Misplaced Pages

#552447

84-567: Unlike typical labor unions, the BWAF did not establish branches in individual factories and workplaces. Nevertheless, its influence and activities expanded during its resistance to the imposition of martial law in May. The Federation itself was one of the casualties of the People's Liberation Army 's violent suppression of protesters during the evening of June 3. After the military crackdown, Party authorities labeled

168-455: A coup d'état ( Thailand in 2006 and 2014 , and Egypt in 2013 ); when threatened by popular protest (China, Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 ); to suppress political opposition ( martial law in Poland in 1981 ); or to stabilize insurrections or perceived insurrections. Martial law may be declared in cases of major natural disasters; however, most countries use a different legal construct, such as

252-501: A military junta . Five days following the coup, factory workers around Yangon (a region in Myanmar) held protests against the coup regime. On 14 March, security forces killed upwards of sixty-five protestors in the town of Hlaingtharyar. As a result, the military junta declared martial law over the region of Yangon, including over the majority of industrial zones. As of 22 February 2023, Myanmar's military junta has declared martial law over

336-454: A state of emergency . Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts, and in cases of occupations, where the absence of any other civil government provides for an unstable population. Examples of this form of military rule include post World War II reconstruction in Germany and Japan, the recovery and reconstruction of the former Confederate States of America during Reconstruction Era in

420-596: A State of Martial Law in the Philippines") was signed on 21 September 1972 and came into force on 23 September. The official reason behind the declaration was to suppress increasing civil strife and the threat of a communist takeover , particularly after a series of bombings (including the Plaza Miranda bombing ) and an assassination attempt on Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile in Mandaluyong . The policy of martial law

504-516: A given distance from a person's registered place of residence, and curfew , administrative detentions , and expulsions were common. Although the military administration was officially for geographical areas, and not people, its restrictions were seldom enforced on the Jewish residents of these areas. In the early 1950s, martial law ceased to be in effect for those Arab citizens living in predominantly Jewish cities of Jaffa , Ramla , and Lod , constituting

588-487: A military activity in Aceh , under the order of the president , Indonesian Army Chief imposed martial law for a period of six months to eliminate Acehnese separatists. On 7 September 1978, in response to public demonstrations protesting the perceived government involvement in the death of the son of Ayatollah Khomeini, Mostafa Khomeini , Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi appointed Chief of Army Staff General Gholam Ali Oveisi as

672-420: A period of civil unrest in 1968 as an emergency measure, has never been repealed and is still used by the police force there to this day. The system, which has no apparent foundation in the constitution of Mauritius, enables the police to arrest without having to demonstrate reasonable suspicion that a crime has been carried out but simply on the submission of "provisional information" to the magistrate. The accused

756-419: A specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties may be suspended for as long as martial law continues. Most often, martial law is declared in times of war and/or emergencies such as civil unrest and natural disasters. Alternatively, martial law may be declared in instances of military coup d'états . Despite the fact that it has been declared frequently throughout history, martial law

840-500: A total of 50 townships in the regions of Chin, Kachin, Karen, Karenni, Mon States, Yangon and Mandalay. News reports indicate that since the military coup in February 2021, and the subsequent declaration of martial law in Myanmar regions, military tribunals have sentenced more than 100 people to death. Reports further indicate that a total of three townships in Myanmar's northwest reside under

924-724: A total of approximately 15% of the Arab population of Israel. But military rule remained in place on the remaining Arab population elsewhere within Israel until 1966. This period is remembered for its extreme crackdown on political rights, as well as unaccountable military brutality. Most political and civil organization was prohibited. Flying of Palestinian flag , as well as other expressions of Palestinian patriotism were prohibited. Furthermore, despite theoretical guarantee of full political rights, military government personnel frequently made threats against Arabs citizens if they did not vote in elections for

SECTION 10

#1732858691553

1008-743: Is a law in Finnish legislation, enacted in accordance with the constitutional procedure. The purpose of the Act is to give the authorities sufficient powers in times of war and other exceptional circumstances. During a state of defence (war), there is also the Defence Status Act, the provisions of which override the Preparedness Act. Together, the two laws form the Emergency Preparedness Act. The current Emergency Preparedness Act and its predecessor of

1092-715: Is given through an Enabling Act of the Parliament, it is inherently subject to the above decision. During the British Raj , Martial law was effectively declared in the Defense of India Act, 1915 and the Defense of India Act, 1939 . It was also declared in most of the Punjab during 1919 as a response to tensions caused by the Amritsar Massacre . These tensions were caused due to the controversial Rowlatt Act . On 18 May 2003, during

1176-523: Is restored in Egypt". Before martial law, the Egyptian parliament under the constitution had the civilian power to declare a state of emergency. When in martial law, the military gained all powers of the state, including to dissolve the parliament and suspend the constitution as it did in its fifth announcement. Under martial law, the only legal framework within the Egyptian territory was the numbered announcements from

1260-481: Is still often described as largely elusive as a legal entity. References to martial law date back to 1628 England, when Sir Matthew Hale described martial law as, "no Law, but something indulged rather than allowed as a Law." Despite being centuries old, this quote remains true in many countries around the world today. Most often, the implementation of martial law arises from necessity rather than legal right, and while some countries have provisions explicitly permitting

1344-545: Is then placed on remand or bail and required to report to the police or the court on a regular basis, sometimes every day. There are examples of this system being used to intimidate or coerce individuals in civil litigations. On 1 February 2021, democratically elected members of Myanmar, known as the National League for Democracy , were overthrown by Myanmar's military, called the Tatmadaw . This military placed their power in

1428-593: The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan declared martial law. The Black War was a period of violent conflict between British colonists and Aboriginal Australians in Tasmania from the mid-1820s to 1832. With an escalation of violence in the late 1820s, Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur declared martial law in November 1828—effectively providing legal immunity for killing Aboriginal people. It would remain in force for more than three years,

1512-594: The Palestinian National Authority . Officially, only parts of Area C in the West Bank are under martial law. During the 2006 Lebanon war , martial law was declared by Defense Minister Amir Peretz over the north of the country. The Israel Defense Forces were granted the authority to issue instructions to civilians, and to close down offices, schools, camps and factories in cities considered under threat of attack, as well as to impose curfews on cities in

1596-661: The Philippines (then a client state of Imperial Japan ) under martial law via Proclamation № 29, dated 21 September 1944 and enforced the following day at 09:00 PST . Proclamation № 30 was issued on 23 September, declaring the existence of a state of war between the Philippines and the United States and the United Kingdom , effective 10:00 that day. The country was under martial law again from 1972 to 1981 under President Ferdinand Marcos . Proclamation № 1081 ("Proclaiming

1680-540: The Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 had superseded the power to declare martial law. Any sentences by military tribunals that were not in accordance with that Act were declared void. The current Irish Constitution allows for martial law if the government declares a state of emergency; however capital punishment is prohibited in all circumstances, including a state of emergency. Military administrative government

1764-471: The assassination of jailed oppositionist Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, and widespread fraud in the 1986 snap elections . These eventually led to the 1986 People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos and forced him into exile in Hawaii where he died in 1989; his rival presidential candidate and Aquino's widow, Corazon , was installed as his successor. Zhou Yongjun The Zhou Yongjun incident

SECTION 20

#1732858691553

1848-644: The invasion of Canada by the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War in 1775–1776. It was also applied twice in the Province of Lower Canada during the 1837–1838 insurrections . On December 5, following the events of November 1837, martial law was proclaimed in the district of Montreal by Governor Gosford , without the support of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada . It

1932-552: The "Letter to People of the Entire City," decried "out of control" inflation, criticized corrupt officials, and called on "people from all walks of life to come together to fight for truth and the future of China." The second handbill, "Ten Questions," demanded that top Communist Party leaders reveal how much money Zhao Ziyang spent playing golf , and how much Deng Xiaoping's son's spent gambling on horse racing . The pamphlet also questioned why "prices had risen without respite whilst

2016-737: The "executive and judicial jurisdiction of regional military commander Maj. Gen. Than Htike," who has since been sanctioned by the European Union for alleged human rights violations since Myanmar's declaration of martial law. Martial law was declared in Pakistan on 7 October 1958, by President Iskander Mirza who then appointed General Muhammad Ayub Khan as the Chief Martial Law Administrator and Aziz Ahmad as Secretary General and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. However, three weeks later General Ayub—who had been openly questioning

2100-725: The Army Commander-in-Chief, General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan . On assuming the presidency, General Yahya Khan acceded to popular demands by abolishing the one-unit system in West Pakistan and ordered general elections on the principle of one man one vote. The civilian martial law was imposed by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , the first civilian to hold this post in Pakistan after the Bangladesh Liberation War . On 21 December 1971, Bhutto took this post as well as that of President.It

2184-399: The BWAF an "illegal organization" and arrested its leaders. Economic reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping had improved the living standard of many urban workers, but by 1988, many such workers considered themselves "losers in the decade of economic reform." Corruption and inflation especially angered workers, and some responded with slowdowns and wildcat strikes in 1988 to 1989. In

2268-479: The BWAF by drafting documents and providing legal advice. Students also supplied the Federation with broadcasting equipment and banners. Zhao therefore concludes that the BWAF "was basically only an appendage of the student movement." However, Walder and Gong's interviews with former members portray significant friction between the workers and students, suggesting that the two groups had conflicting goals. Particularly,

2352-409: The BWAF. Rebuffed in its attempts to register the organization with government authorities, the group proclaimed its founding on May 18. A handbill dated May 20 declared that the BWAF as a "transitional organisation that the workers of the capital have spontaneously created during an extraordinary period." Its stated goals included advancement of democracy , opposition to dictatorship , and support of

2436-459: The BWAF. In the week following students' declaration of a hunger strike on May 13, however, the BWAF began operating openly. During this period, Federation members sought assistance from the ACFTU, China's only officially sanctioned labor union. Although the ACFTU had previously encouraged workers to oppose corruption and had donated 100,000 yuan in medical aid for the hunger strikers, they did not help

2520-737: The Chinese authorities. Zhou was on his way to Sichuan to visit his ailing father. Zhou was documented in Sichuan saying he was detained on arrival in Hong Kong and then secretly handed over to Shenzhen authorities two days later. Lawyer Li Jinjin said Zhou was initially held at the No.1 Detention Center in the southern city of Shenzhen, and later transferred to the Shenzhen Yantian Detention Center. In May 2009, seven months after his arrest, Zhou's family

2604-604: The Hong Kong Macau Ferry Terminal, on suspicion of entering Hong Kong using a counterfeited travel document. He had travelled from the United States to Macao, using a Malaysian passport purchased from a travel agent in Los Angeles. The passport was in the name of Wang Xingxiang, a known alias of Zhong Gong leader Zhang Hongbao . He had repeatedly been denied requests for an official permit to return to China by

Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-723: The Republic of China promulgated the Provisional Constitution in March 1911, which authorized the President to declare martial law in times of emergency. The Martial Law Declaration Act were issued by the Nationalist Government later in 1920s and amended in 1940s. Following World War II , the island of Taiwan came back to China 's control given the impending withdrawal of Japanese forces and colonial government . Martial law

2772-680: The United States of America following the American Civil War , and German occupation of northern France between 1871 and 1873 after the Treaty of Frankfurt ended the Franco-Prussian War . Typically, the imposition of martial law accompanies curfews ; the suspension of civil law , civil rights , and habeas corpus ; and the application or extension of military law or military justice to civilians. Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunal ( court-martial ). During

2856-429: The United States, where he was granted resident's status. His first attempt to re-enter China was in 1998, but he was caught and sentenced to three years of administrative detention in a re-education-through-labour camp. After his release, he again left in 2002 for the United States. Zhou made a second attempt to reenter mainland China on 28 September 2008, but he was intercepted by immigration department officials at

2940-481: The account signatory. After Zhou was sentenced, Secretary for Security, Ambrose Lee, rejected accusations the government knowingly turned Zhou over to the mainland authorities. On the other hand, he also denied there had been any serious errors in the Hong Kong Government's handling of the incident. A South China Morning Post article on this goes on to state that "However, a person with direct knowledge of

3024-583: The approval of the Islamic Consultative Assembly . In 1916, during the Easter Rising , Lord Wimborne the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , declared martial law to maintain order in the streets of Dublin . This was later extended both in duration and geographical reach to the whole of the country with the consent of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland government. Much of Ireland

3108-507: The authority of the government before the imposition of martial law—deposed Iskandar Mirza on 27 October 1958 and assumed the presidency that practically formalized the militarization of the political system in Pakistan. Four years later a new document, Constitution of 1962, was adopted. The second martial law was imposed on 25 March 1969 by Yahya Khan, when President Yahya Khan abrogated the Constitution of 1962 and Ayub Khan handed over power to

3192-599: The biggest challenge to the one country, two systems principle laid down in the Basic Law." The Government of Hong Kong refused to comment on individual cases, and the People's Republic of China said Zhou was detained on several charges, including one of financial fraud. Zhou was a student at the China University of Political Science and Law at the time of the student protests and ensuing military crackdown on 4 June 1989 . He

3276-638: The candidates favored by the authorities. Perhaps the most commemorated incidence of military brutality in this time period was the Kafr Qasim massacre in 1956, in which the Israel Border Police killed 48 people (19 men, 6 women and 23 children aged 8–17) as they were returning home from work in the evening. The Israeli army had ordered that all Arab villages in the proximity of the Green Line be placed under curfew. However, this order came into effect before

3360-497: The capital of the counter-revolutionary rebellion." BWAF members were arrested and imprisoned; after Han turned himself in to police, he was imprisoned for 22 months without trial until he contracted tuberculosis and was released in April 1991. Martial law Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers. Martial law can continue for

3444-529: The case said immigration officers did not know Zhou's real identity when they repatriated him and that Zhou did not state that he had residency in another country when officers told him that he would be sent to the mainland." An editorial in the South China Morning Post on 6 February 2010 said the Chinese government action appeared to be extra-territorial . It criticized the Hong Kong government for hiding behind bland statements, and urged it to defend

Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-568: The charges against Zhou are vague, as is common in China’s opaque legal system." Wang Xingxiang, the name in Zhou's bogus passport, was placed on a money laundering watch list following a complaint by the Hang Seng Bank received a suspicious request to transfer HK$ 6 million out of an account registered in that name. The transfer was not completed as the signature on the transfer form did not match that of

3612-566: The country to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces . It meant that the presidential executive powers, the parliamentary legislative powers and the judicial powers all transferred directly to the military system which may delegate powers back and forth to any civilian institution within its territory. The military issued in its third announcement the "end of the State of Emergency as soon as order

3696-510: The country's largest province, Balochistan . Following widespread civil disorder , General Zia overthrew Bhutto and imposed martial law in its totality on 5 July 1977, in a bloodless coup d'état . Unstable areas were brought under control through indirect military action , such as Balochistan under Martial Law Governor, General Rahimuddin Khan . Civilian government resumed in 1988 following General Zia's death in an aircraft crash. On 12 October 1999,

3780-548: The days after Hu Yaobang's death on April 15, 1989, workers and other Beijing residents mourned and discussed politics at the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square . On April 20, after university students staging a sit-in outside Zhongnanhai claimed to have been beaten by military police , a group of workers calling themselves the "Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation" began issuing two handbills . The first,

3864-593: The evening of June 3, a group of young people escorted BWAF leader Han Dongfang away from Tiananmen Square. As the youth tried to persuade him to leave, they compared him to Polish Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa . Han fled on his bicycle to the neighboring Hebei province. On June 8, the Martial Law Command Headquarters issued a public notice declaring the BWAF was an illegal organization and ordering it to disband. The notice said that Federation leaders were among "the main instigators and organizers in

3948-415: The explicit constitutional right to declare martial law, scholars often interpret the law of the United States to allow for the implementation of martial law in times of necessity. Countries such as Pakistan have famously implemented this rationale as well. Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public, as seen in multiple countries listed below. Such incidents may occur after

4032-517: The government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was dissolved, and the Army took control once more. A fourth martial law was imposed. General Pervez Musharraf took the title of Chief Executive until the President of Pakistan Rafiq Tarar resigned and General Musharraf became president. Elections were held in October 2002 and Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali became Prime Minister of Pakistan . Jamali's premiership

4116-496: The group had registered "almost 20,000 members" by June 3. Membership was limited to people who could prove Beijing residency and affiliation with a work unit. Scholars disagree about whether the BWAF cooperated or clashed with student protesters. Sociologist Dingxin Zhao writes that student leaders, including Li Jinjin, a law student at Peking University , and Zhou Yongjun of the China University of Political Science and Law , helped

4200-634: The hands of the courts. The act was invoked three times: During World War I , World War II , and the October Crisis of 1970 . In 1988, the War Measures Act was replaced by the Emergencies Act , which saw its first invocation in February 2022 amidst the Freedom Convoy protests . During the colonial era , martial law was proclaimed and applied in the territory of the Province of Quebec during

4284-450: The hunger striking students. According to sociologists Andrew G. Walder and Gong Xiaoxia, the BWAF wanted to independently represent workers' interests, rather than deal with specific proposals about workplace issues. Membership in the BWAF continued to grow in the early days of June, although estimates of specific numbers vary widely; one scholar writes that the group "claimed three thousand members," while two former BWAF activists said that

SECTION 50

#1732858691553

4368-472: The incident and to press for Zhou's release. The Hong Kong Government, speaking only in general terms, said in an official statement that "a passenger whose travel document does not meet the entry requirements will be repatriated to his or her place of embarkation or origin." Zhou was tried in Shehong, and was sentenced to nine years in jail for a fraud attempted in Hong Kong. The Times remarked that "details of

4452-444: The legislation. During Hosni Mubarak 's presidency, parliament had renewed emergency laws every three years since they were imposed. The legislation was extended in 2003 and were due to expire at the end of May 2006; plans were in place to replace it with new anti-terrorism laws. After the Dahab bombings in April of that year, it was renewed for another two years. In May 2008 there was a further extension to June 2010. In May 2010,

4536-494: The living standards of the people had dropped precipitously," asking top Party leaders disclose their income . These handbills, along with fiery speeches in Tiananmen Square, helped recruit more workers to the Federation. One such recruit was Han Dongfang , a railway worker who would become one of the BWAF's top leaders. In late April and the first half of May, between 70 and 80 activist workers met regularly at Tiananmen Square's western viewing stand but did not openly identify as

4620-402: The longest period of martial law in the history of the British colonies on the Australian continent. As of 2023 , martial law has never been declared since federation in 1901. During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev declared martial law. In 2011, King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa declared martial law during an anti-government uprising , granting authority to

4704-420: The mainland to the Chinese Communist Party and retreated to Taiwan in 1949, the perceived need to suppress Communist activities in Taiwan was utilised as a rationale for not lifting martial law until thirty-eight years later in 1987, just prior to the death of then President Chiang Ching-kuo . Taiwan's period of martial law was one of the longest in modern history, after that of Syria (1967–2011). Martial law

4788-411: The military authority to intervene in national politics to "preserve the constitution and democracy, protect the basic principles of the state and its civil nature, and protect the people's rights and freedoms". The armed forces were separately granted policing responsibilities to arrest civilians and "protect public and vital facilities". The Preparedness Act (SDK 1552/2011, Finnish : valmiuslaki )

4872-444: The military governor of the capital city of Tehran . On 8 September, the government effectively declared martial law on the capital along with several other cities throughout the country, after which further protests erupted that lead to the army opening fire on a group of protesters in Tehran's Jaleh Square on the same day. Estimates on the number of casualties vary; However, according to Iranian human rights activist Emadeddin Baghi ,

4956-424: The military. These announcements could for instance order any civilian laws to come back into force. The military announcements (communiqués) were the de facto only constitution and legal framework for the Egyptian territory. It meant that all affairs of the state were bound by the Geneva Conventions . Under the current president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , a series of constitutional amendments passed in 2019 granted

5040-414: The north. Instructions of the Home Front Command are obligatory under martial law, rather than merely recommended. The order signed by Peretz was in effect for 48 hours and was extended by the Cabinet and the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee over the war's duration. Mauritius is known as being a "Westminster" style of democracy but a peculiar system that was imposed in Mauritius during

5124-401: The number of people killed was 88 of which 64 were gunned down in Jaleh Square. The day is often referred to as Black Friday . Unable to control the unrest, the Shah dissolved the civil government headed by Prime Minister Jafar Sharif-Emami on 6 November and appointed General Gholam Reza Azhari as the prime minister whom ultimately failed in his efforts to restore order to the country. As he

SECTION 60

#1732858691553

5208-466: The police and military to crack down on protesters. It was lifted on 1 June amid a continuing crackdown on the uprising. Brunei has been under martial law since a rebellion occurred on 8 December 1962 and was put down by British troops from Singapore. The Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah , is presently the head of state and also the Minister of Defense and Commander in Chief of Royal Brunei Armed Forces . Bangladesh

5292-468: The residents of these localities, including residents of Kafr Qasim , were notified. Following the 1967 war, in which the Israeli army occupied the West Bank , Gaza Strip , the Golan Heights in Syria, and the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, martial law over the Palestinian population as well as the Jordanian, Syrian, and Egyptian populations in these areas was put in place. In 1993, the Oslo I agreements facilitated limited self-rule for Palestinians under

5376-434: The same name (1080/1991) were designed to replace the emergency provisions previously scattered over several different acts. The Icelandic constitution provides no mechanism for the declaration of war, martial law nor state of emergency. The solo mention of Martial Law in the Indian constitution is in Article 34 which gives Parliament the power to indemnify persons in respect of acts done in territories where martial law

5460-408: The state of emergency in the country which is claimed to be equivalent to the state of martial law as the constitution of Pakistan of 1973 was suspended, and the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court were fired. On 12 November 2007, Musharraf issued some amendments in the Military Act, which gave the armed forces some additional powers. During the Second World War , President José P. Laurel placed

5544-438: The state of emergency was further extended, albeit with a promise from the government to be applied only to 'Terrorism and Drugs' suspects. On 10 February 2011, during the uprising against his rule , Mubarak promised the deletion of the relevant constitutional article regarding the emergency law in an attempt to please the mass number of protesters that demanded him to resign. The following day, he stepped down and handed control of

5628-410: The students' insistence on maintaining the purity of the movement. At least twice in May, students stopped workers from establishing a headquarters in Tiananmen Square. At the end of the month, students finally allowed them to move from the western viewing stand into the square itself. The PLA's armed crackdown against protesters ended the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation's short existence. Late on

5712-429: The use of martial law, many do not. For countries that do not explicitly permit the declaration of martial law, but where martial law has been declared, the legal justification for it is often the common law doctrine of necessity , or some variation of it. One legal theory most frequently associated with martial law is the common law doctrine of necessity. While many countries, the United States for example, do not have

5796-434: The workers were more critical of economic reforms, and the Communist Party leaders associated with them, than the students were. For example, while many students expressed sympathy toward Zhao Ziyang and the reform faction, especially after Zhao's visit to Tiananmen Square on May 19, the BWAF remained "consistently critical of Zhao Ziyang even after his fall from power." In addition, former Federation members felt marginalized by

5880-480: Was a political controversy which involved the rendition of Zhou Yongjun ( 周勇军 ), a former student activist during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre , by the Hong Kong authorities to the People's Republic of China. Zhou attempted to enter Hong Kong from the United States via Macau using a forged Malaysian passport. Zhou's supporters alleged the renditioning to be illegal, and his lawyer, Democratic Party chairman Albert Ho , described Zhou's case as "posing

5964-456: Was among a group of students who were photographed kneeling in front of the Great Hall of the People on 22 April that year to present a list of demands to China's leaders after the death of Hu Yaobang. Zhou was arrested and held for two years in prison for his role in the protests. He subsequently lost his enrolment status as a student as well as his family registration as a Beijing resident. In 1992, Zhou fled to Hong Kong and then travelled to

6048-678: Was declared first in 1947 in Taiwan Province after the February 28 incident , then again in 1949 as the Chinese Civil War was also raging across the country despite the democracy promised in the Constitution of the Republic of China (the central government refused to implement the constitution on Taiwan until after 1949). After the Nationalist -led central government of China lost control of

6132-617: Was declared under martial law by the British authorities during the Irish War of Independence . A large portion of Ireland was also under de facto martial law during the Irish Civil War . In late July 1921 Lord Cave ( House of Lords ) ruled on an appeal that:"...the military court, the validity of whose sentence was called into question, was a body possessing no statutory or common law authority...". The Court of Chancery (Ireland) also ruled that

6216-584: Was followed by Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and Shaukat Aziz . While the government was supposed to be run by an elected prime minister, there was a common understanding that important decisions were made by the President General Musharraf. General Pervez Musharraf pointed out it as an emergency, not Martial Law. The Constitution, Parliament and Provincial Assemblies were suspended and Musharraf issued "Proclamation of Emergency" on 14 October 1999. On 3 November 2007, President General Musharraf declared

6300-577: Was imposed in Beijing in 1989 following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 by the Communist-ruled government on mainland China. In Egypt, states of emergency were in effect almost continuously from 1967 to 2021. A state of emergency gives military courts the power to try civilians and allows the government to detain for renewable 45-day periods and without court orders anyone deemed to be threatening state security. Public demonstrations are banned under

6384-568: Was imposed until April 27, 1838. Martial law was proclaimed a second time on November 4, 1838, this time by acting Governor John Colborne , and was applied in the district of Montreal until August 24, 1839. In China, martial law in the Beiyang government could be dated back to the final year of the Qing dynasty . The outline of a 1908 draft constitution—modeled on Japan 's Meiji Constitution —included provisions for martial law. The Provisional Government of

6468-529: Was in effect from 1949 to 1966 over some geographical areas of Israel having large Arab populations, primarily the Negev , Galilee , and the Triangle . The residents of these areas were subject to martial law. The Israel Defense Forces enforced strict residency rules. Any Arab not registered in a census taken during November 1948 was deported. Permits from the military governor had to be procured to travel more than

6552-529: Was in force and to legitimize such actions. But in the text itself, there is no mention of any grants of power to declare Martial Law. But the Supreme Court of India in Puttaswamy v. Union of India judgement made it clear that certain rights of life and liberty are natural rights , which cannot be curbed by the state while also upholding the inherent right of issuing writs by Courts. As the power of Martial Law

6636-455: Was initially well received, but it eventually proved unpopular as the military's human rights abuses (e.g. use of torture in intelligence gathering, forced disappearances ), along with the decadence and excess of the Marcos family and their allies, had emerged. Coupled with economic downturns, these factors fermented dissent in various sectors (e.g. the urban middle class ) that crystallised with

6720-474: Was notified that he had been detained by Sichuan authorities on fraud charges. The indictment by prosecutors in Shehong county stated Zhou used the alias of Wang Xingxiang, and attempted to transfer money from an account at Hang Seng Bank in Hong Kong to two banks, in the city and in Australia. His lawyer, pan-democrat legislator Albert Ho, held a press conference on 12 October 2009 during which he said his client

6804-522: Was picked up by immigration officers, put into a van and driven across the border to mainland China against his will. Ho said that normal protocol would be to send him back to his place of origin, which in this case would be Macau or the United States. Furthermore, Ho noted that there was no agreement with the mainland on extradition, and demanded that the Hong Kong government explain why Zhou was handed over to Shenzhen authorities; he appealed to Chief Executive Donald Tsang to make available police records of

6888-531: Was preparing to leave the country, the Shah dissolved the military government and appointed Shapour Bakhtiar , a reformist critic of his rule, as the new prime minister on 4 January 1979. Bakhtiar's government fell on 11 February and gave rise to the Islamic Republic and the creation of a new constitution. Article 79 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran forbids the proclamation of martial law without

6972-470: Was the first civilian martial law. The third was imposed by the General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq on 5 July 1977. After several tumultuous years, which witnessed the secession of East Pakistan to form Bangladesh, politician Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over in 1971 as the first civilian martial law administrator in recent history, imposing selective martial law in areas hostile to his rule, such as

7056-476: Was under martial law several times, in the late 70s after Mujib was assassinated , Martial Law was declared temporarily and Hussain Muhammad Ershad declared Martial Law in the early 80s. The War Measures Act was a Parliament of Canada statute that allowed the government to assume sweeping emergency powers, stopping short of martial law, i.e., the military did not administer justice, which remained in

#552447