Misplaced Pages

#107892

141-630: In 2012 the Santiago Calatrava designed Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge was opened, extending Woodall Rodgers west of Interstate 35E across the Trinity River , into West Dallas . The Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge is first of three planned bridges of the Trinity River Project . Klyde Warren Park , completed in 2012, spans the freeway from Saint Paul Street to Pearl Street, connecting the downtown Arts District with Uptown. The freeway travels in

282-468: A pogrom . Genoese traders promoted the expansion of the cultivation of white mulberry in the area by the late 14th century, and later introduced innovative silk manufacturing techniques. The city became a centre of mulberry production and was, at least for a time, a major silk-making centre. The Genoese community in Valencia—merchants, artisans and workers—became, along with Seville's, one of

423-523: A semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSh ) with mild winters and hot, dry summers. According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Valencia has a subtropical climate. The average annual temperature of Valencia is 18.6 °C (65.5 °F); 23 °C (73 °F) during the day and 14.2 °C (57.6 °F) at night. In the coldest month, January, the maximum daily temperature typically ranges from 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F),

564-512: A "monumental sculpture", which gives the impression of being continually in motion. The Liège-Guillemins railway station for high-speed trains in Liège , Belgium is covered with a lace-like roof of glass and steel 160 metres (520 ft) long and 32 metres (105 ft) high, covering the nine tracks and five platforms. The transparent roof seems to eliminate the distinction between indoors and outdoors. The conference center and exposition hall in

705-565: A Murcia-centered independent emirate to which Valencia belonged, resisting the Almohads until 1172. During the Almohad rule, the city perhaps had a population of about 20,000. When the city fell to James I of Aragon , the Jewish population constituted about 7 per cent of the total population. In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese , Catalans , Navarrese, and crusaders from

846-685: A biographer, "and, with a little chance, becomes a magnificent ruin". Calatrava is also a sculptor and painter. Some of his architectural works, most notably the Turning Torso in Malmö, Sweden , were originally works of sculpture. In 2006, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City held a special one-man exhibition of Calatrava's drawings, sculpture, and architectural models, entitled Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture Into Architecture . In 2012,

987-450: A book about his work: "My major interest is the introduction of a new formal vocabulary, composed of forms adapted to our time." Calatrava, a sculptor, has also spoken frequently about the connection between sculpture and architecture in his work. "In sculpture, I have often used spheres, cubes and other simple forms often connected with my knowledge of engineering." He noted that his Turning Torso building had originally been conceived as

1128-489: A bridge with no towers or pylons to hold it up. Calatrava described the form in his own particular engineering vocabulary as "defined by a helicoidal movement, with an ovoid cross section, with two clearly materialized tangential lanes expressing an internal architectural volume." The project for the new Florida Polytechnic University in Lakeland, Florida (2009–2014) gave Calatrava the opportunity to design an entire campus in

1269-551: A continuation of expressionism . Asked about critics who classified him into different schools, Calatrava responded, "Architectural critics have not yet passed from a state of perplexity about my work." Calatrava himself observed that he was particularly influenced by the work of engineers such as the Swiss Robert Maillart (1872–1940), whose work inspired him to seek simple forms which could create an emotional response. Calatrava defined his objective this way in 2016 in

1410-558: A cross between a solar-powered dinosaur and a giant air conditioning unit", and declared "it must already rank as one of the world's most extraordinary buildings." Calatrava designed the WTC Transportation Hub in New York City at the rebuilt World Trade Center at the site of the September 11 attacks in 2001. The new station connects the regional trains of the new PATH with the subway and other local transportation, and also has

1551-577: A day) to 308 in July (average around 10 hours of sunshine duration a day). The average temperature of the sea is 14–15 °C (57–59 °F) in winter and 25–26 °C (77–79 °F) in summer. Average annual relative humidity is around 66%. The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union , Valencia had a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on

SECTION 10

#1732851580108

1692-577: A double screen 51 metres (167 ft) high, but this feature had to be dropped to meet new security standards. The main hall of the station is 10 metres (33 ft) underground, and the tracks of the PATH system on another level 8 metres (26 ft) below. The underground station was originally designed so that its roof would open entirely in good weather, but this feature also had to be dropped due to its cost and space limitations. The WTC Hub has been controversial because of its cost (4 billion dollars, twice

1833-463: A facade covered with laminated wood panels, alternating between convex and concave, with a roofline that ripples like a series of waves. The Auditorio de Tenerife , Tenerife, in the Canary Islands , is a concert hall with 1558 seats and a smaller chamber music hall of 428 seats. With a curving concrete cupola 60 metres (200 ft) high, crowned by a curving roof like a breaking wave, it dominates

1974-608: A handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, captured the nearby fortress at Sagunt , and bluffed the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal. The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered

2115-527: A land area of 134.6 km (52 sq mi) in 2009. The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,564,145 and 1,595,000. According to the Valencia city hall and Spanish Ministry of Development , the metropolis within the Horta of Valencia has a population of 1,567,118 in an area of 628.81 km (242.78 sq mi). From 2001 to 2011, there

2256-442: A large retail mall, replacing commercial space destroyed in the attack. The above-ground "oculus" of the station, made of glass and steel, is oval-shaped, and is 35 metres (115 ft) long and 29 metres (95 ft) high. According to Calatrava, it resembles "a bird flying from the hands of a child". The "Wings" of the above-ground structure were originally designed to move upward to a maximum height of 51 metres (167 ft) to form

2397-728: A modern version of the Belle Epoque Les Halles market in Paris. Two years later, in 1994, he completed another notable train station, the Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry (1989–1994) at the Lyon airport in Satolas . This building was designed to be both a functional link between the airport and train station, the terminal for the high-speed TGV trains, and a symbol of the Rhone-Alps Region. The station

2538-636: A response to the criticism of the high price and technical flaws of some of Calatrava's earlier buildings. The review in Architecture magazine, the journal of the American Institute of Architects, reported: "The building is full of handsome and even some very impressive spaces, but none of the singularly breathtaking ones that have made Calatrava, despite his price tag, so attractive to clients looking for marketing splash to go with their museum wing or train station. It reflects serious attention to detail and

2679-681: A satellite of the Taifa of Toledo , and following the fall of the latter in 1085, a protectorate of " El Cid ". A revolt erupted in 1092, handing the city to the Almoravids and forcing El Cid to take the city by force in 1094, henceforth establishing his own principality . Following the evacuation of the city in 1102, the Almoravids took control. As the Almoravid empire crumbled in the mid 12th-century, ibn Mardanīsh took control of eastern al-Andalus, creating

2820-462: A second degree in civil engineering. In 1981, he was awarded a doctorate in the department of architecture, after completing his thesis on "The Pliability of three-dimensional structures." Speaking of this period, Calatrava told biographer Philip Jodidio:"The desire to start all over at zero was very strong in me. I was fascinated by the concept of gravity and convinced that it was necessary to begin work with simple forms." Calatrava explained that he

2961-447: A span of 304 metres (997 ft) and a height of 60 metres (200 ft). It is 250 metres (820 ft) long and 20 metres (66 ft) high, suspended by cables from two parabolic arches. The Velodrome has a white cap supported by two concrete arches 45 metres (148 ft) high, weighing 4,000 tonnes (3,900 long tons; 4,400 short tons), from which the glass and steel roof is suspended. Calatrava also designed an enormous parabolic arch at

SECTION 20

#1732851580108

3102-455: A trail of lawsuits and angry clients around the world....But when I was standing on the marble floors in its enormous, gleaming central concourse two stories below street level, staring up at a clear blue sky between bone-white ribs vaulting 160ft over my head, I, like Jonah in the whale, repented – at least for the moment....We deserve grand expressions of our artistic and technological capabilities. We deserve public spaces that inspire. The Oculus

3243-410: A tunnel under the park. The highway is named after Woodall Rodgers , a former mayor of Dallas responsible for the construction of Love Field and Central Expressway . Spur 366 is often referred to by most locals as Woodall Rodgers Freeway (or simply Woodall Rodgers). The only signage for Spur 366 is on the ramps to the highway at the interchanges with I-35E and US 75 / I-45 . As such, the highway

3384-494: A unified style. The site covers 170 acres (69 ha) of land which once contained phosphorus mines, many of which have been filled with water creating small lakes.Calatrava's plan combined several small lakes into a central lake, which serves as a setting for the central structure, the Innovation, Science, and Technology (IST) building . The eye-shaped central building has an area of 200,000 square feet on two floors, and contains all

3525-647: A wider range of structures, including a Canadian shopping center, a new passenger terminal for Bilbao airport, and his first building in the United States, the new structure of the Milwaukee Art Museum . In 1992, he completed one of his most picturesque and sculptural works, the Montjuïc Communications Tower in Barcelona (1989–92), a 136 m (446 ft)-high graceful concrete spire designed for

3666-522: A winery in Spain leaked water, interfering with the winemaking and requiring extensive repairs. The ceramic tiles on the surface of the opera house in Valencia, placed as a tribute to Antonio Gaudi , buckled in the heat because concrete and ceramics expand and contract at different rates when temperatures change. Calatrava was sued for the cost of repairs on the bridge in Venice and has been condemned in court. Also

3807-402: A wooden castle-like winery in Spain, all in astonishing forms and all seemingly in motion. The Quadracci Pavilion of the Milwaukee Art Museum (1994–2001) was Calatrava's first building in the United States, and his first museum. It displayed the technical innovations and forms he had first used in his railway stations and airports, but with more freedom of form and architectural theatrics. It

3948-425: A work of sculpture, and he praised the liberties taken by Frank Gehry and Frank Stella in creating sculptural art, but he also noted the differences. In 1997 he wrote that "architecture and sculpture are two rivers in which the same water flows. Think of sculpture as a pure plastic art while architecture is a plastic art which is submitted to function, taking into consideration the human scale." Calatrava also noted

4089-441: Is an addition to an existing building, constructed by Eero Saarinen in 1957 next to Lake Michigan , with a later addition in 1975 by David Kahler. The purpose of the new pavilion, as defined by the museum board, was to give the museum a new entrance, and especially "to redefine the identity of the museum with a strong image." Calatrava's design was selected after a competition entered by seventy-seven architects. Calatrava's solution

4230-418: Is covered by a giant shell of steel and glass, 120 by 100 metres (390 by 330 ft), suspended at a maximum height of 40 metres (130 ft), and weighing 1,300 tonnes (1,300 long tons; 1,400 short tons). It is connected with the airport terminal by a 180 metres (590 ft) long glass and concrete bridge. The glass and steel sides and skylights of the terminal from the inside resemble a modernistic cathedral;

4371-400: Is deeply flawed, but I appreciate its aspiration and grandeur.... The Oculus presents a more optimistic vision, one based less on present realities and more on future possibilities. Less Blade Runner , more Star Trek . By the time we get to that future, whichever one it may be, the delays and the cost and the controversies will be forgotten, but we will be left with a luminous great hall in

Texas State Highway Spur 366 - Misplaced Pages Continue

4512-547: Is in Dallas , Dallas County . Santiago Calatrava Santiago Calatrava Valls (born 28 July 1951) is a Spanish architect, structural engineer , sculptor and painter, particularly known for his bridges supported by single leaning pylons, and his railway stations, stadiums, and museums, whose sculptural forms often resemble living organisms. His best-known works include the Olympic Sports Complex of Athens ,

4653-552: Is indifferent to the needs of his clients. In 2013 a Dutch councillor in Haarlemmermeer, near Amsterdam, urged his colleagues to take legal action because the three bridges the architect designed for the town cost twice the budgeted amount and then millions more in upkeep since they opened in 2004." Much of the criticism focused on the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia , originally budgeted for about $ 405 million. Ignacio Blanco,

4794-509: Is signed TO I-35E westbound and TO US 75/I-45 eastbound. The highway begins at a traffic signal at Beckley Avenue. Westbound traffic can continue past the light onto Singleton Boulevard. After the light, Spur 366 crosses the Trinity River on the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge . From the bridge, traffic can exit to Riverfront Boulevard (formerly Industrial Boulevard). An incomplete interchange with I-35E (Stemmons Freeway) follows, before

4935-591: Is the Holy Grail . Valencia was selected in 2003 to host the historic America's Cup yacht race, the first European city ever to do so. The 2007 America's Cup matches took place from April to July. On 3 July 2007, Alinghi defeated Team New Zealand to retain the America's Cup. Twenty-two days later, on 25 July 2007, the leaders of the Alinghi syndicate, holder of the America's Cup, officially announced that Valencia would be

5076-594: Is the capital of the province and autonomous community of the same name in Spain. It is the third-most populated municipality in the country, with 807,693 inhabitants within the commune, 1,582,387 inhabitants within the urban area and 2,522,383 inhabitants within the metropolitan region. It is located on the banks of the Turia , on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula on the Mediterranean Sea . Valencia

5217-574: Is the first steel bridge across the river. The bridge opened in March 2012 and was designed by Santiago Calatrava . Klyde Warren Park is a 5.2-acre park that connects Downtown Dallas with Uptown . The park is located above the freeway (which travels through a tunnel under the park, much like the Deck Park Tunnel in Phoenix ) between Pearl and St. Paul streets to the west and east, and the frontage roads to

5358-516: The trencadís tiles of the Tenerife Auditorium buckle and lose adhesion. The fixing is delayed by disputes between the Calatrava studio and the building companies. Much of the criticism focused on Calatrava's WTC Hub, which was completed in 2016 for a cost of $ 4 billion, twice what was expected and seven years behind schedule. Calatrava was paid a fee of 80 million dollars. Some of

5499-709: The Autostrada A1 in Reggio Emilia , Italy. Work on the second bridge, the Margaret McDermott Bridge , began in 2011. The Peace Bridge in Calgary, Canada, built between 2008 and 2012, is a completely different bridge in purpose, scale and design. Built across the Bow River , and designed for pedestrians and cyclists, it is a glass and stew-wrapped tube 126 metres (413 ft) long. It appears extraordinary long for

5640-590: The Constitution of 1812 and dissolved the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May. Thus began six years (1814–1820) of absolutist rule, but the constitution was reinstated during the Trienio Liberal , a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820 to 1823. On King Ferdinand VII's death in 1833, Baldomero Espartero became one of the most ardent defenders of the hereditary rights of

5781-776: The Entrepôt Jakem , a warehouse in Münchwilen, Thurgau , Switzerland, another warehouse in Coesfeld-Lette , Germany, an addition to the main post office in Lucerne , Switzerland; a bus shelter in Saint-Gall , Switzerland (1983–85) the roof of a school in Wohlen , Switzerland (1983–88), and then some major projects; a new hall for the railway station in Lucerne (1983–89) and then an entire train station,

Texas State Highway Spur 366 - Misplaced Pages Continue

5922-646: The Estació del Nord and the Central and Columbus markets. World War I (1914–1918) greatly affected the Valencian economy, causing the collapse of its citrus exports. The Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939) opened the way for democratic participation and the increased politicisation of citizens, especially in response to the rise of Conservative Front power in 1933. The inevitable march toward civil war and combat in Madrid resulted in

6063-690: The Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg held an exhibition of his work and this was followed up by an exhibition at the Vatican Museum in Rome. Eight of his sculptures were displayed along Park Avenue in New York City in the spring of 2015, between 52nd and 55th Streets. In 2024, the first comprehensive overview of Calatrava’s art was written by Nick Mafi and published by Hirmer . Calatrava has received numerous awards for his design and engineering work. In 1988, he

6204-476: The Mediterranean Sea and the Foehn phenomenon, locally known as ponentà . The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe. The maximum of precipitation occurs in autumn , coinciding with the time of the year when cold drop ( gota fría ) episodes of heavy rainfall—associated to cut-off low pressure systems at high altitude — are common along

6345-656: The Mediterranean Sea . The city is ranked as a Gamma-level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain, spanning approximately 169 hectares (420 acres). Due to its long history, Valencia has numerous celebrations and traditions, such as the Falles (or Fallas ), which was declared a Fiesta of National Tourist Interest of Spain in 1965 and an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in November 2016. In 2022,

6486-619: The Milwaukee Art Museum , the Turning Torso tower in Malmö , Sweden, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub in New York City, the Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife , the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in Dallas , Texas, and his largest project, the City of Arts and Sciences and Opera House in his birthplace, Valencia . His architectural firm has offices in New York City, Doha , and Zurich . Calatrava

6627-479: The New York Times on 13 September 2013, entitled "Santiago Calatrava collects critics as well as fans." Daley wrote: "...in numerous interviews, other architects, academics and builders say that Mr. Calatrava is amassing an unusually long list of projects marred by cost overruns, delays and litigation. It is hard to find a Calatrava project that has not been significantly over budget. And complaints abound that he

6768-502: The Order of Calatrava , laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. The city endured serious troubles in the mid-14th century, including the decimation of the population by the Black Death of 1348 and subsequent years of epidemics—as well as a series of wars and riots that followed. In 1391, the Jewish quarter was destroyed in

6909-418: The Taifa of Valencia . It was initially controlled by eunuchs , and then, after 1021, by Abd al-Azîz (a grandson of Almanzor ). Valencia experienced notable urban development in this period. Many Jews lived in Valencia, including the accomplished Jewish poet Solomon ibn Gabirol , who spent his last years in the city. After a damaging offensive by Castilian–Leonese forces towards 1065, the territory became

7050-553: The Zürich Stadelhofen railway station in Switzerland (1983–1990). The train station has several of the features that became signatures of his work; straight lines and right angles are rare. The railroad platforms curve, the supporting columns lean, the concrete walls of the modernistic cavern beneath the tracks are everywhere pierced with teardrop shaped skylights, and tilting glass panels provide light and shelter without enclosing

7191-579: The far right managing to impose a non-standard acute accent in the e of the Valencian-language name. Valencia is one of the oldest cities in Spain, founded in the Roman period c.  138 BC under the name Valentia Edetanorum . A few centuries later, with the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, the Catholic Church assumed power in the city, coinciding with

SECTION 50

#1732851580108

7332-456: The "Old City" (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability, and tourism is continually increasing. On 3 July 2006, a major mass transit disaster, the Valencia Metro derailment , left 43 dead and 47 wounded. Days later, on 9 July, the World Day of Families, during Mass at Valencia's Cathedral, Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica, Pope Benedict XVI used the Sant Calze , a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe

7473-406: The 15th century, second only to Lisbon in the West, prompting a Lisbon– Seville –Valencia axis by the second half of the century powered by the incipient Portuguese slave trade originating in West Africa . By the end of the 15th century Valencia was one of the largest European cities, being the most populated city in the Hispanic Monarchy and second to Lisbon in the Iberian Peninsula. Following

7614-415: The 16th century, the city's economic activity experienced a crisis upon the expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609. The city became a major silk manufacturing centre in the 18th century. During the Spanish Civil War , the city served as the accidental seat of the Spanish Government from 1936 to 1937. The Port of Valencia is the 4th-busiest container port in Europe and the second busiest container port on

7755-460: The Catholic League or the reformulation of Valencian Carlism , and Valencianism did similarly with organizations such as Valencia Nova or the Unió Valencianista. In the early 20th century, Valencia was an industrialised city. The silk industry had disappeared, but there was a large production of hides and skins, wood, metals, and foodstuffs, the latter with substantial exports, particularly of wine and citrus. Small businesses predominated, but with

7896-435: The Citadel, the Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After Valencian capitulation,

8037-484: The Francoist air force with Nazi German support. By the end of the war, the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher. The Republican government moved to Barcelona on 31 October of that year. On 30 March 1939, Valencia surrendered and Nationalist Spanish troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime, speaking or teaching Valencian

8178-411: The French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, José I ( Joseph Bonaparte , Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the middle of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July. Ferdinand VII became king after the victorious end of

8319-412: The Higher School of Architecture at the Polytechnic University of Valencia . He received his diploma as an architect and then did higher studies in urbanism. At the university he completed independent projects with fellow students, publishing two books on the vernacular architecture of Valencia and Ibiza . In 1975, he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich , Switzerland for

8460-404: The Iberian Mediterranean. The Berber threat—initially with Ottoman support—generated great insecurity on the coast, and it would not be substantially reduced until the 1580s. The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the 1609 expulsion of the Moriscos , descendants of the Muslim population that had converted to Christianity. The Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave

8601-475: The Meandro San Jeronimo River. Its main feature is a single pylon 142 metres (466 ft) high, leaning to 58 degrees, the same angle as the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. The weight of the concrete of the pylon is sufficient to hold up the bridge with just thirteen pairs of cables, eliminating the need for any cables behind it. At the beginning of the 1990s, Calatrava built several remarkable railway stations and bridges, but broadened his portfolio by designing

SECTION 60

#1732851580108

8742-401: The Oculus, but condemned the building's cost, "scale, monotony of materials and color, preening formalism and disregard for the gritty urban fabric." After years of praise and commendation, in 2013 some of Calatrava's projects began to draw criticism on the grounds of their cost, delays, and functional problems. Many of these criticisms were packaged together in an article by Suzanne Daley in

8883-439: The Peninsular War, which freed Spain from Napoleonic domination. When he returned on 24 March 1814 from exile in France, the Cortes requested that he respect the liberal Constitution of 1812, which significantly limited royal powers. Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid. Here, on 17 April, General Elio invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King's disposition. The king abolished

9024-515: The Roman practice of recognising the valour of former Roman soldiers after a war. The Roman historian Livy explains that the founding of Valentia in the 2nd century BC was due to the settling of the Roman soldiers who fought against a Lusitanian rebel, Viriatus , during the Third Raid of the Lusitanian War . During the period of Islamic rule, the city had the title Medina at-Tarab ('City of Joy') according to one transliteration, or Medina at-Turab ('City of Sands') according to another, since it

9165-431: The Spanish city of Oviedo combines two office buildings and a hotel, covered with horizontal bands of glass and steel and perched upon curving concrete pylons, with elliptical conference center, which includes a main theater, exposition hall and seminar rooms. The Center include another signature feature of Calatrava's work; a sunscreen that was supposed to be able to fold and unfold, but was never functional. The ceiling of

9306-427: The Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad) , and the Institute of Modern Art (Institut Valencià d'Art Modern) . The various productions of Santiago Calatrava , a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect Félix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of

9447-457: The Western mediterranean coast. The year-on-year variability in precipitation may be, however, considerable, as exemplified by large floods in 1957 and 2024 , which both occurred in the month of October. Snowfall almost does not occur at all; the most recent occasion snow accumulated on the ground was on 11 January 1960. Valencia, on average, has around 2,733 sunshine hours per year, from 152 in December (average of 5 hours of sunshine duration

9588-402: The additional cost and delay was due to additions and modifications to the original plan by the project owners, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , rather than the architect. Calatrava's original entry pavilion was scaled back for security reasons and the mechanism for opening the roof to the gallery below was eliminated because of budget and space restraints. Even before it opened

9729-409: The behest of Charles V . Urban and rural delinquency—linked to phenomena such as vagrancy , gambling , larceny , pimping and false begging—as well as the nobiliary banditry consisting of the revenges and rivalries between the aristocratic families flourished in Valencia during the 16th century. Furthermore, North African piracy targeted the whole coastline of the kingdom of Valencia , forcing

9870-420: The bottom line; this is the work of an architect actively trying to prove, or at least re-emphasize, his bona fides." The Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which opened in December 2015, is part of the redevelopment of the waterfront of Rio de Janeiro, and opened in time for the 2016 Summer Olympics in that city. The building is sited on a 7,600 square metres (82,000 sq ft) plaza next to

10011-444: The center of the city. With its multiple arches and curves, the structure appears to be moving and ready to take off. One of his last projects in the 20th century was the Bilbao Airport in Spain, notable both for its unusual control tower, 42 metres (138 ft) high – made of concrete clad with aluminum, which widens as it grows taller, and which resembles a statue holding its hands in front of it – and for terminal buildings, where

10152-469: The city and the creation of a new river bed for the Turia, with the old one becoming one of the city's "green lungs". The economy began to recover in the early 1960s, and the city experienced explosive population growth through immigration spurred by jobs created with the implementation of major urban projects and infrastructure improvements. With the advent of democracy in Spain, the ancient kingdom of Valencia

10293-634: The city became the capital of the Kingdom of Valencia . The city's population thrived in the 15th century, owing to trade with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, Italian ports, and other Mediterranean locations, becoming one of the largest European cities by the end of the century. Already harmed by the emergence of the Atlantic World trade in detriment to Mediterranean trade in global trade networks, along with insecurity created by Barbary piracy throughout

10434-446: The city square and old town below. The shell is covered with ceramic tiles and the pavement and most of the floors are made of the local basalt stone. The unusual sculptural form of the building gives it a completely different appearance depending upon from where it is viewed. The Turning Torso in Malmö , Sweden, was Calatrava's first skyscraper, and was the first twisting skyscraper, a form which later appeared in other cities around

10575-598: The city was voted the world's top destination for expatriates , based on criteria such as quality of life and affordability. The city was selected as the European Capital of Sport  [ Wikidata ] 2011, the World Design Capital 2022 and the European Green Capital 2024. The Latin name of the city was Valentia ( IPA: [waˈlɛntɪ.a] ), meaning "strength" or "valour", due to

10716-424: The city. The L'Hemisfèric, like a half-sunken globe, is placed in the centre, next to a large artificial lake, in which it seems to be sinking. The dome is covered by a metal screen which opens and closes, and the entrance opens like a human eye. On one side is the science museum , behind a line of leaning columns, and on the other is the newest structure, the massive shell of the opera house, described by Calatrava as

10857-423: The classrooms, faculty offices laboratories and public spaces until the other buildings are completed. The building has several signature Calatrava features, including an extendable sun scene on the roof, which entirely changes the appearance of the building when deployed, and whose form changes gradually as the sun moves. The terraces of the building are covered by a curving pergola, or screen, of steel, which reduces

10998-402: The concert hall is an ascending series of arcs, which echo the curving rows of seats. Calatrava constructed a series of extraordinary bridges, the type of structure which originally brought him global attention, for cities around the world that wanted a symbol of modernity and daring. Among the largest and dramatic are three bridges over the Trinity River in Dallas , Texas. The first of these

11139-575: The death of Ferdinand II in 1516, the nobiliary estate challenged the Crown amid the relative void of power. In 1519, the Taula de Canvis was recreated again, known as Nova Taula . The nobles earned the rejection from the people of Valencia, and the whole kingdom was plunged into the armed Revolt of the Brotherhoods and full-blown civil war between 1521 and 1522. Muslim vassals were forced to convert in 1526 at

11280-450: The direct sunlight by thirty percent. Inside, the corridors and central courtyard are lit by the central skylight. Plans for the building call for the installation of 1,860 square metres (20,000 sq ft) of solar panels on the sunscreen to provide energy for the building. The library of the university is also distinctive; it does not have a single book; all the collection is digitized. The structure has been called by some journalists

11421-472: The early Restoration period —experienced a change, leading to a growth of republican forces , gathered around the emerging figure of Vicente Blasco Ibáñez . Not unlike the equally republican Lerrouxism , the Populist Blasquism  [ es ] came to mobilize the Valencian masses by promoting anticlericalism . Meanwhile, in reaction, the right-wing coalesced around several initiatives such as

11562-686: The end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia . During the War of the Spanish Succession , Valencia sided with the Habsburg ruler of the Holy Roman Empire , Charles of Austria . King Charles of Austria vowed to protect the laws ( Furs ) of the Kingdom of Valencia , which gained him the sympathy of a wide sector of the Valencian population. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth , led

11703-509: The entrance and the Wall of Nations, a mobile sculpture of tubular steel which moves in a wavelike patterns. The largest group of buildings by Calatrava is found in his birthplace, Valencia, Spain, and was built in over a decade. It includes the City of Arts and Sciences (1991–2000) and the Opera house (1996–2006), all constructed on a plot of 35 hectares between a highway and a river on the east side of

11844-411: The exclusivity of Valencia and Barcelona for the celebration of international fairs in Spain. These two cities would hold the monopoly on international fairs for more than three decades, until the rule's abolishment in 1979 by the government of Adolfo Suárez . In October 1957, a flood from the Turia river resulted in 81 casualties and extensive property damage. The disaster led to the remodelling of

11985-545: The first waves of the invading Germanic peoples ( Suebi , Vandals , Alans , and later Visigoths ). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , Valencia became part of the Visigothic Kingdom from 546 to 711 AD. The city surrendered to the invading Moors about 714 AD. Abd al-Rahman I laid waste to old Valencia by 788–789. From then on, the name of Valencia (Arabised as Balansiya ) appears more related to

12126-514: The fortification of sites. By the late 1520s, the intensification of Barbary corsair activity along with domestic conflicts and the emergence of the Atlantic Ocean in detriment of the Mediterranean in global trade networks put an end to the economic splendor of the city. The piracy also paved the way for the ensuing development of Christian piracy, that had Valencia as one of its main bases in

12267-478: The freeway serves as the dividing line between Downtown and Uptown. There are many exits for the next mile, most of which contain multiple ramps to serve different streets. The freeway ends at an interchange with US 75/I-45 in northeast Downtown. The exit ramp to northbound US 75 also serves Hall Street. The Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge is a steel bridge that carries Woodall Rodgers Freeway over the Trinity River. This

12408-424: The glass panels at the top are intended to suggest flight. From the outside, the station has been said to resemble a prehistoric animal, while the glass-and-steel bridge has been compared to a bird or a manta ray . The Gare do Oriente , or eastern train station, was constructed for the 1998 Lisbon World Exposition , and is located in a former industrial area. It was designed to bridge the wasteland which separated

12549-404: The harbor, and surrounded by reflecting pools. The building is cantilevered 75 metres (246 ft) over the plaza, and 45 metres (148 ft) toward the sea. and gives the impression that it is floating on the water. Calatrava wrote, "The idea is that the building feels ethereal, almost floating on the sea, like a ship, a bird or a plant." The roof is equipped with moveable screens that adjust to

12690-544: The heart of downtown New York." In October 2023 the Greek government decided to shut down the Athens Olympic Stadium and Velodrome, which both have a roof built by Calatrava, due to stability issues posing a threat for attendees and workers. Calatrava has never described himself as a follower of any particular school or movement of architecture. Critics have claimed that a number of influences can be seen in his work. In

12831-557: The host city for the 33rd America's Cup, held in June 2009. The results of the Valencia municipal elections from 1991 to 2011 delivered a 24-year uninterrupted rule (1991–2015) by the People's Party (PP) and Mayor Rita Barberá , with support from the Valencian Union . Barberá's rule was ousted by left-leaning forces after the 2015 municipal election , with Joan Ribó of Compromís becoming

12972-768: The influence of the sculptor Auguste Rodin , citing Rodin's words in his 1914 book Cathedrals of France : "The sculptor only achieves the greatness of expression in concentrating his attention on harmonic contrasts of light and shadow, exactly as an architect does." Movement is also an important element in the architecture of Calatrava. He noted that many 20th century sculptors, such as Alexander Calder , made sculptures that moved. He wrote his own university thesis on "The Flexibility of three-dimensional structures," and described how objects, by moving, could shift from three dimensions to two and even to one. Moving elements which folded and expanded became an important element of almost all of his projects. "Architecture itself moves", he told

13113-488: The installation of a black anti-slip carpet on the decking, which blocked the view of the river through the walkway. The metal arches he put over some landscaped gardens sometimes overheated in the sunshine, baking the vines that were supposed to grow on them. The Caja Madrid Obelisk is a kinetic sculpture with an undulating movement. However the maintenance costs are so high that it has been static since months after its inauguration in 2010. The aluminum and wood covering of

13254-596: The journal of the American Institute of Architects, Christopher Hawthorne wrote about his design for Florida Polytechnic University , which he called "an example of Calatrava's architectural approach and creative sensibility distilled, for better and worse, to its essence. There are all the usual influences on view—the Eero Saarinen forms rendered in the Richard Meier , FAIA , palette—and they are remarkably legible and easy to parse here." Some other critics see his work as

13395-494: The judge ruled that, although the website presented "objective truths", its name "Calatrava te la clava" (a rhyme meaning "Calatrava bleeds you dry") was "insulting and degrading". Some of the problems with Calatrava's projects have been caused by unusual design choices and insufficient testing. The glass tiles on the floor of his bridge in Bilbao became slippery in the rain, causing an increased number of claims for injuries and forcing

13536-423: The king's daughter, the future Isabella II . During the regency of Maria Cristina , Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans. The reign of Isabella II as an adult (1843–1868) was a period of relative stability and growth for Valencia. During

13677-429: The kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former Crown of Aragon , and in the Kingdom of Valencia specifically, and constituted roughly a third of the total population. The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the Valencian nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de canvi in 1613. The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1709), marking

13818-522: The lake from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911, and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l'Albufera (Albufera Nature Reserve), with a surface area of 21,120 hectares (52,200 acres). Because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, it was declared a natural park in 1976. Valencia and its metropolitan area have a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ) bordering on

13959-404: The leader of a small opposition party in Valencia, blamed Calatrava of spending nearly three times the original budget, and accused the region of paying him approximately $ 127 million for his work, though the complex was originally lacking elevators for the disabled, and the opera house had 150 seats with obstructed views. In 2013 Calatrava sued his critic for defamation and won, however because

14100-523: The main silk-manufacturing centre in Spain. The Palau de Justícia is an example of the affluence manifested in the most prosperous times of Bourbon rule (1758–1802) during the rule of Charles III. The 18th century was the Age of Enlightenment in Europe, and its humanistic ideals influenced men such as Gregory Maians and Pérez Bayer in Valencia, who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of

14241-451: The minimum temperature typically at night ranges from 6 to 10 °C (43 to 50 °F). December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 8 °C (46 °F) at night. March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) during the day and 10 °C (50 °F) at night. During

14382-501: The most important in the Iberian Peninsula. In 1407, following the model of the Barcelona's institution created some years before, a Taula de canvi (a municipal public bank) was created in Valencia, although its first iteration yielded limited success. The 15th century was a time of economic expansion, known as the Valencian Golden Age, during which culture and the arts flourished. Concurrent population growth made Valencia

14523-786: The most populous city in the Crown of Aragon. Some of the landmark buildings of the city were built during the Late Middle Ages, including the Serranos Towers , the Silk Exchange , the Miguelete Tower , and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Sant Domènec. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on Valencian artists. Valencia became a major slave trade centre in

14664-422: The movements of the sun. The interior design is what Calatrava calls "archetypal" and simplified, to allow for exhibits in a greater variety of forms and sizes. The museum also includes a number of ecological features; water from the sea is used to regulate the temperature inside the building, and to refill the surrounding reflecting pools. The Guardian described it as "an other-worldly edifice that looks like

14805-601: The new mayor. Located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the western part of the Mediterranean Sea , fronting the Gulf of Valencia , Valencia lies on the highly fertile alluvial silts accumulated on the floodplain formed in the lower course of the Turia River . At its founding by the Romans in 138 BC, it stood on an alluvial plain of the Turia River several kilometers from

14946-523: The north and south. Like many freeways in the United States, Spur 366 was built through a prominent African-American neighborhood , displacing the population and gentrifying the area. Spur 366 was built along sections of Cochran and Munger Streets between I-35E and US 75/I-45. Once the freeway opened in 1983, it remained relatively unchanged until the construction of the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge and Klyde Warren Park in 2012. The entire route

15087-467: The original estimate, and the most expensive railway station ever built) and its delays (seven years on 3 March 2016, seven years behind schedule). More than $ 1 billion of its cost went to administrative expenses and the decision to build around the 1 train of the New York City Subway . Michael Kimmelman, the architecture critic of the New York Times , praised the soaring upward view inside

15228-521: The park benches of Park Güell of Antonio Gaudi : a decoration of colorful ceramics tiles. The square next to it is laid out like a giant sundial, on which the tower casts its shadow. In 1992, he also finished his first North American project, the Allen Lambert Galleria in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The interior of the shopping mall is covered by a glass roof supported by columns like gigantic trees,

15369-458: The platforms. In 1984–87, he built his first bridge, the Bac de Roda Bridge in Barcelona, Spain, which for the first time brought him international notice. The bridge, designed for cyclists and pedestrians, connects two parts of the city by crossing a wasteland of railway tracks. It is 128 metres (420 ft) long, with twin arches which lean at an angle of thirty degrees; a feature which quickly became

15510-466: The rapid mechanisation of the industry, larger companies were being formed. The best expression of this dynamic was in regional exhibitions, including that of 1909 held next to the pedestrian avenue L'Albereda ( Paseo de la Alameda ), which depicted the progress of agriculture and industry. Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in the Art Nouveau style, such as

15651-642: The relocation of the capital of the Republic to Valencia. After the continuous unsuccessful Francoist offensive on besieged Madrid during the Spanish Civil War , Valencia temporarily became the capital of Republican Spain on 6 November 1936. It hosted the government until 31 October 1937. In the Spanish civil war, Valencia was heavily bombarded by air and sea, mainly by the Fascist Italian air force, as well as

15792-643: The repeal of the Furs of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria. By the Nueva Planta decrees , the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter, similarly to other places in the Crown of Aragon. The Valencian economy recovered during the 18th century with the rising manufacture of woven silk and ceramic tiles. The silk industry boomed during this century, with Valencia replacing Toledo as

15933-457: The residential area of the city from the Tagus River . Similar to the galleria he designed in Toronto, but on a grander scale, the interior of the station features a forest of white columns like gigantic trees that support the glass roof, 238 by 78 metres (781 by 256 ft), which covers the eight tracks. The station complex also includes a shopping center, and transport links by tram and metro to

16074-465: The rest of Europe, he went to France as an exchange student. In 1968, after completing secondary school, he went to study at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, but he arrived in the midst of student uprisings and turmoil in Paris, and returned home. Back in Valencia, he discovered a book about the architecture of Le Corbusier , which persuaded him that he could be both an artist and an architect. He enrolled in

16215-451: The sea. The Albufera lagoon, located about 12 km (7 mi) south of the city proper (and part of the municipality), was originally a saltwater lagoon, but since the severing of links to the sea, it has eventually become a freshwater lagoon, progressively decreasing in size. The lagoon and its environment are used for the cultivation of rice in paddy fields , and for hunting and fishing purposes. The Valencia City Council bought

16356-455: The second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; land-owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the Valencian language, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V. Work to demolish

16497-417: The site of the 1992 Olympics . The concrete pylon leans backwards, and seems to grasp the vertical broadcast antennas. Its form suggests an athlete about to throw a javelin. The circular building at the base of the tower, which contains the broadcast equipment, is clad in white bricks and is equipped with metal resembling an eye which opens and closes. The building has a particularly Catalan touch, borrowed from

16638-514: The station was a target of criticism: the New York Post described the station in 2014 as it was being built as "a self-indulgent monstrosity" and "a hideous waste of public money". Michael Kimmelman , architecture critic for The New York Times , referred to the structure as "a kitsch stegosaurus". New York magazine referred to it in 2015 as it neared completion as a "Glorious Boondoggle ". The New York Post editorial board also described

16779-566: The station when it opened in 2016 as the "world's most obscenely overpriced commuter rail station – and possibly its ugliest", comparing the Oculus to a "giant gray-white space insect". The Hub also had its defenders. Jimmy Stamp of The Guardian wrote: "I despised the new World Trade Center transportation hub before I even saw it. It's $ 2bn over budget, has suffered from construction problems and design compromises, it's seven years late and still incomplete, and its architect, Santiago Calatrava, has left

16920-537: The structure has a conference hall, exposition space, shops, and a restaurant overlooking the lake. He also designed a suspension footbridge between the center of the city and edge of the lake. The Bodegas Ysios winery in Laguardia , Spain (1998–2001) was designed as a symbol of the Rioja wines made by that winery. Built on a sloping site surrounded by vineyards, the 196-metre (643 ft) long building has an aluminum roof and

17061-511: The structure together is the column of elevators and escalators which communicate between the cubes. A system of discreet cross beams on the exterior frame manage the torsion of the twisting building. In 2016, it was the tallest building in Scandinavia. For the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece, Calatrava won the commission to cover the existing stadium with a new roof, to make a similar roof for

17202-533: The stylistic signature of Calatrava. The upper portion of the bridge, composed of steel arches and cables, is light and airy, like a network of lace, anchored to the massive concrete supports and granite pillars below. His next bridge, the Puente del Alamillo (1987–1992), in Seville, Spain, was even more spectacular and cemented his reputation. Built as part of the 1992 Expo 92 , it is 200 metres (660 ft) long, crossing

17343-590: The time. The 19th century began with Spain embroiled in wars with France, Portugal, and England—but the Peninsular War (Spanish War of Independence) most affected the Valencian territories and the capital city. The repercussions of the French Revolution were still felt when Napoleon's armies invaded the Iberian Peninsula. The Valencian people rose up in arms against them on 23 May 1808, inspired by leaders such as Vicent Doménech el Palleter. The mutineers seized

17484-440: The velodrome, and additionally to build four entrance gateways, a monumental sculpture to symbolize the games, and other architectural features to give harmony and variety to the complex. The roof for the stadium, in the form of bent "leaves" of laminated glass, is designed to reflect 90 percent of the sunlight. The roof covers 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft), and is supported by double-tied arches of tubular steel, with

17625-530: The walls of the old city started on 20 February 1865. The demolition of the citadel ended after the 1868 Glorious Revolution . During the Cantonal rebellion in 1873, Valencia was the capital of the short-lived Valencian Canton . Following the introduction of universal manhood suffrage in the late 19th century, the political landscape in Valencia—until then consisting of the bipartisanship characteristic of

17766-460: The warmest months – July and August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F), about 21 to 24 °C (70 to 75 °F) at night. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded in the city since 1937 were 44.7 °C (112.5 °F) on 10 August 2023 and −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) on 11 February 1956, respectively. Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe, owing to its southern location on

17907-652: The white concrete structures are united with aluminum forms. The terminal buildings themselves lift upwards and seem to be trying to take off, giving them the airport the popular nickname of "The Dove". Following 2000, Calatrava completed a new addition to the Milwaukee Art Museum , a concert hall in Tenerife in the Canary Islands, a twisting skyscraper in Malmö, Sweden, and a City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, Spain. in Sweden, and

18048-401: The wider area than to the city, which is primarily cited as Madînat al-Turâb ('city of earth' or 'sand') and presumably had diminished importance throughout the period. During the emiral period, the surrounding territory, under the ascendancy of Berber chieftains, was prone to unruliness. In the wake of the start of the fitna of al-Andalus , Valencia became the head of an independent emirate,

18189-516: The word València is an exception to this rule, since è is pronounced [e] . The spelling "València" was approved by the AVL based on tradition after a debate on the matter. The name "València" has been the only official name of the city since 2017. In 2023, the Commission of Culture of the municipal corporation agreed in principle on a dual official denomination Valencia / Valéncia , with

18330-455: The world from Shanghai to Moscow. The building was originally conceived by the architect as a sculpture of "seven cubes stacked on a steel support creating a spiral structure resembling a twisting spinal column." The tower is 190 metres (620 ft) high, and twists a full ninety degrees from the base to the top. Each of the nine cubes cube is like a separate five-story building; each floor contains from one to five apartments. The support holding

18471-453: Was a glass and steel entry hall 2 metres (6.6 ft) high with a moveable sun screen roof, composed of two large wings made up of twenty-six smaller wings, from 8 to 32 metres (26 to 105 ft) in length. The sunscreen, weighing 115 tonnes (113 long tons; 127 short tons), can be hoisted up by a single pylon, like an enormous bird's wing, or lowered when the wind from the lake is stronger than 65 kilometres per hour (35 kn). The interior of

18612-842: Was awarded an honorary doctorate from Georgia Institute of Technology , an award that has only been given to a small number of people. Calatrava resides in Zurich and New York City. Two of Calatrava's sons have completed advanced degrees in engineering from the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science at Columbia University in New York City. His other son obtained a law degree from Columbia University. Maps: Profiles: Valencia Valencia ( / v ə ˈ l ɛ n s i ə / və- LEN -see-ə or / v ə ˈ l ɛ n ʃ ( i ) ə / və- LEN -sh(ee-)ə , Spanish: [baˈlenθja] ), officially València ( Valencian : [vaˈlensia] ),

18753-686: Was awarded with the Fazlur Khan International Fellowship by the SOM Foundation . In 1990, he received the "Médaille d'Argent de la Recherche et de la Technique", in Paris. In 1992 he received the prestigious Gold Medal of the Institution of Structural Engineers . In 1993, the Museum of Modern Art in New York held a major exhibition of his work called "Structure and Expression". In 1998 he

18894-552: Was born on 28 July 1951, in Benimàmet, an old municipality now part of Valencia, Spain . His Calatrava surname was an old aristocratic one from medieval times, and was once associated with an order of knights in Spain. He had his primary and secondary schooling in Valencia, and, beginning in 1957, studied drawing and painting at the School of Applied Art. In 1964, as the regime of General Francisco Franco relaxed and Spain became more open to

19035-766: Was elected to become a member of "Les Arts et Lettres", in Paris. In 2005 he received the Gold Medal from the American Institute of Architects (AIA). In 2005, Calatrava was awarded the Eugene McDermott Award by the Council for the Arts of MIT . He is also a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council . Calatrava has received a total of twenty-two honorary degrees in recognition of his work. In 2013, Calatrava

19176-678: Was established as a new autonomous entity, the Valencian Community , the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 designating Valencia as its capital. Valencia has since then experienced a surge in its cultural development, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la Música , the Palacio de Congresos , the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències) ,

19317-427: Was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC under the name Valentia Edetanorum  [ es ] . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , Valencia became part of the Visigothic Kingdom from 546 AD and 711 AD. Islamic rule and acculturation ensued in the 8th century, together with the introduction of new irrigation systems and crops. The Aragonese Christian conquest took place in 1238, and so

19458-456: Was located on the banks of the River Turia. It is not clear if an Arabised variant of the Latin name ( Balansiyya ) was reserved for the wider Taifa of Valencia , or also designated the city. Via gradual phonetic changes, Valentia became Valencia [baˈlenθja] in Spanish and València [vaˈlensia] in Valencian . In Valencian, an e with a grave accent ( è ) indicates [ɛ] in contrast to [e] , but

19599-539: Was particularly influenced by the work of the early 20th century Swiss engineer Robert Maillart (1872–1940), which taught him that, "with an adequate combination of force and mass, you can create emotion." As soon as Calatrava completed his doctorate in 1981, he opened his own office in Zurich. He designed an exposition hall, a factory, a library, and two bridges, but none were built, Finally in 1983, he began to receive commissions for industrial and transportation structures of increasingly greater size; he designed and built

19740-487: Was prohibited; in a significant reversal, it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia. Franco's dictatorship forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes led by the Catholic Church. Franco's regime also executed some leading Valencian intellectuals, such as Juan Peset , rector of University of Valencia . Large groups of them, including Josep Renau and Max Aub , went into exile. In 1943, Franco decreed

19881-438: Was the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge , opened for traffic in March 2012. The bridge, carrying six lanes of traffic, is 209 metres (686 ft) long, with the appearance of being suspended from an arc-shaped tubular steel pylon forty stories or 136 metres (446 ft) high by fifty-eight cables, ranging in length from 119 to 196 metres (390 to 643 ft). In form, the bridge resembles one of three bridges constructed in 2005–2005 on

#107892