113-459: The Wapabara , also known as Woppaburra , are an Aboriginal Australian people whose traditional lands are on Greater and South Keppel islands . Though often thought to have spoken the Darumbal language , an early settler of the island, Robert Ross, stated that their language was unintelligible to the mainland Aboriginal people. According to an early sojourner, C. T. Wyndham, the language spoken
226-587: A Holocene hunter-gatherer sample ("Leang Panninge") from South Sulawesi , which shares high amounts of genetic drift with Aboriginal Australians and Papuans. This suggests that a population split from the common ancestor of Aboriginal Australians and Papuans. The sample also shows genetic affinity with East Asians and the Andamanese people of South Asia. The authors note that this hunter-gatherer sample can be modelled with ~50% Papuan-related ancestry and either with ~50% East Asian or Andamanese Onge ancestry, highlighting
339-527: A cinema, court house, public library, shops and many guest houses for visitors. A small pier was opened by Ethel Bruce , wife of the Prime Minister, Stanley Bruce , in 1926 and Bell Park, a shady park on the shores of Fisherman's Beach was established in the 1930s. The town's general store was owned by several families over the years including the Ryan, Mills and Bundesen families. A haberdashery and sweet shop
452-468: A culturally safe environment in which people could "intellectualise" or make sense of their experiences. We means " fire " and refers to both the symbolism of raging anger and its use in cleansing the earth to make way for new spring growth, in turn referring to the sacred responsibilities of taking care of country and also of people. Al-li means "water" and refers to both the symbolism of deep grieving and its essential life-giving and healing properties, in
565-400: A diet of fish and tubers since natural land game, such as kangaroos, opossums and wallabies, was absent from the island. Their numbers, as pastoral lease-holders began to establish a foothold on their territory in the 1860s, were believed to be about 60 people, and W. T. Wyndham reported later that during his own sojourn on the island in 1883–4, he counted 54. Archibald Meston in 1902 estimated
678-593: A gene flow from India to Australia: firstly, signs of South Asian components in Aboriginal Australian genomes, reported on the basis of genome-wide SNP data; and secondly, the existence of a Y chromosome (male) lineage, designated haplogroup C∗, with the most recent common ancestor about 5,000 years ago. The first type of evidence comes from a 2013 study by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology using large-scale genotyping data from
791-735: A new butcher shop was established. The first newsagency opened in a shop beside the Grand Central Hotel in 1938, beside a bakery. In 2011, the town's first supermarket was opened when the Emu Park Village Centre, anchored by a Super IGA -branded supermarket (owned by Drakes Supermarkets ), was opened. The popularity of the new supermarket contributed to the closure of the town's firmly established general store , Charlie's Corner, which ceased trading on 30 November 2012. A compliance issue regarding Sunday trading forced Supa IGA to temporarily cease trading on Sundays in 2014, leaving
904-582: A newsagency, the post office, a chemist, a butcher shop, a petrol station, real estate agencies, a charity shop, a tobacco shop, a discount store, hair and beauty outlets and a community bank. From 1888 to 1964, Emu Park was serviced by the North Rockhampton to Emu Park railway line . A branch to Yeppoon , further to the north was opened in 1910. The railway officially opened on 22 December 1888. The original trains that serviced Emu Park from Rockhampton ran from North Rockhampton railway station prior to
1017-731: A person as Indigenous. (Torres Strait Islanders are ethnically and culturally distinct, despite extensive cultural exchange with some of the Aboriginal groups, and the Torres Strait Islands are mostly part of Queensland but have a separate governmental status .) Some Aboriginal people object to being labelled Indigenous , as an artificial and denialist term, because some non-Aboriginal people have referred to themselves as indigenous because they were born in Australia. Australian Indigenous people have beliefs unique to each mob ( tribe ) and have
1130-461: A plough, they were forced to furrow the soil, and fed tidbits thrown their way by whites. They were chained to a tidal cave if they refused to work. Something akin to frontier warfare , involving not only shootings, poisonings, and being driven into the sea, but also theft of their women by Japanese pearlers , appears to have struck the Woppaburra, according to the tales handed down by descendants of
1243-588: A pool of Aboriginal Australians, New Guineans, island Southeast Asians, and Indians. It found that the New Guinea and Mamanwa (Philippines area) groups diverged from the Aboriginal about 36,000 years ago (there is supporting evidence that these populations are descended from migrants taking an early "southern route" out of Africa, before other groups in the area). Also the Indian and Australian populations mixed long before European contact, with this gene flow occurring during
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#17328524407911356-621: A population of 2,281 people. Home of the famous Singing Ship Monument, the Emu Park land area was explored by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. It overlooks the islands of Keppel Bay , including Great Keppel Island . Emu Park is a popular tourist spot, and has won several tourism awards, and features fishing , surfing , boating , and unspoiled beaches . Emu Park is part of the Capricorn Coast in Central Queensland . Off-shore to
1469-615: A profound spiritual connection. Over the millennia, Aboriginal people developed complex trade networks, inter-cultural relationships, law and religions. Contemporary Aboriginal beliefs are a complex mixture, varying by region and individual across the continent. They are shaped by traditional beliefs, the disruption of colonisation, religions brought to the continent by Europeans, and contemporary issues. Traditional cultural beliefs are passed down and shared through dancing , stories , songlines , and art that collectively weave an ontology of modern daily life and ancient creation known as
1582-483: A single group. Aboriginal identity has changed over time and place, with family lineage, self-identification, and community acceptance all of varying importance. In the 2021 census , Indigenous Australians comprised 3.8% of Australia's population. Most Aboriginal people today speak English and live in cities. Some may use Aboriginal phrases and words in Australian Aboriginal English (which also has
1695-411: A spirit creates the earth then tells the humans to treat the animals and the earth in a way which is respectful to land. In Northern Territory this is commonly said to be a huge snake or snakes that weaved its way through the earth and sky making the mountains and oceans. But in other places the spirits who created the world are known as wandjina rain and water spirits. Major ancestral spirits include
1808-470: A strong connection to the land. Contemporary Indigenous Australian beliefs are a complex mixture, varying by region and individual across the continent. They are shaped by traditional beliefs, the disruption of colonisation, religions brought to the continent by Europeans, and contemporary issues. Traditional cultural beliefs are passed down and shared by dancing , stories , songlines and art —especially Papunya Tula (dot painting)—collectively telling
1921-427: A tangible influence of Aboriginal languages in the phonology and grammatical structure ). Many but not all also speak the various traditional languages of their clans and peoples. Aboriginal people, along with Torres Strait Islander people, have a number of severe health and economic deprivations in comparison with the wider Australian community. DNA studies have confirmed that "Aboriginal Australians are one of
2034-750: Is an increase in allele sharing between the Denisovan and Aboriginal Australian genomes, compared to other Eurasians or Africans. Examining DNA from a finger bone excavated in Siberia , researchers concluded that the Denisovans migrated from Siberia to tropical parts of Asia and that they interbred with modern humans in Southeast Asia 44,000 years BP, before Australia separated from New Guinea approximately 11,700 years BP. They contributed DNA to Aboriginal Australians and to present-day New Guineans and an indigenous tribe in
2147-471: Is based on the Aboriginal peoples' geographical isolation, with little or no interaction with outside cultures before some contact with Makassan fishermen and Dutch explorers up to 500 years ago. The Rasmussen study also found evidence that Aboriginal peoples carry some genes associated with the Denisovans (a species of human related to but distinct from Neanderthals ) of Asia; the study suggests that there
2260-480: Is no evidence for South Asian gene flow to Australia .... Despite Sahul being a single connected landmass until [8,000 years ago], different groups across Australia are nearly equally related to Papuans, and vice versa, and the two appear to have separated genetically already [about 30,000 years ago]." Aboriginal Australians possess inherited abilities to adapt to a wide range of environmental temperatures in various ways. A study in 1958 comparing cold adaptation in
2373-453: Is only in the last two hundred years that they have been defined and started to self-identify as a single group, socio-politically. While some preferred the term Aborigine to Aboriginal in the past, as the latter was seen to have more directly discriminatory legal origins, use of the term Aborigine has declined in recent decades, as many consider the term an offensive and racist hangover from Australia's colonial era. The definition of
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#17328524407912486-497: Is that the desert people are able to have a higher body temperature without accelerating the activity of the whole of the body, which can be especially detrimental in childhood diseases. This helps protect people to survive the side-effects of infection. Aboriginal people have lived for tens of thousands of years on the continent of Australia , through its various changes in landmass. The area within Australia 's borders today includes
2599-580: The Alexandra Railway Bridge across the Fitzroy River being opened in 1899 connecting the line with the stations on the southern side of Rockhampton including Archer Park and the main Stanley Street station . The original railway line was surveyed as a more direct route to Emu Park with the line coming into the town from the western side of Emu Park instead of the more indirect route which
2712-582: The CC BY 4.0 license. Emu Park, Queensland Download coordinates as: Emu Park is a coastal town and locality on the Capricorn Coast located 21 kilometres (13 mi) south of Yeppoon in Queensland , Australia. It is within the local government area of Shire of Livingstone (between 2008 and 2013, it was within the Rockhampton Region ). In the 2021 census , the locality of Emu Park had
2825-486: The CSIRO stressed the importance of taking a demand-driven approach to services in desert settlements, and concluded that "if top-down solutions continue to be imposed without appreciating the fundamental drivers of settlement in desert regions, then those solutions will continue to be partial, and ineffective in the long term." [REDACTED] This article incorporates text by Anders Bergström et al. available under
2938-573: The Initial Upper Paleolithic . They are most closely related to other Oceanians , such as Melanesians . The Aboriginal Australians also show affinity to other Australasian populations, such as Negritos , as well as to East Asian peoples . Phylogenetic data suggests that an early initial eastern lineage (ENA) trifurcated somewhere in South Asia , and gave rise to Australasians (Oceanians), Ancient Ancestral South Indian (AASI), Andamanese and
3051-688: The Kimberley region in what is now Western Australia about 60,000 years ago. They migrated across the continent within 6,000 years. A 2018 study using archaeobotany dated evidence of continuous human habitation at Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen) in the Carnarvon Range in the Little Sandy Desert in WA from around 50,000 years ago. Genetic studies have revealed that Aboriginal Australians largely descended from an Eastern Eurasian population wave during
3164-632: The Makassar people of modern-day Indonesia. Aboriginal Australians have a wide variety of cultural practices and beliefs that some scientists believe make up the oldest continuous cultures in the world, although this is disputed. At the time of European colonisation of Australia, the Aboriginal people consisted of complex cultural societies with more than 250 languages and varying degrees of technology and settlements. Languages (or dialects) and language-associated groups of people are connected with stretches of territory known as "Country", with which they have
3277-657: The Northern Territory to study their genetic makeup (which is not representative of all Aboriginal peoples in Australia). The study concluded that the Warlpiri are descended from ancient Asians whose DNA is still somewhat present in Southeastern Asian groups, although greatly diminished. The Warlpiri DNA lacks certain information found in modern Asian genomes, and carries information not found in other genomes. This reinforces
3390-505: The Pleistocene epoch and lived over large sections of the Australian continental shelf when the sea levels were lower. At that time, Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea were part of the same landmass, known as Sahul . As sea levels rose, the people on the Australian mainland and nearby islands became increasingly isolated, some on Tasmania and some of the smaller offshore islands when
3503-611: The Rainbow Serpent , Baiame , Dirawong and Bunjil . Similarly, the Arrernte people of central Australia believed that humanity originated from great superhuman ancestors who brought the sun, wind and rain as a result of breaking through the surface of the Earth when waking from their slumber. Taken as a whole, Aboriginal Australians, along with Torres Strait Islander people, have a number of health and economic deprivations in comparison with
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3616-471: The "most striking instance we have seen of micro-evolution" within the Australian Aboriginal people. According to Michael Rowland, an authority on the Woppaburra writing in part to reply to the skepticism about reports of genocide advanced by Keith Windschuttle , the first visit of whites to the island, in 1865, occasioned a massacre of seven/eight members of the tribe: not mentioned in the report of
3729-774: The 1970s and 1980s, when Aboriginal people moved to tiny remote settlements on traditional land, brought health benefits, but funding them proved expensive, training and employment opportunities were not provided in many cases, and support from governments dwindled in the 2000s, particularly in the era of the Howard government . Indigenous communities in remote Australia are often small, isolated towns with basic facilities, on traditionally owned land . These communities have between 20 and 300 inhabitants and are often closed to outsiders for cultural reasons. The long-term viability and resilience of Aboriginal communities in desert areas has been discussed by scholars and policy-makers. A 2007 report by
3842-655: The 19th century. Scholars believe that most Aboriginal Australians originated from Southeast Asia. If this is the case, Aboriginal Australians were among the first in the world to have completed sea voyages. A 2017 paper in Nature evaluated artefacts in Kakadu . Its authors concluded "Human occupation began around 65,000 years ago." A 2021 study by researchers at the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage has mapped
3955-587: The Britanic Cafe selling meals while also offering a range of groceries. The shop remained in the family until 1982. It was later bought by the Charlesworth family who ran it as a local grocery store "Charlie's Corner" until 2012 when it closed after the opening of the town's first supermarket the previous year. In 2018, the Emu Park Post Office was relocated to the building. A general merchant's shop
4068-491: The Dreaming . Studies of Aboriginal groups' genetic makeup are ongoing, but evidence suggests that they have genetic inheritance from ancient Asian but not more modern peoples. They share some similarities with Papuans , but have been isolated from Southeast Asia for a very long time. They have a broadly shared, complex genetic history, but only in the last 200 years were they defined by others as, and started to self-identify as,
4181-599: The East/Southeast Asian lineage, including ancestors of the Native Americans . Papuans may have received approximately 2% of their geneflow from an earlier group (xOOA) as well, next to additional archaic admixture in the Sahul region. Aboriginal people are genetically most similar to the indigenous populations of Papua New Guinea , and more distantly related to groups from East Indonesia. They are more distinct from
4294-599: The Emu Park Lions Club successfully applied to have the building relocated with the intention for it to be used as a youth clubhouse. "The Shack" opened in 1994. It was extended in 2016 and continues to be used by the Lions Club as their clubhouse and for organised youth activities. The former railway precinct is now the site of the Emu Park bus interchange and the Emu Park Community Arts Centre which
4407-419: The Grand Central Hotel which opened on 22 March 1913. The Begg family remained as licensees until 1926 when they leased it out before returning in 1945. There was a series of ownership changes before the licensing commission cancelled the hotel's license, after which it became a boarding house known as The Beachcomber. After the closure of the railway, The Beachcomber was sold but then remained vacant until it
4520-864: The Holocene ( c. 4,200 years ago). The researchers had two theories for this: either some Indians had contact with people in Indonesia who eventually transferred those Indian genes to Aboriginal Australians, or a group of Indians migrated from India to Australia and intermingled with the locals directly. However, a 2016 study in Current Biology by Anders Bergström et al. excluded the Y chromosome as providing evidence for recent gene flow from India into Australia. The study authors sequenced 13 Aboriginal Australian Y chromosomes using recent advances in gene sequencing technology. They investigated their divergence times from Y chromosomes in other continents, including comparing
4633-568: The Keppel Islands, he met Aunty Ethel Richards, Aunty Glenice Croft, Aunty Linette Van Issum and others. This led to the first Woppaburra reunion return in 1984 when 40 descendants met up on Great Keppel island. On 3 December 2021 the Woppaburra people were formally recognised as native title holders. Their native title determination area covers 567 square kilometres (219 sq mi) and includes Woppa (Great Keppel formerly known as South Keppel) and Konomie (North Keppel). Almost 120 years ago,
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4746-849: The Northern, Southern and Central cultural areas. The Northern and Southern areas, having richer natural marine and woodland resources, were more densely populated than the Central area. There are various other names from Australian Aboriginal languages commonly used to identify groups based on geography , known as demonyms , including: Other group names are based on the language group or specific dialect spoken . These also coincide with geographical regions of varying sizes. A few examples are: However, these lists are neither exhaustive nor definitive, and there are overlaps. Different approaches have been taken by non-Aboriginal scholars in trying to understand and define Aboriginal culture and societies, some focusing on
4859-759: The Philippines known as Mamanwa . This study confirms Aboriginal Australians as one of the oldest living populations in the world. They are possibly the oldest outside Africa, and they may have the oldest continuous culture on the planet. A 2016 study at the University of Cambridge suggests that it was about 50,000 years ago that these peoples reached Sahul (the supercontinent consisting of present-day Australia and its islands and New Guinea ). The sea levels rose and isolated Australia about 10,000 years ago, but Aboriginal Australians and Papuans diverged from each other genetically earlier, about 37,000 years BP, possibly because
4972-719: The School of Arts became a medical centre in 1983, before eventually being donated to the Emu Park Museum in 2007. The Emu Park Post Office was eventually relocated from the railway station to Pattison Street where the Edmistone family ran it for 65 years. It was eventually relocated again to the Emu Park Arcade in Granville Street and taken over by Kerry Kay in 1997 who ran it until his retirement in 2021. The Emu Park Post Office
5085-490: The Woppaburra of the Keppel Islands. Elders Notable Descendants Aboriginal Australians Aboriginal Australians are the various Indigenous peoples of the Australian mainland and many of its islands, excluding the ethnically distinct people of the Torres Strait Islands . Humans first migrated to Australia at least 65,000 years ago, and over time formed as many as 500 language-based groups . In
5198-642: The Woppaburra people were forcibly removed from their islands in central Queensland, enduring deep suffering, but in a historic ruling on 3 December 2021 the Woppaburra Peoples were recognised as native title holders, proving their unwavering connection to the Keppel Islands and waters of the Great Barrier Reef – Queensland, Australia. "Woppaburra People are the only native title group to be removed from country for over 80 years and to achieve exclusive native titles rights over our country." On 7 March 2014,
5311-519: The Woppaburra were forcibly removed from the island in 1902, though one descendant claims his family was removed 8 years later, in 1910. The skeletal remains of 2 Woppaburra people were removed to museum holdings in London, in the 1920s, and were conserved at the Royal College of Surgeons and London's Natural History Museum . In the early 1980s The Keppel Islands Lifestyle Aborigninal Corporation (K.I.L.A.C)
5424-444: The ancient people expanded and differentiated into distinct groups, each with its own language and culture. More than 400 distinct Australian Aboriginal peoples have been identified, distinguished by names designating their ancestral languages, dialects, or distinctive speech patterns. According to noted anthropologist , archaeologist and sociologist Harry Lourandos , historically, these groups lived in three main cultural areas,
5537-566: The building into a hardware store. The building was demolished in 1992 to make way for a row of new retail outlets. The Railway Hotel was opened by the Evans family in 1890. It was destroyed by fire on 19 June 1904. A boarding house was then built on the site which was purchased by the Begg family in 1912. The Begg's relocated the Mount Usher Hotel from near Mount Morgan to Emu Park and rebuilt it as
5650-562: The building. The first hotel to be opened in Emu Park was The Brighton. It was built in 1871 and run by Eliza Pearson who was granted the license on 12 December 1871. After being refurbished, it was re-opened by Ferguson McHarg as the Blue Bell Hotel in November 1879. It was demolished and rebuilt in 1888 when it was re-opened by George Birch as the Grand Hotel in 1888. The Grand Hotel
5763-400: The coast. "Human lives were sacrificed for sheep," was his conclusion. Ross may have shifted them to the mainland to supply cheap labour for the property at Taranganba . Deracinated on the mainland, and unable to adapt to Yeppoon conditions, where they eventually were said to have retired to, reports quickly noted that the transported group was rapidly dying off -though one man, Yoolowa/Lowoo,
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#17328524407915876-511: The deep split between Leang Panninge and Aboriginal/Papuans. Mallick et al. 2016 and Mark Lipson et al. 2017 study found the bifurcation of Eastern Eurasians and Western Eurasians dates to least 45,000 years ago, with indigenous Australians nested inside the Eastern Eurasian clade. Two genetic studies by Larena et al. 2021 found that Philippines Negrito people split from the common ancestor of Aboriginal Australians and Papuans before
5989-497: The desert-dwelling Pitjantjatjara people compared with a group of European people showed that the cooling adaptation of the Aboriginal group differed from that of the white people, and that they were able to sleep more soundly through a cold desert night. A 2014 Cambridge University study found that a beneficial mutation in two genes which regulate thyroxine , a hormone involved in regulating body metabolism , helps to regulate body temperature in response to fever. The effect of this
6102-411: The expedition, which spoke of an incident in which the group had saved a fleeing Aboriginal woman after she fell into the sea and injured herself, this or perhaps an earlier occasion of slaughter, was pointed out by tribal people later, who showed a hundred-yard line pitted with the skeletal remains of the Woppaburra who had been killed, and several males, accused of killing some sheep, were transported off
6215-512: The facility. The new arts centre was built where the railway station once stood, after the former art gallery was closed in 2019 when the building it had been situated in for 15 years was sold. Some of the descendants of the Woppaburra people evicted from their homeland in the Greater and South Keppel islands live in both Emu Park and Yeppoon. In the 2011 census , the locality of Emu Park had
6328-413: The form of rain and the ways it moves through the landscape, following the tracks of Moonda Nghadda . Taken together, we al-li describes the great anger and pain felt in the self and for others, the cleansing process crucial to recovery and regeneration, the grieving process necessary to restore the health of the community, and the healing process that results. Some 300 Australians trace their origins to
6441-694: The haplogroup C chromosomes. They found a divergence time of about 54,100 years between the Sahul C chromosome and its closest relative C5, as well as about 54,300 years between haplogroups K*/M and their closest haplogroups R and Q. The deep divergence time of 50,000-plus years with the South Asian chromosome and "the fact that the Aboriginal Australian Cs share a more recent common ancestor with Papuan Cs" excludes any recent genetic contact. The 2016 study's authors concluded that, although this does not disprove
6554-406: The hills overlooking the two beaches that are a feature of the town – Fisherman's Beach and Pine Beach. Hewittville Post Office opened on 12 November 1883 (a receiving office had been open from 1876) and was renamed Emu Park in 1890. Emu Park State School opened on 3 February 1890. The school was burned down on 26 July 1946 and all early records of the school were lost in the blaze. The hall
6667-506: The hotel license but was refused. Several months later, William Toon managed to successfully apply for the license to run the Imperial Hotel and the business was opened soon after. The hotel was bought by the Begg family in 1911. The Imperial Hotel was destroyed by fire on 7 April 1925. A movie theatre was built on the site in 1950 which was bought by the Green family in 1969 who transformed
6780-401: The idea of ancient Aboriginal isolation. Genetic data extracted in 2011 by Morten Rasmussen et al., who took a DNA sample from an early-20th-century lock of an Aboriginal person's hair, found that the Aboriginal ancestors probably migrated through South Asia and Maritime Southeast Asia , into Australia, where they stayed. As a result, outside of Africa, the Aboriginal peoples have occupied
6893-653: The increased suicide rate, many researchers have suggested that the inclusion of more cultural aspects into suicide prevention programs would help to combat mental health issues within the community. Past studies have found that many indigenous leaders and community members, do in fact, want more culturally-aware health care programs. Similarly, culturally-relative programs targeting indigenous youth have actively challenged suicide ideation among younger indigenous populations, with many social and emotional wellbeing programs using cultural information to provide coping mechanisms and improving mental health. The outstation movement of
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#17328524407917006-506: The indigenous populations of Borneo and Malaysia , sharing drift with them than compared to the groups from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. This indicates that populations in Australia were isolated for a long time from the rest of Southeast Asia. They remained untouched by migrations and population expansions into that area, which can be explained by the Wallace line . In a 2001 study, blood samples were collected from some Warlpiri people in
7119-566: The islands of Tasmania , K'gari (previously Fraser Island) , Hinchinbrook Island , the Tiwi Islands , Kangaroo Island and Groote Eylandt . Indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, however, are not Aboriginal. In the 2021 census , people who self-identified on the census form as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin totalled 812,728 out of a total of 25,422,788 Australians, equating to 3.2% of Australia's population and an increase of 163,557 people, or 25.2%, since
7232-557: The islands, and was thought to favour the lessee's interests, while Meston was shocked by the degraded conditions to which the Woppaburra had been reduced in the introduced pastoralist environment. Roth reported 19 Woppaburra people on the island in 1898, 3 of them male, and 16 female, a disparity he attributed to the character of the Europeans who frequented the isle. Meston wanted them shifted to Fraser Island to isolate them from sexually predatory whites and fishermen. The remaining members of
7345-450: The land was inundated at the start of the Holocene , the inter-glacial period that started about 11,700 years ago. Scholars of this ancient history believe that it would have been difficult for Aboriginal people to have originated purely from mainland Asia. Not enough people would have migrated to Australia and surrounding islands to fulfill the beginning of the size of the population seen in
7458-570: The large congregation and funds were raised to build a brand new church building which was opened on 8 December 1984, close to where the original 1904 building once stood. The Mary Immaculate Catholic continues to hold services. The church's centenary was celebrated on 25 November 2004. The existing Uniting Church building in Archer Street was originally built as a billiard saloon which was opened in December 1916 by Thomas Charles Lachlan. The saloon
7571-406: The last 10,000 years it may have occurred—newer analytical techniques have the potential to address such questions. Bergstrom's 2018 doctoral thesis looking at the population of Sahul suggests that other than relatively recent admixture, the populations of the region appear to have been genetically independent from the rest of the world since their divergence about 50,000 years ago. He writes "There
7684-464: The latter two diverged from each other, but after their common ancestor diverged from the ancestor of East Asian peoples . The dingo reached Australia about 4,000 years ago. Near that time, there were changes in language (with the Pama-Nyungan language family spreading over most of the mainland), and in stone tool technology. Smaller tools were used. Human contact has thus been inferred, and genetic data of two kinds have been proposed to support
7797-496: The likely migration routes of the peoples as they moved across the Australian continent to its southern reaches and what is now Tasmania , then part of the mainland. The modelling is based on data from archaeologists , anthropologists , ecologists , geneticists , climatologists , geomorphologists , and hydrologists . It is intended to compare this data with the oral histories of Aboriginal peoples, including Dreaming stories, Australian rock art , and linguistic features of
7910-423: The many Aboriginal languages which reveal how the peoples developed separately. The routes, dubbed "superhighways" by the authors, are similar to current highways and stock routes in Australia. Lynette Russell of Monash University believes that the new model is a starting point for collaboration with Aboriginal people to help reveal their history. The new models suggest that the first people may have landed in
8023-403: The micro-level (tribe, clan, etc.), and others on shared languages and cultural practices spread over large regions defined by ecological factors. Anthropologists have encountered many difficulties in trying to define what constitutes an Aboriginal people/community/group/tribe, let alone naming them. Knowledge of pre-colonial Aboriginal cultures and societal groupings is still largely dependent on
8136-506: The north is Shoal Bay ( 23°13′07″S 150°48′40″E / 23.2185°S 150.8110°E / -23.2185; 150.8110 ( Shoal Bay ) ). Emu Park has the following coast features (from north to south): The northern part of the locality is mostly undeveloped wetlands around Shoal Water Creek ( 23°14′09″S 150°47′52″E / 23.2358°S 150.7977°E / -23.2358; 150.7977 ( Shoalwater Creek ) ) which flows into Shoal Bay, while
8249-411: The observers' interpretations, which were filtered through colonial ways of viewing societies. Some Aboriginal peoples identify as one of several saltwater, freshwater, rainforest or desert peoples . The term Aboriginal Australians includes many distinct peoples who have developed across Australia for over 50,000 years. These peoples have a broadly shared, though complex, genetic history, but it
8362-633: The oldest living populations in the world, certainly the oldest outside of Africa." Their ancestors left the African continent 75,000 years ago. They may have the oldest continuous culture on earth. In Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory , oral histories comprising complex narratives have been passed down by Yolngu people through hundreds of generations. The Aboriginal rock art , dated by modern techniques, shows that their culture has continued from ancient times. The ancestors of present-day Aboriginal Australian people migrated from Southeast Asia by sea during
8475-474: The original 250–400 Aboriginal languages (more than 250 languages and about 800 dialectal varieties on the continent) are endangered or extinct, although some efforts are being made at language revival for some. As of 2016, only 13 traditional Indigenous languages were still being acquired by children, and about another 100 spoken by older generations only. Dispersing across the Australian continent over time,
8588-440: The original population before contact to be around 200. Disparities overall numbers may reflect headcounts for the separate islands, and Rowland makes an estimate of the total Woppaburra before contact to be around 60 on South Keppel and a further 25 on the northern island. Anthropometric studies have suggested the Woppaburra are quite distinct from the mainland peoples, one 1976 study concluding that, their bone remains constitute
8701-420: The other studies had utilised complete Y chromosome sequencing, which has the highest precision. For example, use of a ten Y STRs method has been shown to massively underestimate divergence times. Gene flow across the island-dotted 150-kilometre-wide (93 mi) Torres Strait, is both geographically plausible and demonstrated by the data, although at this point it could not be determined from this study when within
8814-424: The past, Aboriginal people lived over large sections of the continental shelf . They were isolated on many of the smaller offshore islands and Tasmania when the land was inundated at the start of the Holocene inter-glacial period , about 11,700 years ago. Despite this, Aboriginal people maintained extensive networks within the continent and certain groups maintained relationships with Torres Strait Islanders and
8927-524: The post office was relocated to the Emu Park Railway Station and the building became the School of Arts. Emu Park's first library was opened in the School of Arts in 1902 with Rose McLelland becoming the town's first librarian. Another librarian, Mary Morris, was credited with having a dance hall built on land beside the School of Arts in 1921 but it was destroyed in a fire on 27 December 1945. The current Emu Park Library opened in 1984 after
9040-440: The presence of any Holocene gene flow or non-genetic influences from South Asia at that time, and the appearance of the dingo does provide strong evidence for external contacts, the evidence overall is consistent with a complete lack of gene flow, and points to indigenous origins for the technological and linguistic changes. They attributed the disparity between their results and previous findings to improvements in technology; none of
9153-414: The previous census in 2016. Reasons for the increase were broadly as follows: Most Aboriginal people speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English (which also has a tangible influence of Aboriginal languages in the phonology and grammatical structure ). Some Aboriginal people, especially those living in remote areas, are multi-lingual. Many of
9266-490: The registration of a claim to native title made in November 2013 in the name of descendants of the Woppaburra was accepted by the National Native Title Tribunal . The term we al-li was adopted from the Woppaburra language to describe a therapy program devised for indigenous peoples affected by the historic traumas of dispossession , informed by the work of Alice Miller as well as by the need to provide
9379-487: The remaining land bridge was impassable. This isolation makes the Aboriginal people the world's oldest culture. The study also found evidence of an unknown hominin group, distantly related to Denisovans, with whom the Aboriginal and Papuan ancestors must have interbred, leaving a trace of about 4% in most Aboriginal Australians' genome. There is, however, increased genetic diversity among Aboriginal Australians based on geographical distribution. Carlhoff et al. 2021 analysed
9492-406: The same territory continuously longer than any other human populations. These findings suggest that modern Aboriginal Australians are the direct descendants of the eastern wave, who left Africa up to 75,000 years ago. This finding is compatible with earlier archaeological finds of human remains near Lake Mungo that date to approximately 40,000 years ago. The idea of the "oldest continuous culture"
9605-486: The side of the hotel, which also sustained considerable damage. Later that same year, the hotel was destroyed in a fire on 27 September 1949. In the late 1880s, the Imperial Hotel was built in Hill Street. The proposal for a third hotel in Emu Park was met with opposition from the existing licensees as they believed the community was not yet big enough to sustain three hotels. In July 1888, George Wickham applied for
9718-460: The site on the corner of Pattison Street and Granville Street. The Emu Park Hotel became the town's second hotel in 1874 when Philip Downer was granted the license on 11 December 1874. After Fred Comley purchased the hotel in 1885, a hall was constructed next to the hotel which was opened on 8 March 1889. Prior to the school building being finished in Fountain Street, Emu Park State School
9831-544: The southern part of the locality is undeveloped wetlands around an unnamed creek. The eastern strip of the locality near the coast is urban in character with housing and services. The centre and west of the locality is mostly used for grazing on native vegetation with some areas of rural residential housing. Emu Park Airstrip is at the northern end of Henry Street ( 23°15′18″S 150°48′52″E / 23.2550°S 150.8144°E / -23.2550; 150.8144 ( Emu Park Airstrip ) ). The Keppel Bay area
9944-572: The story of creation known as The Dreamtime . Additionally, traditional healers were also custodians of important Dreaming stories as well as their medical roles (for example the Ngangkari in the Western desert ). Some core structures and themes are shared across the continent with details and additional elements varying between language and cultural groups. For example, in The Dreamtime of most regions,
10057-409: The term Aboriginal has changed over time and place, with the importance of family lineage, self-identification and community acceptance all being of varying importance. The term Indigenous Australians refers to Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and the term is conventionally only used when both groups are included in the topic being addressed, or by self-identification by
10170-474: The terrain, to Yeppoon , where the local tribes viewed them with hostility. The then lessee however stated that a full 30 had been removed, at their request, to the mainland, and relocated, after landing at a place 10 miles south of Cape Manifold , at the Water Park Native Reserve , while leaving only two women behind. Robert Ross's pastoral lease ran 3–4,000 sheep on island. Another white version at
10283-432: The time (1883) claimed that the Woppaburra were not native to the island but had managed, being part of a mainland tribe, to get over to the island and kill a 100 sheep, and that this accounted for their removal. According to testimony given to Walter Roth , however, some whites and mainland blacks had descended on the island, and hunted up all the Woppaburra women and children they could find, and had them transported back to
10396-622: The town without a grocery store for one day of the week which caused much angst and frustration in the community. The issue was resolved soon after. In line with the other 21 Drakes-owned stores in Queensland, the Supa IGA branding was completely dropped and the Emu Park supermarket was solely rebranded as a Drakes Supermarkets store in 2017. As of 2022, a large variety of small businesses continue to trade in town's central business district, including two bakeries, several cafes and takeaway outlets,
10509-430: The tribe in both Yeppoon and Emu Park . Ross's Keppel interests were taken over by his foreman, James Lucas, in 1897 and he moved the Woppaburra to South Keppel island near his homestead. At the same time, in the late 1890s, a dispute over territorial competence arose between the northern protector of Queensland's aboriginal peoples , and his southern colleague Archibald Meston . Roth insisted they not be dislocated from
10622-517: The wider Australian community. Due to the aforementioned disadvantage, Aboriginal Australian communities experience a higher rate of suicide, as compared to non-indigenous communities. These issues stem from a variety of different causes unique to indigenous communities, such as historical trauma, socioeconomic disadvantage, and decreased access to education and health care. Also, this problem largely affects indigenous youth, as many indigenous youth may feel disconnected from their culture. To combat
10735-481: Was built on the site. There was a turntable for locomotives to be turned around installed in 1905, remnants of which are still visible outside the Don Ireland Swimming Complex. Before the line closed, an overhead bridge was built across the railway line near Albermarle Street. The railway closed on 30 June 1964. The railway goods shed built in 1888 remained in the railway precinct until 1992 when
10848-538: Was completely destroyed while the other shed was demolished. The railway station was repaired. Until a high school was built in Yeppoon, local secondary students used the train to travel to Rockhampton, departing at 6:55am each morning. The Emu Park station master lived in a residence with a detached kitchen in Hill Street. After the line was closed, the house was demolished and the Emu Park Cultural Centre
10961-417: Was demolished in 1977. In May 1987, the site was bought at auction and construction of a new building began on 7 September 1987. The Endeavour Inn was opened on the site by Denis Hinton on 26 February 1988 which continues to operate from the site. The building now known as the School of Arts was the town's first post and telegraph office which was built and opened in November 1883. Shortly after opening,
11074-459: Was destroyed in a fire on 20 November 1908 which killed district schools inspector Thomas Russell Brown. Rockhampton mayor Harry Medcraf who was also staying at the hotel managed to escape the fire. A palatial house was then built on the site and purchased by the Begg family who converted it into the Pine Beach Hotel which opened on 13 March 1926. The Pine Beach Hotel continues to trade from
11187-454: Was divided into two distinct dialects, northern and southern. This was disputed by another white informant who said that mainland Aboriginal people in that area could understand the Woppaburra language . White settlers described the Woppaburas small in stature, the hair of a reddish-brown tint, and their bodies covered in downy hair and living predominantly in natural caverns, and subsisting on
11300-404: Was enlarged with two wings and a sacristy added to the building. The renovated church opened on 23 December 1923. The school was renovated in 1959 and remained in use until 1965. The original church was demolished in 1974 when it became unsafe. The vacant school building was transformed into a church and opened on 26 May 1974. By 1984, the former school building was struggling to accommodate
11413-428: Was eventually chosen through Tanby and into the town from the north which increased the length of the line to 29 miles from the original 20 mile line originally surveyed. The commuter trains were established in 1914, which took workers and school students to Rockhampton each morning. The Emu Park railway station and engine sheds received considerable damage from the 1949 Central Queensland cyclone. The carriage shed
11526-627: Was explored by Lieutenant James Cook on the HM Bark Endeavour in May 1770. He named the bay after Admiral Augustus Keppel of the Royal Navy . British settlement began in the 1860s when John Jardine established a cattle grazing property south of the current town, at Zilzie , an anagram of Lizzie, the eldest of John Jardine's daughters. Emu Park township was established in the 1870s when several Rockhampton families built seaside holiday houses on
11639-652: Was forced to close when most of the young men who used the venue enlisted in the armed services during World War I. The Methodist Church purchased the building in November 1919. Following the amalgamation of the Methodist Church into the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977, it became the Emu Park Uniting Church. Although the building needed repairs after sustaining damage during Tropical Cyclone Marcia in 2015, weekly church services continue to be held from
11752-514: Was formed by the initiative of Woppaburra descendants Elders Aunty Ethel Richards, Aunty Linette Van Issum, Aunty Glenice Croft, Aunty Bessy Cately, Uncle Robbie Barney and their children Michelle Croft and Angela Van Issum. In 1983, Elder Aunty Ethel Richards and Angela Van Issum returned to Great Keppel Island marking the return of a child from those taken in 1902. When the K.I.L.A.C media person Aunty Glenice Croft contacted Michael Rowland after media coverage about Mr Rowland's archaeological survey on
11865-476: Was located in Archer Street next to the Catholic Church from the 1890s until its closure in 1940. Known as "The Village Store" when it was run by the Ryan family, it sold a large variety of grocery items including local produce traded with South Sea Islanders. The building was demolished in the 1980s. The original butcher shop was built on the corner of Hill and Archer Street in 1912 and closed in 1996 before
11978-585: Was opened in 2020. The railway line from North Rockhampton was officially opened on Saturday 22 December 1888 by Archibald Archer , the local Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Rockhampton . Emu Park railway station was on the northern corner of Hill Street and Pattison Street ( 23°15′24″S 150°49′34″E / 23.2567°S 150.8262°E / -23.2567; 150.8262 ( Emu Park railway station (former) ) ). In November 1893, Emu Park's first church
12091-621: Was originally opened in the hall on 3 February 1890 with Benjamin Long becoming the school's first head teacher. When the school was destroyed in a fire on 26 July 1946, school students once again returned to Comley's Hall until the new school buildings were opened in 1948. After being renovated, the Emu Park Hotel was renamed Hotel Riviera in October 1927. The hall was destroyed in the Central Queensland cyclone on 2 March 1949 when it collapsed against
12204-557: Was owned by well known community stalwart Henny Power. A grocery shop was owned by several families before being bought by the Notaras family who converted the shop into Seagulls Cafe. It was then bought by the Stouraitis family who ran a fish and chip shop from the building before it was destroyed in a fire in 1961. The Large family leased the Central Cafe in 1934 where they established
12317-471: Was relocated again to its existing location in the former general store on the corner of Hill Street and Pattison Street in April 2018. The Emu Park Community Arts Centre was officially opened on 9 December 2021, with the first exhibition in the venue being held on 11 December 2021. Livingstone Shire Council obtained $ 1.1 million from the state government for the project with the council also allocating $ 200,000 to
12430-406: Was restored in 1984 and continues to hold services. The second church to be built in Emu Park was the original Mary Immaculate Catholic Church which was opened in Archer Street on 25 September 1904. A school room was opened under the presbytery at the back of the building in 1917. The school was moved into a neighbouring property in 1920 and became known as St Agnes' Convent School. The church
12543-446: Was said to have swum back to Keppel island and others were eaten by sharks in attempts to get back to their homeland- as a result of "coast fever" and an inability to live off the different diet. Corpses of Woppaburra were found here and there in scrubland and along the beaches. Reports from the mid-1880s indicate that some Woppaburra remained on the island, used as cheap labour on the sheep-runs, men and women whipped along as, harnassed to
12656-565: Was the Christ Church (a Church of England church), a timber building constructed on the corner of Fountain Street and Hill Street opposite Emu Park State School. After access to the site proved difficult during wet weather, the church was relocated to its existing location on the corner of Archer Street and Hunter Street. The church was extended in 1919 to provide more comfort for the vicars who would travel down by buggy from Rockhampton. The church
12769-414: Was used as a temporary school. The new school building was designed with 2 classrooms for a total 60 students at a cost of £2315. Soon after the town was settled, a commercial area was established in and around Hill Street. Some of the early stores included a general store, a grocery store, butcher shop, bakery, and a combined sweet and haberdashery store. By the 1920s the town had two large hotels,
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