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74-757: Wolbachia is a genus of gram-negative bacteria infecting many species of arthropods and filarial nematodes . The symbiotic relationship ranges from parasitism to obligate mutualism. It is one of the most common parasitic microbes of arthropods, and is possibly the most widespread reproductive parasite bacterium in the biosphere . Its interactions with hosts are complex and highly diverse across different host species. Some host species cannot reproduce, or even survive, without Wolbachia colonisation . One study concluded that more than 16% of neotropical insect species carry bacteria of this genus, and as many as 25 to 70% of all insect species are estimated to be potential hosts. The first organism classified as Wolbachia

148-427: A biocontrol agent . Phylogenetic studies have showed that the closest relatives to Wolbachia are the genera Francisella and Bartonella . Unlike Wolbachia , which needs a host cell to multiply, relatives beloning to these genera can be cultured on agar plates . Wolbachia can infect many different types of organs, but are most notable for the infections of the testes and ovaries of their hosts altering

222-566: A cytoplasmic incompatibility when the sperm of Wolbachia -infected males fertilized infection-free eggs. Since, a large number of bacteria with close phylogenetic affinity to the originally detected W. pipientis have been discovered in a variety of hosts spanning over the Arthropoda and Nematoda phyla. The taxonomic classification of the various discovered groups remains a subject of debate, with no consensus on whether these groups of Wolbachia pipientis -like organisms should be categorized as

296-401: A ball when disturbed; this ability, along with its general appearance, gives it the name pill-bug and also creates the potential for confusion with pill millipedes such as Glomeris marginata . It can be distinguished from Armadillidium nasatum and Armadillidium depressum by the gap that A. nasatum and A. depressum leave when rolling into a ball; A. vulgare does not leave such

370-552: A gap. Armadillidium vulgare is able to withstand drier conditions than many other woodlouse species, and is restricted to calcareous soils or coastal areas. It feeds chiefly on decaying plant matter, but also grazes lichens and algae from tree bark and walls. It is able to regulate its temperature through its behaviour, preferring bright sunshine when temperatures are low, but remaining in shadow when temperatures are high; temperatures below −2 °C (28 °F) or above 36 °C (97 °F) are lethal to it. A. vulgare

444-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

518-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

592-430: A lesser extent, to sites across the world. Because of their unusual yet non-threatening appearance, some Armadillidium vulgare are kept as pets in areas throughout the world. Different lineages are bred, usually in regards to color, in order to provide stock to hobbyists. One supposed variation, "Punta Cana," is often referred to as Armadillidium sordidum, while others insist it is a variety of A. vulgare. Keeping

666-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

740-464: A method for pest control. The first Wolbachia genome to be determined was that of strain wMel, which infects D. melanogaster fruit flies. This genome was sequenced at The Institute for Genomic Research in a collaboration between Jonathan Eisen and Scott O'Neill. The second Wolbachia genome to be determined was of strain wBm, which infects Brugia malayi nematodes . Since the development and release of high-throughput sequencing technologies in

814-522: A new host, Wolbachia may retain its original phenotypic effects, induce a different phenotype, or have no detectable effect. For instance, a strain that induces male killing in the moth Cadra cautella induced cytoplasmic incompatibility in a novel moth host Ephestia kuehniella . Wolbachia infection has been linked to viral resistance in Drosophila melanogaster , Drosophila simulans , and mosquito species. Flies, including mosquitoes, infected with

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888-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

962-438: A reproductive advantage that is greater the higher the frequency of Wolbachia in the population. Computational models predict that introducing Wolbachia strains into natural populations will reduce pathogen transmission and reduce overall disease burden. An example includes a life-shortening Wolbachia that can be used to control dengue virus and malaria by eliminating the older insects that contain more parasites. Promoting

1036-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

1110-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

1184-466: A triple-layer vacuole that acts as a mechanical shield to protect it from cellular immune responses. Vertical transmission requires Wolbachia to reach germ line cells and maintain in the zygote. Wolbachia may initially occupy somatic stem cells as a stable reservoir and then use the host's vitellogenin transovarial transportation system to enter the oocyte . Once Wolbachia enter the zygote, they need to reach important host tissues without disrupting

1258-545: Is because wAlbB inhibits REL1, an activator of the antiviral Toll immune pathway. As a result, careful studies of the Wolbachia strain and ecological consequences must be done before releasing artificially-infected mosquitoes in the environment. The World Mosquito Program (WMP) uses Wolbachia strain wMel to infect Aedes mosquitos. The mixed-sex mosquitos are intended to infect the local population with wMel, giving them transmission resistance. Genus The composition of

1332-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

1406-433: Is found to mediate sex-change in many species of fish. Wolbachia can affect the activity of aromatase in developing fish embryos. Wolbachia may transfer from prey to predator through the digestive system. To do so, Wolbachia needs to first survive through the lumen secretion and then enter the host tissue through the gut epithelium. This route does not seem to occur frequently due to little evidence. This may be one of

1480-519: Is less susceptible to cold during the night, and may enter a state of dormancy during the winter in order to survive temperatures that would otherwise be lethal. The native distribution of A. vulgare ranges across Europe, especially in the Mediterranean Basin . In the United Kingdom , A. vulgare is very common in southern and eastern England , but is more confined to coastal areas in

1554-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

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1628-459: Is substantial evidence that the presence of Wolbachia that induce parthenogenesis have put pressure on species to reproduce primarily or entirely this way. Additionally, Wolbachia has been seen to decrease the lifespan of Aedes aegypti , carriers of mosquito-borne diseases, and it decreases their efficacy of pathogen transmission because older mosquitoes are more likely to have become carriers of one of those diseases. This has been exploited as

1702-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

1776-409: Is the most extensively investigated terrestrial isopod species. It is native to Mediterranean Europe, but as an introduced species they have become naturalized in almost all suitable ecosystems. They are kept as pets by hobbyists for their wide range of possible color variations. Armadillidium vulgare may reach a length of 18 millimetres ( 11 ⁄ 16  in), and is capable of rolling into

1850-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

1924-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

1998-556: The Toll (gene family) pathway, which is essential for activation of antimicrobial peptides , defensins , and cecropins that help to inhibit virus proliferation. Conversely, certain strains actually dampen the pathway, leading to higher replication of viruses. One example is with strain wAlbB in Culex tarsalis , where infected mosquitoes actually carried the West Nile virus (WNV) more frequently. This

2072-413: The Wolbachia strain cCle helps the host to synthesize B vitamins . Some Wolbachia strains have increased their prevalence by increasing their hosts' fecundity. Wolbachia strains captured from 1988 in southern California still induce a fecundity deficit, but nowadays the fecundity deficit is replaced with a fecundity advantage such that infected Drosophila simulans produces more offspring than

2146-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

2220-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

2294-518: The w AlbB strain of Wolbachia hindered the lifecycle of Plasmodium falciparum . However, Wolbachia infections can also enhance pathogen transmission. Wolbachia has enhanced multiple arboviruses in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes. In another study, West Nile virus (WNV) infection rate was significantly higher in Wolbachia (strain wAlbB)-infected C. tarsalis compared to controls. Wolbachia may induce reactive oxygen species –dependent activation of

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2368-453: The CI inducing genes cifA and cifB, contributing to the phenotypic expression of altered reproductive success observed in infected hosts. Comparative sequence analyses of bacteriophage WO offer some of the most compelling examples of large-scale horizontal gene transfer between Wolbachia coinfections in the same host. It is the first bacteriophage implicated in frequent lateral transfer between

2442-566: The antiviral effect in intrathoracically infected mosquitoes depends on the strain of Wolbachia , and the replication of the virus in orally fed mosquitoes was completely inhibited in wMelPop strain of Wolbachia . The effect of Wolbachia infection on virus replication in insect hosts is complex and depends on the Wolbachia strain and virus species. While several studies have indicated consistent refractory phenotypes of Wolbachia infection on positive-sense RNA viruses in Drosophila melanogaster ,

2516-499: The bacteria are more resistant to RNA viruses such as Drosophila C virus , norovirus , flock house virus , cricket paralysis virus , chikungunya virus , and West Nile virus . In the common house mosquito, higher levels of Wolbachia were correlated with more insecticide resistance. In leafminers of the species Phyllonorycter blancardella , Wolbachia bacteria help their hosts produce green islands on yellowing tree leaves, that is, small areas of leaf remaining fresh, allowing

2590-441: The bacteria, such as peptidoglycan , can activate the host's innate immune responses. In response, some Wolbachia strains have a unique functional peptidoglycan amidase (AmiDwol) that cleaves its bacterial cell wall so that it can escape from immune responses. Besides the peptidoglycans, cell-to-cell movements of Wolbachia can also cause oxidative stress to the host and trigger the host's immune response. Therefore, Wolbachia has

2664-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

2738-508: The best platforms for this route. By physical contact between arthropod mouthparts and plant tissue, the Wolbachia inhabiting the salivary glands of some insects may be transferred to the plants. As a result, arthropod species feeding on the same plants may share common Wolbachia strains. Other insect food sources may also mediate Wolbachia horizontal transfer, such as the sharing of dung patches between two Malagasy dung beetle species. The pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in

2812-401: The donor side generally has a larger diversity of infection. One parasitoid species can infect multiple shared hosts, and one host species can infect multiple parasitoids. For instance, parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia can spread between Trichogramma parasitoid wasps sharing host eggs. Parasites can also serve as a vector between infected and uninfected hosts without being infected. When

2886-585: The embryo's development. This can be achieved using the host cytoskeleton, by bundling Wolbachia protein WD0830 to host actin filaments. They can also increase the division rate of germ-line stem cells to localize and increase their titer. Under natural conditions, successful vertical transmission of Wolbachia is challenging. Invasion of a new population likely stems from specific phenotypic effects, including reproductive manipulations and/or providing direct fitness benefits to their female hosts. Upon transferring into

2960-420: The feminizing effects of Wolbachia , have been known to lose their female-determining chromosome. In these cases, only the presence of Wolbachia can cause an individual to develop into a female. Cryptic species of ground wētā ( Hemiandrus maculifrons complex) are host to different lineages of Wolbachia which might explain their speciation without ecological or geographical separation. The enzyme aromatase

3034-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

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3108-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

3182-535: The genomes of bacterial endosymbionts . Gene transfer by bacteriophages could drive significant evolutionary change in the genomes of intracellular bacteria that were previously considered highly stable or prone to loss of genes over time. Wolbachia also transfers genes to the host. A nearly complete copy of the Wolbachia genome sequence was found within the genome sequence of the fruit fly Drosophila ananassae and large segments were found in seven other Drosophila species. In an application of DNA barcoding to

3256-515: The genus Trichogramma , are so dependent on sexual differentiation of Wolbachia that they are unable to reproduce effectively without the bacteria in their bodies, and some might even be unable to survive uninfected. One study on infected woodlice showed the broods of infected organisms had a higher proportion of females than their uninfected counterparts. Wolbachia , especially Wolbachia -caused cytoplasmic incompatibility, may be important in promoting speciation. Wolbachia strains that distort

3330-520: The host with chemicals necessary for its reproduction and survival. Elimination of the Wolbachia symbionts through antibiotic treatment therefore prevents reproduction of the nematode, and eventually results in its premature death. Some Wolbachia species that infect arthropods also provide some metabolic provisioning to their hosts. In Drosophila melanogaster , Wolbachia is found to mediate iron metabolism under nutritional stress and in Cimex lectularius ,

3404-505: The hosts to continue feeding while growing to their adult forms. Larvae treated with tetracycline , which kills Wolbachia , lose this ability and subsequently only 13% emerge successfully as adult moths. Muscidifurax uniraptor , a parasitoid wasp , also benefits from hosting Wolbachia bacteria. In the parasitic filarial nematode species responsible for elephantiasis , such as Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti , Wolbachia has become an obligate endosymbiont and provides

3478-815: The identification of species of Protocalliphora flies, several distinct morphospecies had identical cytochrome c oxidase I gene sequences, most likely through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) by Wolbachia species as they jump across host species. As a result, Wolbachia can cause misleading results in molecular cladistical analyses. It is estimated that between 20 and 50 percent of insect species have evidence of HGT from Wolbachia —passing from microbes to animal (i.e. insects). The small non-coding RNAs WsnRNA-46 and WsnRNA-59 in Wolbachia were detected in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and Drosophila melanogaster . The small RNAs (sRNAs) may regulate bacterial and host genes. Highly conserved intragenic region sRNA called ncrwmel02

3552-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

3626-401: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Armadillidium vulgare Armadillidium vulgare , the common pill-bug , potato bug , common pill woodlouse , roly-poly , slater , doodle bug , or carpenter , is a widespread European species of woodlouse . It

3700-407: The mid-2000s, the number of published Wolbachia genomes has grown significantly, driven by both the decreased cost of sequencing and the expanding interest in studying this bacterium. The genetic background to the reproductive parasitism has been extensively studied in different host systems. A key factor for the alteration of host reproduction is the presence of the bacteriophage WO, which harbours

3774-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

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3848-471: The most common routes of Wolbachia host shifts. Compared to predator-prey interactions, the physical association between the host and parasites typically lasts longer, occurs at various developmental stages, and enables Wolbachia to directly contact various tissues. Since this interaction may expose both sides to microbial exchange, one strategy for understanding the direction of transfer is to assess Wolbachia 's presence in close relatives on both sides, as

3922-456: The mouthparts and ovipositors of aphelinid parasitoid wasps become contaminated through feeding Wolbachia -infected Bemisia tabaci , it can infect the next host. This route applies to microbes that can survive either within or on the surface of the food. Experiments demonstrated that the Wolbachia wAlbB strain can survive extracellularly for up to 7 days, and up to 50 days for some strains in cotton leaf phloem vessels. Plants are one of

3996-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

4070-630: The nematode with often more toxic antinematode medications. Naturally existing strains of Wolbachia have been shown to be a route for vector control strategies because of their presence in arthropod populations, such as mosquitoes. Due to the unique traits of Wolbachia that cause cytoplasmic incompatibility , some strains are useful to humans as a promoter of genetic drive within an insect population. Wolbachia -infected females are able to produce offspring with uninfected and infected males; however, uninfected females are only able to produce viable offspring with uninfected males. This gives infected females

4144-608: The north. Similarly, in Ireland , A. vulgare is common in the south and east, but rarer in the north and west. A. vulgare has also been introduced to many locations in North America , where it may reach population densities of up to 10,000 individuals per square metre (900 individuals per square foot). It is now one of the most abundant invertebrate species in California coastal grassland habitats. It has also been introduced, to

4218-407: The pathogenicity of filarial nematodes is due to host immune response toward their Wolbachia . Elimination of Wolbachia from filarial nematodes generally results in either death or sterility of the nematode. Consequently, current strategies for control of filarial nematode diseases include elimination of their symbiotic Wolbachia via the simple doxycycline antibiotic, rather than directly killing

4292-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

4366-429: The reproduction abilities of these. Wolbachia species are ubiquitous in mature eggs, but not mature sperm. Only infected females, therefore, pass the infection on to their offspring. Wolbachia bacteria maximize their spread by altering the reproductive capabilities of their hosts, in favour for the infected females. Several different phenotypes have been observed, including: Several host species, such as those within

4440-466: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

4514-463: The same or different species. Therefore, the strains are collectively referred to as Wolbachia , with the various groups of phylogenetically closely related strains designated as supergroups rather than distinct species. In general, each supergroup corresponds to a specific host or group of hosts. The genus Wolbachia is of considerable interest today due to its ubiquitous distribution, its many different evolutionary interactions, and its potential use as

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4588-402: The same phenomenon was observed in yellow fever virus infection converting this bacterium in an excellent promise for YFV and CHIKV suppression. Wolbachia also inhibits the secretion of West Nile virus (WNV) in cell line Aag2 derived from A. aegypti cells. The mechanism is somewhat novel, as the bacteria actually enhances the production of viral genomic RNA in the cell line Wolbachia . Also,

4662-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

4736-429: The sex ratio may alter their host's pattern of sexual selection in nature, and also engender strong selection to prevent their action, leading to some of the fastest examples of natural selection in natural populations. The male killing and feminization effects of Wolbachia infections can also lead to speciation in their hosts. For example, populations of the pill woodlouse, Armadillidium vulgare which are exposed to

4810-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

4884-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

4958-609: The survival and reproduction of younger insects lessens selection pressure for evolution of resistance. In addition, some Wolbachia strains are able to directly reduce viral replication inside the insect. For dengue they include wAllbB and wMelPop with Aedes aegypti , wMel with Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti . Wolbachia has also been identified to inhibit replication of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in A. aegypti . The w Mel strain of Wolbachia pipientis significantly reduced infection and dissemination rates of CHIKV in mosquitoes, compared to Wolbachia uninfected controls and

5032-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

5106-460: The uninfected ones. Wolbachia often manipulates host reproduction and life-history in a way that favours its own propagation. In the Pharaoh ant , Wolbachia infection correlates with increased colony-level production of reproductives (i.e., greater reproductive investment), and earlier onset of reproductive production (i.e., shorter life-cycle). Infected colonies also seem to grow more rapidly. There

5180-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

5254-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

5328-756: The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti and the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus , this effect is not seen in DNA virus infection and in some cases Wolbachia infection has been associated or shown to increase single stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA virus infection. There is also currently no evidence that Wolbachia infection restricts any tested negative-sense RNA viruses indicating Wolbachia would be unsuitable for restriction of negative-sense RNA arthropod borne viruses. Wolbachia infection can also increase mosquito resistance to malaria, as shown in Anopheles stephensi where

5402-725: Was also identified in Wolbachia pipientis. It is expressed in four different strains in a regulated pattern that differs according to the sex of the host and the tissue localisation. This suggested that the sRNA may play important roles in the biology of Wolbachia. Outside of insects, Wolbachia infects a variety of isopod species, spiders , mites , and many species of filarial nematodes (a type of parasitic worm ), including those causing onchocerciasis (river blindness) and elephantiasis in humans, as well as heartworms in dogs. Not only are these disease-causing filarial worms infected with Wolbachia , but Wolbachia also seems to play an inordinate role in these diseases. A large part of

5476-530: Was discovered in 1924 by Marshall Hertig and Simeon Burt Wolbach in the common house mosquito . They described it as "a somewhat pleomorphic , rodlike , Gram-negative , intracellular organism [that] apparently infects only the ovaries and testes ". Hertig formally described the species in 1936, and proposed both the generic and specific names: Wolbachia pipientis . Research on Wolbachia intensified after 1971, when Janice Yen and A. Ralph Barr of UCLA discovered that Culex mosquito eggs were killed by

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