the Wutach Valley Railway, which marks the lower end of the Wutach gorges. The most important side gorge, the Gauchach Gorge, which contains the Gauchach stream, is characterised by its narrowness and its cascade-like stream bed formed in

1206-620: The Neustadt Paper Factory in 1989. Between 1624 and ca. 1760, timber was rafted on the Wutach from the area around the Titisee. It was needed in the old iron smeltery of Eberfingen . The first attempt to exploit the Wutach by building a dam for energy production was made during the Nazi era . The project for the construction of the Wutach Dam , which was approved in 1943, ground to a halt during

1273-512: The Schelmenhalde with its wide, plunging waterfall, whilst, opposite, a Muschelkalk formation called the Drei Zinnen ("Three Battlements"), which was once perforated by cavities and has now collapsed, slips downstream on slippery masses of Middle Muschelkalk towards the Wutach. Deciduous forest communities now dominate, although occasional meadows interrupt the riparian woodland . Further down

1340-466: The Second World War . In 1951, the Schluchseewerk took over the plans and greatly added to them. However, the project resulted in a wide popular protest and was finally rejected for environmental reasons in 1960. Southern Black Forest and High Rhine Its tributaries in the area of the Black Forest are: Other tributaries of the middle reaches also form the Wutach Gorge system. In addition to

1407-658: The rapids of the Kadelburger/Koblenzer Laufen . The stretch of the Wutach is the site of two remarkable railways. The upper stretch of the first gorge is crossed and followed by the so-called Höllentalbahn . The valley just below the third gorge is the site of the Wutach Valley Railway , officially known in German as the Wutachtalbahn but commonly known as the Sauschwänzlebahn (pigtail) because it proceeds in

SECTION 20

#1732852597202

1474-736: The 'Klettgaurinne', and the Wutach then follows the direction of the Kotbach. Until the end of the Riss Ice Age , some 200,000 years ago, the Ancient Rhine flowed westward through the Klettgau here, instead of the little Klingengraben and Kotbach. At the Ettikoner Lauffen it rejoined its old river bed. Only towards the end of the Würm glaciation did it move his course from Schaffhausen southwards, resulting in

1541-596: The Blumberg Gate ( Blumberger Pforte ). Below the former castle of Blumberg the Schleifebach Falls cascade into the valley (4, 9 and 5 metres high). After turning sharply at the prominent Wutach Knee ( Wutachknie ) the Wutach crosses and important fault line , south of which the Upper Muschelkalk, which descends deeply, accompanies the upper valley slopes once more in the form of rock faces. In this third gorge,

1608-629: The Feldbergdonau, probably as a result of misinterpretation the drainage ditch which links the Schleifebach (Wutach-Nebenbach) and the Aitrach (Danube tributary) and thus forms a pseudo-bifurcation . Wutach Gorge The Wutach Gorge ( German : Wutachschlucht ) is a narrow, steep-sided valley in southern Germany through in the upper reaches of the River Wutach with three gorge -like sections,

1675-451: The Lower and Middle Muschelkalk rock, the typical Black Forest landscape ends. The limestones, which have been heavily deformed and made slippery by the leaching of gypsum deposits, have given rise to a slightly wider V-shaped valley with a great diversity of habitats and constantly changing local relief. For example, extensive tufa formations rise above the footpath on the sunny slopes of

1742-476: The Wutach Gorge. The central rest stop in the middle gorge is in a spot where the valley widens and is called the Schurhammer Hut. In the following section, the Wutach sinks largely into crevices in the muschelkalk rocks and re-emerges after 1.3 kilometres at the foot of an overhanging section of the rock face. In 1953, the cavern-like Old Wutach portal by the old Rümmelesteg footbridge collapsed; leaving half

1809-520: The Wutach and are quartz porphyry formation up to 80 metres high that are also called the Nägelefels due to the presence of Cheddar Pinks . Near the mill of Schattenmühle and the road crossing the Lotenbach Gorge ( Lotenbachklamm ) joins from the right, a granite gorge with four waterfalls up to 8 metres high, as well as a tributary stream that plunges 20 metres into the river. As the river enters

1876-519: The Wutach from the right. This is the highest waterfall in the Wutach Gorge and was, when Bad Boll was still a spa resort , lit up at night. Today it is almost impossible to get to. At the Felsenweiher , an old backwater below a rock face of the Upper Muschelkalk, the Tannegg Waterfall (named after the ruins of Old Tannegg Castle) tumbles 15 metres over a bizarre tufa formation. Roughly opposite

1943-495: The Wutach in its river bed, is much lower than would be expected of a river than under natural circumstances drained a catchment of 1,140 km . This is due to the water siphoned off for the Schluchseewerk power station, which particularly affects its largest tributary, the Schlücht Owing to its riverbed gradient of, on average, 13 ‰, critical high water often occurs on the Wutach. A well-known historical lithograph shows

2010-455: The Wutach is within the Black Forest. The central Wutach land with the middle and lower Wutach Gorge is outside of the forest. However, as in the Baar , one can see that the culture here relates to that of the Black Forest, and not only with regard to tourism. This is, in part due to their former common affiliation with the historic state of Baden . The Wutach Valley Railway is often counted as one of

2077-670: The Wutacht valley are Sto AG (building materials and systems) in Stühlingen and Lauffenmühle (textile manufacturing) in Lauchringen. The hydropower of the Wutach and its tributaries is used by the Schluchseewerk and by the Wasser- und Elektrizitätswerk Hallau in Wunderklingen to generate energy. In the area of the Black Forest the woodworking industry is still important, even after the closure of

Wutach - Misplaced Pages Continue

2144-639: The beds of the Upper Muschelkalk. Roughly in the middle of the gorge it is joined near the old mill of Bergmühle by the rather straight, rugged ravine known as the Engeschlucht through which the Tränkebach stream runs. Together with the Gauchach and Wutach Gorge it forms the Bachheim Gorge Rectangle ( Bachheimer Schluchtenviereck ). Here, too, at low water it drains away underground to the Wutach. After

2211-634: The covered, wooden Stallegg Bridge, on the old path between the Fürstenberg estates on either side of the gorge. At point where it is joined by the Reichenbach Gorge the river forces itself through the granite schrofen of the trackless Stallegg Gorge ( Stallegger Schlucht ). It ends at the Räuberschlössle rocks with their ruined castle, the New Blumberg (also New Blumegg ). The rocks lie north of

2278-668: The direction of the almost equally large Josbach/Langenordnach. Below the town, two large bridges cross the valley: the Gutach Viaduct carrying the B ;31 and the Gutach Bridge with the Höllental Railway . From here on the river rushes through an ever deepening gorge. From the confluence where the river acquires the name Wutach, it flows ESE through a series of three gorges with a total length of more than 30 km (19 mi) and

2345-588: The foot of the Buchberg . The larger villages of Aselfingen and Achdorf lie at the mouths of the Aubach valley (with its Mundelfingen Waterfall and ruins of Hardegg ) and Krottenbach valley. To the east, prominent mountain landforms of the Eichberg (913.6 metres) and the Buchberg (879.9 metres) tower above the valley; between them the upper Aitrach valley ends 170 metres above the Wutach valley seemingly in mid-air, forming

2412-612: The former main valley, which began at about the Kandel , but was cut off and redirected a long time ago by the Wild Gutach . Similar river bends in the course of the tributaries from the Black Forest also show (much earlier) re-direction, most strikingly the Schwarza leaving the Schluchsee transversely to the direction of the valley. In the lower reaches of the Wutach, the Wutach valley flows into

2479-402: The large river, the other rivers which are well known are the In the lower reaches of the Wutach in the Bade region of Klettgau it is joined by the following streams: Not until the last eight kilometres of the Wutach is it joined by its three largest tributaries: The following settlements lie on or near the Wutach: The upper Wutach area (Seebach valley, Titisee, Schluchsee, Hochfirst )

2546-414: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wutach&oldid=1044460054 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Wutach (river) The name Wutach means "furious water", referring to

2613-446: The little Letterngraben Waterfall on the right hand side of the valley and with waterfalls in the Sackpfeiferdobel and Sturzdobel (15 metres, tufa crags) on the left hand side. The actual Wutachflühen are a 3-kilometre-long, up to 85-metre-high rock wall in the left hand side; it is the greatest outcropping of the Upper Muschelkalk in Germany. Rock pinnacles such as the Lunzistein (also Brautfluh , about 15 metres high) or

2680-429: The little waterfall the Seebach enters a flat valley basin which has filled the silted-up, upper part of the Titisee since the last ice age . The stream now flows in wide meanders through the bogs of the nature reserve before reaching Lake Titisee. From the Titisee the sluggishly flowing meadow river is called the Gutach ("good stream"). Before Neustadt it swings sharply through 90° to the right and heads southeast in

2747-521: The lowest of which is also called the Wutachflühen . The gorge cuts through the southern part of the Baar region from the eastern side of the High Black Forest heading eastwards to the Trauf the steep, northwestern flank of the Swabian Jura , which transitions to the Randen mountains here. The 60- to 170-metre-deep gorges stretch for over 33 river kilometres (excluding side gorges) and are notable for many reasons. Their geologically young, prototypical and actively continuing development results in

Wutach - Misplaced Pages Continue

2814-409: The main gorge are narrow; several would be impassible without man-made paths being laid through them. The gorge of the main headstream, the Gutach, begins with a noticeably increased gradient just above the Gutach Bridge (built 1900) on the Höllental Railway , whose stone arches support a span of 64 metres, then the longest in Germany. The deepest point of the Haslach Gorge, which joins from the right,

2881-408: The maintenance of roads and tracks, and even of hiking trails, expensive. The Aitrach flows in the former riverbed of the old Feldberg Danube from its stream capture point to the mouth of the present-day Danube near Kirchen-Hausen . In its uppermost, very flat valley section at Blumberg raised bogs were formed. In its upper course, the Wutach (as the "Gutach") forms another knee; it flows into

2948-457: The most diversified and most interesting gorge landscapes in Central Europe has resulted. The gorges often transition seamlessly into wide valleys where it is hard to imagine that steep ravines are so nearby. Not only do the gorges themselves form their own natural regions , but the plateaux across which they cut have also been given the status of independent natural regional units. So the Central Wutach Region ( Mittlere Wutachgebiet ) lies between

3015-405: The natural regions of the Baar to the north and the Klettgau Hills ( Klettgauer Hügelland ) to the south, both of which are similar in terms of their bedrock. The region is also a bridge between the mountains of the Black Forest and the Swabian Jura . At the exit of the wide bottomed valleys of the Gutach and the Haslach from the eastern Black Forest, which were heavily shaped by the ice age ,

3082-430: The nine villages that once existed in this so-called Achdorfer Tal (Achdorf Valley ) have fallen victim to the unstable subsoil and been abandoned . Clearly visible are three large landslides: the Eschach Slip ( Eschacher Bergsturz ) on the eastern precipice of the Scheffheu (1880, 1940 and 1966), the 1966 landslide at Eichberg with its resulting waterfall and the 1976 landslide on repeatedly closed Wellblechsträßle at

3149-426: The opposite direction. At the turn of the Miocene / Pliocene epochs, at a time when the Black Forest was already being uplifted but the Rhine Graben was not as low as it is today, the Danube had its source in the area of what is today the upper Rhone . This river system fragmented and most of it gradually became a network of tributaries of the Rhine river system (For more information, see Wutach Gorge ). Latterly,

3216-413: The other side to the east and parallel to the High Rhine, follows an ice age Rhine channel (the Klettgaurinne ). The Wutach only drains parts of the Black Forest and thus resembles the Enz in this respect. The average annual discharge depths of the catchment area vary considerably; ranging from over 1,100 mm in the High Black Forest to less than 300 mm in the Klettgau . The visible depth of

3283-410: The power of which is why the Lauffenmühle was built here, the largest industrial concern on the Wutach. The largest town in the Wutach valley is nearby Tiengen , where the Wutach is joined by the Kotbach from the Black Forest as well as its most important tributaries, the Steina and Schlücht . The Wutach finally empties into the High Rhine between Küssaberg -Kadelburg and Koblenz , a little below

3350-408: The relatively steep gradient in its new direction of flow towards the Rhine, the river carved out the deep, roughly 30-kilometre-long, Wutach Gorge into the plateau, a process that continues today. It has excavated about two cubic kilometres of rock. The valley slopes tend to slip; this makes the Wutach Gorge even more of a transportation obstacle than its, in places, steep relief would suggest and makes

3417-410: The river is very close to the headwaters of the Danube , until the last glacial period the upper course of the Wutach was the headstream of the Danube catchment (called Feldbergdonau ). The lower Wutach valley is straight, wide-bottomed and very densely populated. The river forms the border between Germany and Switzerland for two sections that total about 6 kilometres in length, after which it

SECTION 50

#1732852597202

3484-429: The rock, which is left overhanging and is up to about 80 metres high. The Ludwig Neumann Way ( Ludwig-Neumann-Weg ) is one of the most elaborate trail systems maintained by the Black Forest Club and, after almost all the bridges in the original network were destroyed by floods, is exposed but protected by the rock faces. At the very beginning it crosses the Amselfels rock, nearly 70 metres high, with views of

3551-460: The south they say Chind and Chuchi , which is closer to the dialect of neighbouring Switzerland. The locals call those living on the other side of the gorge, the Enne-Wiätler ("far side of the Wutachers"). For two short sections – between Grimmelshofen and Eggingen – the Wutach is the border river between Germany and Switzerland. The economic heart of the Wutach region is the town of Waldshut-Tiengen. The major industrial enterprises in

3618-434: The streams often cut through narrow gorges as the gradient increases suddenly. In the granite that initially dominates, dark, trackless ravines alternate with short sections where the valley broadens out. The rocky sides of the valley also have naturally high proportion of conifers. Downstream, in the area of the less resistant beds of bunter sandstone, spectacular gorge scenery is absent. The side gorges of this upper section of

3685-402: The streams reach the edge of the Black Forest and the sandstone , limestone and mudstone series of the South German Scarplands . The lower course of the Wutach, which bends to head southwest, runs past the foot of the dominant White Jurassic step of the Swabian Jura and of Randen , at right angles to the dip slope and thus collects several Black forest rivers. The Kotbach, flowing from

3752-424: The suspension bridge anchored to the rock. The Josefsfelsen rocks with their crowning rock pinnacle and the Josefssteg footbridge commemorate another victim of a fall in 1907. The end of the middle gorge is marked by the covered Canadian Bridge ( Kanadiersteg ), which was built in 1976 by Canadian engineers. It runs from mouth of the Gauchach to the high mountain spur on the southern side with its old spur castle ,

3819-491: The technically remarkable Black Forest lines. The Wutach area below Stühlingen is part of the Klettgau and the High Rhine region. In the area of the gorge, the Wutach separates the Lake Constance Alemannic German dialect region north of the gorge, from the High Alemannic German -speaking region south of it. This is particularly noticeable in the different way the letter k is spoken. On the northern side they say Kind ("child") and Kuchi (= Küche or "kitchen"), whilst in

3886-441: The upper and middle reaches of today's Wutach formed the Feldberg Danube , the upper course of the Danube. But after the watershed between the aggraded Feldberg Danube and the downward-cutting Ancient Wutach, which existed until the last ice age , had been severely eroded, the Feldberg Danube broke out to the south-west into the Rhine valley some 20,000 to 70,000 years ago, forming the striking Wutachknie at Blumberg . Because of

3953-415: The valley broadens out below the Gauchach Viaduct (which carries the Bundesstraße 31 ) the first narrow section begins near the restored and functional mill of Guggenmühle . The actual gorge begins near the castle ruins of the Grünburg (wall remains measuring 15 x 12 m) and the Lochmühle mill, which was destroyed in a flood. Opposite stands the Grünburg Chapel with a votive picture of

4020-443: The valley floor at the Stühlinger Zwirnerei completely covered by water. Its lower reaches were therefore canalised and dyked in order to provide flood protection at the beginning of the 20th century. In the meantime, even former floodplains have been utilised for new construction and industrial areas. The lower Wutach flows along the line of the valley once occupied by the much more powerful upper Ancient Danube ( Urdonau ), but in

4087-408: The valley of the Haslach below Lenzkirch . After they merge to form the Wutach they run, with small changes of direction, initially generally eastward and end at the village of Grimmelshofen in the municipality of Stühlingen after the Wutach turns sharply southwards in the area of the former mining town of Blumberg on meeting the steep slopes of the Baaralb . Initially, the gorge is bordered by

SECTION 60

#1732852597202

4154-417: The valley, initially on the upper slopes, elongated rock faces made of Upper Muschelkalk strata are typical, especially the roughly one-kilometre-long Rappenfelsen on the left above the subsiding subsoil. This is where the Gaisloch , which has collapsed to create an open gorge, joins the main valley. Below it, the oldest and very steep gorge crossing led over the river by the former mill at the Dietfurt; there

4221-438: The waters of the Wutach into the muschelkalk . At low water, the river can be dry up completely for a 1.3 kilometre stretch, until its waters appear, cataract -like (probably completely) again. Further river sections, which are protected, are the natural river meadows above Stühlingen on the border with Switzerland (extensive horsetail colonies) and its estuary on the Rhine. From a natural region perspective, only part of

4288-553: The well-known Rhine Falls there. At Rheinau Abbey the meander known as the Rheinschlaufen ("Rhine Loop") was formed. About a third of the course of the Wutach is protected for conservation reasons. The river rises in the nature reserve of Feldberg, the largest in Baden-Württemberg. One of the oldest nature reserves in the country has been the Wutach Gorge , one of the last wild river landscapes of Central Europe, which have major historical, geological and ecological significance. Nearly every rock occurring in Southern Germany

4355-423: The whitewater rapids in the gorge. Wut is recognisably cognate to a modern German word for anger; ach , which forms part of the names of many rivers in the region, comes from an old Celtic word for water, cognate with Latin aqua . The river changes its name twice before it discharges into the High Rhine near Waldshut : It rises in the Southern Black Forest as the Seebach in a highland hollow known as

4422-414: The wooded plateaus of the eastern slopes of the Black Forest. Later, its northern border is formed by the historical Bertholdsbaar with the population centre of Löffingen and the village of Rötenbach . To the south is a similar muschelkalk plateau with the settlements of Bonndorf and Wutach . Over a straight-line distance of barely 20 kilometres, the Wutach and several of its tributaries have cut

4489-422: Was a bridge in here in 1614-1632. The centre of the valley was the historic Badhof near the Fritz Hockenjos Footbridge; an avenue and the remains of the park have survived.. On a rocky spur above it, New Tannegg Castle (built by about 1200) had to be abandoned before 1500, because it had partially collapsed down the precipitous cliff. Immediately below the Boller Waterfall cascades for 40 metres in two stages into

#201798