Hermann Wilhelm Leopold Ludwig Wissmann , after 1890 Hermann von Wissmann (4 September 1853 – 15 June 1905), was a German explorer and administrator in Africa .
31-575: Wissmann is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: Hermann Wissmann (1853–1905), German explorer and administrator in Africa, who gave his name to: Wissmann Bay at the northern tip of Lake Malawi Hermann von Wissmann (steamship) 1890, anti-slavery gunboat Matthias Wissmann (born 1949), German politician and automobile lobbyist See also [ edit ] Wissman [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
62-565: A future " re-claim " of French Flanders in Northern France as a historic part of Germanic Flanders . The Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France had two successive governors: This situation continued until July 1944, when a Reichskommissar für Belgien-Nordfrankreich was appointed: In December 1944, when the Allies had already liberated virtually all of Belgium, its territory
93-473: A military governor: The Reichskommissariat Ukraine was established on 20 August 1941, under a Reichskommissar für die Ukraine . The incumbents were: Central Russia was never brought under sufficient German control to permit its transfer to civilian administration, but a designated Reichskommissar für Moskowien was appointed on 17 July 1941: The Caucasus was never brought under sufficient German control to permit its transfer to civilian administration, but
124-747: A single-screw steamship christened SMS Hermann von Wissmann was built by the Hamburg Janssen and Schilinsky shipyard. It was built in sections in Germany shipped to East Africa, transported overland and launched in Lake Nyasa in September 1893. It was captured at Liuli by the British in the first naval action of World War I . A similar but smaller version christened the SMS Hedwig von Wissmann after Hermann's wife
155-598: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Hermann Wissmann Born in Frankfurt an der Oder , Wissmann was enlisted in the Prussian Army in 1870 and was commissioned a Lieutenant four years later. Wissmann served Mecklenburg in Füsilierregiment No. 90 posted at Rostock . During this time he had to serve a four-month prison sentence for wounding an opponent in a duel . An 1879 chance meeting with
186-539: Is in transitional office, then the same is made the first of two Reichsstatthalter (he until 10 August 1940), equivalent to a Gauleiter in Germany proper. After the Norwegian king and his government fled during the German invasion of the country and the failure of a coup d'état by the fascist politician Vidkun Quisling , Hitler appointed a Reichskommissar für die besetzten Norwegischen Gebiete (Reich Commissioner for
217-733: The Reichskommissariat of "Ostland" in the Baltic lands and "Ukraine" in Ukraine, headed by Hinrich Lohse and Erich Koch respectively. These administrators put in practice the intended measures during the whole of their administrative period, until 1943–44, when the Germans after the Battle of Kursk were gradually driven out by force. On 17 July 1941, the Reichskommissariat Ostland ("Eastland")
248-445: The surname Wissmann . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wissmann&oldid=1081028560 " Categories : Surnames German-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
279-587: The 1888 Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his explorations. Afterwards Wissmann was in the employ of King Leopold II of Belgium , who was in the process of creating his personal African empire, known as the Congo Free State . In March 1883 Wissmann gave the name " Zappo Zap " to a Songye leader known as Nsapu Nsapu who ruled over the town of Mpengie, part of the Ben'Eki kingdom in
310-457: The Congo to suppress resistance. Massacres were carried out with the new Maxim gun , which fired at around 500 rounds per minute. Wissmann also plundered towns and burned fields. Anyone who refused to submit themselves to his forces was killed. Prisoners were used for slave labor and sexual slavery. Wissmann was promoted to major in 1890 and given a hero's welcome on his return to Germany. In 1891 he
341-657: The Flemish People ( Dutch : Landsleider van het Vlaamsche Volk ) as well as "Head of the Flemish Liberation Committee" ( Hoofd van het Vlaamsche Bevrijdingscomité ): Gauleiter of Reichsgau Wallonien ( Wallonia , and Leader of the Walloon People ( French : Chef du Peuple Wallon ): Before the beginning of Operation Barbarossa (the eastern front campaign against the Soviet Union ) on 22 June 1941,
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#1732855116186372-518: The German East African naval detachment charged him with arrogance, tactlessness, being undiplomatic, and lack of organizing or administrative skills. The term " Wissmanntruppe " was used for the military and police units under Wissmann's command. They formed the core of the later Schutztruppe which came into life after the German government took over East Africa from the failed company. In 1890
403-707: The Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg suggested the administrative division of conquered Soviet territory in the following Reichskommissariats , only the first two of which would become reality through military success: This suggested an intention to destroy Russia as a political entity, as the Nazis organised the areas adjacent to Greater Germany 's eastern provinces in accordance with the geopolitical Lebensraum idea ( Drang nach Osten ), to benefit future " Aryan " generations. When German forces entered Soviet territory, they immediately implemented this administrative plan instating
434-621: The attempts of the German East Africa Company to start a dominion collapsed in face of African resistance, it asked Bismarck for help, which was at first refused. In 1888, Wissmann was promoted to captain and appointed 1st official Reichskommissar (8 February 1888 to 21 February 1891) for the German East Africa region where he was tasked with suppression of the Abushiri Revolt led by Abushiri ibn Salim al-Harthi . Wissmann
465-622: The case of Heligoland , a strategically located once-Danish island in the North Sea , formally handed over to Germany by the UK on 9 August 1890 (under the Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty ) and on 15 December 1890 formally annexed to Germany (after 18 February 1891 part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein ): 9 August 1890 – 1891 Adolf Wermuth (b. 1855 – d. 1927) The title of Reichskommissar
496-537: The eastern Kasai region . This was a settlement with more than a thousand people, many of them slave warriors, to the east of the Sankuru River between Kabinda and Lusambo . Zappo Zap's people became allies and auxiliaries of the Congo Free State authorities. In 1899 they were sent out by the colonial administration to collect taxes. They massacred many villagers, causing an international outcry. When in 1888
527-514: The explorer Dr. Paul Pogge changed his life. Granted a leave of absence from the army, in 1880, Wissmann accompanied explorer Paul Pogge on a journey through the Congo Basin . In the eastern Congo, Pogge and Wissmann parted company. Pogge stayed to build an agricultural research station for a Congolese chief, while Wissmann trekked to the Indian Ocean via present-day Tanzania . He was awarded
558-451: The occupied Dutch territories): Belgium was initially placed under a Militärverwaltung , headed by military governors. The country was joined administratively to "North France", i.e. the adjacent French départements Nord and Pas-de-Calais . This was done both for security reasons and geopolitical ideology of expansionism: the area was to be used as a staging ground in an expected invasion of Britain , but also in order to prepare
589-586: The occupied Norwegian territories) on 24 April 1940. The office had two consecutive Reichskommissars with extensive authority: After the German invasion of the country and the Dutch government and crown's evacuation and exile, the Netherlands was placed under the command of two successive military governors: The governorship was succeeded by a more permanent civil administration led by Reichskommissar für die besetzten niederländischen Gebiete (Reich Commissioner for
620-528: The rest of the Coastal Strip. They fortified the interior garrison of Mpwapwa and reopened the main caravan route through the area, using Lts. Langheld, Sigle, Charles Stokes & Sergeant Bauer. Soon afterwards, Abushiri was arrested and executed in Pangani on 16 December 1889. In January 1890, Wissmann issued a general pardon to the remaining rebels. Wissmann's forces used extremely brutal methods borrowed from
651-536: Was an official governatorial title used for various public offices during the period of the German Empire and Nazi Germany . In the unified German Empire (after 1871), Reichskommissars were appointed to oversee special tasks. For instance, there was a Reichskommissar for emigration ( Reichskommissar für das Auswanderungswesen ) in Hamburg . Presumably the same title is rendered as "German Imperial Commissioner" in
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#1732855116186682-479: Was appointed Reichskommissar of the territories on 21 October 1938. On 1 May 1939 a regular 'domestic' Reichsgau , Reichsgau Sudetenland was created; Henlein stayed on as Reichsstatthalter until the region was re-incorporated into Czechoslovakia on 4 May 1945. 1 May 1939 – 1 April 1940 Josef Bürckel (b. 1895 – d. 1944) NSDAP, in fact the maintained last Austrian Premier of 15 October 1938 constituted metropolitan capital city-entity Gross-Wien (Greater Vienna),
713-562: Was established, soon uniting German-occupied Lithuania , Latvia (from 1 September 1941) and Estonia (from 5 December 1941) and Belarus . Ostland was organized into four General Districts ( Generalbezirke ); only the (Latvian) capital city of Riga ( Gebiet Riga Stadt ) was directly administered by the Reichskommissar für das Ostland . The incumbents were: The territory in Ukraine occupied by Germany since 25 June 1941 initially fell under
744-666: Was held in the Territory of the Saar Basin (presently Saarland ) on 13 January 1935: 90.3% of those voting wished to join Germany rather than join France . Josef Bürckel (b. 1895 – d. 1944) was appointed on 1 March 1935 as Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des Saarlandes , then changed his style from 17 June 1936 to Reichskommissar für das Saarland , and from 8 April 1940 to Reichskommissar für die Saarpfalz ; finally from 11 March 1941, he
775-480: Was highly esteemed by his officers and non-commissioned officers, he came under heavy criticism from some German diplomatic and military observers. He was harshly attacked for burning villages and laying waste to agricultural fields, executing great numbers of natives and tolerating no opposition. For the German General-Consul at Zanzibar Michelies he was a military dictator. Rear Admiral Karl August Deinhard of
806-575: Was launched on Lake Tanganyika in September 1900. In 1916 she was sunk in a battle with HMS Mimi and HMS Toutou . The Wissmann Monument in Dar es Salaam was removed by the British. Its statue is now in Hamburg. Reichskommissar Reichskommissar ( German: [ˈʁaɪçskɔmɪsaːɐ̯] , rendered as "Commissioner of the Empire", "Reich Commissioner" or "Imperial Commissioner"), in German history ,
837-511: Was made Reichsstatthalter in der " Westmark " (the region's new name, meaning "Western March or Border"), until his death on 28 September 1944 when he was succeeded by Willi Stöhr (b. 1903 also NSDAP), who remained in office until 21 March 1945. After the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia was annexed by Germany on 1 October 1938, it was under a Military governor ( Wilhelm Keitel ; 1 October 1938 – 20 October 1938), until Konrad Henlein
868-415: Was named commissioner for the western region of German East Africa and became Reichskommissar in 1895. In the same year his son, Hermann , was born. Ill health forced him to resign from the army return to Germany in 1896, where he authored several books and lectured throughout Germany. Wissmann died in a hunting accident on 15 June 1905, after accidentally shooting himself with his own rifle. Though he
899-521: Was only given one order: "Victory". On his way to East Africa Wissmann hired a mercenary force of mostly Sudanese soldiers from decommissioned units of the Anglo-Egyptian army to whom later a number of Zulus from South Africa were added, all under the command of German officers. The German forces, along with British naval assistance, fortified Bagamoyo , Dar es Salaam and retook Tanga and Pangani . Wissmann's forces with superior firepower also retook
930-813: Was split up into three Gau -type entities as integral ("Germanic") parts of the Reich: the bi-cultural Belgian capital Brussels remained directly under the German Reichskommissar as the District of Brussels , but the bulk of the country was divided ethno-linguistically and placed under collaborating Belgian fascist party leaders (on paper) as Gauleiters and with Führer -imitating titles in their national languages: Gauleiter of Reichsgau Flandern ( Flanders ) supposedly including French Flanders in Allied-liberated North France, and National leader of
961-726: Was used during the German Empire for the governors of most of the Schutzgebiete (a German term literally meaning protectorate , but also applied to ordinary colonies ). The title of Reichskommissar was given by Adolf Hitler to a number of Nazi governors, mainly in several occupied countries during World War II , but also before the war to reintegrate former Prussian territory regained from France, as well as various other regions inhabited by ethnic Germans . Depending on circumstances they could be severely dictatorial and repressive, most notably Erich Koch in Ukraine . A plebiscite