69-478: A window is an opening in a wall , door , roof , or vehicle that allows the exchange of light and may also allow the passage of sound and sometimes air . Modern windows are usually glazed or covered in some other transparent or translucent material , a sash set in a frame in the opening; the sash and frame are also referred to as a window. Many glazed windows may be opened, to allow ventilation , or closed to exclude inclement weather . Windows may have
138-406: A diffuse light source, while blocking wind and preventing insects and other small animals from entering a structure. Greased paper windows were often used by American pioneers of the early 1800s and other itinerant peoples, in lieu of relatively expensive traditional glass windows. Laura Ingalls Wilder recalled living in a home with a greased paper window in her 1937 children's novel, On
207-805: A latch or similar mechanism to lock the window shut or to hold it open by various amounts. Types include the eyebrow window, fixed windows, hexagonal windows , single-hung, and double-hung sash windows, horizontal sliding sash windows , casement windows , awning windows, hopper windows, tilt, and slide windows (often door-sized), tilt and turn windows, transom windows, sidelight windows, jalousie or louvered windows, clerestory windows, lancet windows , skylights , roof windows , roof lanterns , bay windows , oriel windows , thermal, or Diocletian , windows, picture windows, rose windows , emergency exit windows, stained glass windows, French windows, panel windows, double/triple-paned windows, and witch windows . The English language-word window originates from
276-402: A manifold . The initial motivation for defining homology groups was the observation that two shapes can be distinguished by examining their holes. For instance, a circle is not a disk because the circle has a hole through it while the disk is solid, and the ordinary sphere is not a circle because the sphere encloses a two-dimensional hole while the circle encloses a one-dimensional hole. Because
345-656: A mullion separating them, that open outward with opposing hinges to a terrace or porch, are referred to as a French window . Sometimes these are set in pairs or multiples thereof along the exterior wall of a very large room, but often, one French window is placed centrally in a typically sized room, perhaps among other fixed windows flanking the feature. French windows are known as porte-fenêtre in France and portafinestra in Italy, and frequently are used in modern houses. Double-paned windows have two parallel panes (slabs of glass) with
414-410: A double-hung, or in-line. The inline versions can be made to fold inward or outward. The inward swinging foldup windows can have fixed screens, while the outward swinging ones require movable screens. The windows are typically used for screen rooms, kitchen pass-throughs, or egress. A horizontal sliding sash window has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide horizontally within the frame. In
483-453: A friction device to hold the window open against its weight and may have restriction and reversed locking built-in. In the UK, where this type of window is most common, they were extensively installed in high-rise social housing. A tilt and slide window is a window (more usually a door-sized window) where the sash tilts inwards at the top similar to a hopper window and then slides horizontally behind
552-412: A hole is immaterial, it is not immediately obvious how to define one or distinguish it from others. Another is the notion of homotopy group : these are invariants of a topological space that, when non-trivial (one also says in this case that the space is not k-connected ), detect the presence of "holes" in the sense that the space contains a sphere that cannot be contracted to a point. The term of hole
621-492: A long-standing motif of pointed or rounded window-shapes in ecclesiastical buildings, still seen in many churches today. Peter Smith discusses overall trends in early-modern rural Welsh window architecture: Up to about 1680 windows tended to be horizontal in proportion, a shape suitable for lighting the low-ceilinged rooms that had resulted from the insertion of the upper floor into the hall-house. After that date vertically proportioned windows came into fashion, partly at least as
690-517: A millennium before window glass became transparent enough to see through clearly, as we expect now. In 1154, Al-Idrisi described glass windows as a feature of the palace belonging to the king of the Ghana Empire . Over the centuries techniques were developed to shear through one side of a blown glass cylinder and produce thinner rectangular window panes from the same amount of glass material. This gave rise to tall narrow windows, usually separated by
759-444: A person who provides an account of an event that lacks important details can be said to have "holes in their story", and a fictional work with unexplained narrative elements can be said to have plot holes . A person who has suffered loss is often referred to as having a "hole in their heart". The concept of a "God-shaped hole" occurs in religious discourse: [H]umans are commonly said to have “a God-shaped hole” in our souls. If you are
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#1732844896976828-502: A physical object is taken to its logical extreme in the fictional concept of a portable hole , exemplified in role-playing games and characterized as a "hole" that a person can carry with them, keep things in, and enter themselves as needed. In art holes are sometimes referred to as negative space , as in the case of the Japanese concept of Ma . Holes can also be referenced metaphorically as existing in non-tangible things. For example,
897-625: A religious person, you can explain the hole by saying that God put it there in order to make it easier for us to receive Him. If you are a naturalist or an atheist, you believe the God-shaped hole is in our minds, not our souls. You then look for reasons that the concept of God might have evolved in our species. The Unicode symbol for HOLE, U+1F573, was approved in 2014 as part of the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs chart in Unicode 7.0, and
966-534: A response to the Renaissance taste for the high ceiling. Since 1914 the wheel has come full circle and a horizontally proportioned window is again favoured. The spread of plate-glass technology made possible the introduction of picture windows (in Levittown, Pennsylvania , founded 1951–1952). Many modern day windows may have a window screen or mesh, often made of aluminum or fibreglass , to keep bugs out when
1035-438: A separation of typically about 1 cm; this space is permanently sealed and filled at the time of manufacture with dry air or other dry nonreactive gas. Such windows provide a marked improvement in thermal insulation (and usually in acoustic insulation as well) and are resistant to fogging and frosting caused by temperature differential. They are widely used for residential and commercial construction in intemperate climates. In
1104-639: A separator ( mullion ). Typically, the cellular window is used for an attic or as a decorative feature, but it can also be a major architectural element to provide the natural lighting inside buildings. A guillotine window is a window that opens vertically. Guillotine windows have more than one sliding frame, and open from bottom to top or top to bottom. EN 12519 is the European standard that describes windows terms officially used in EU Member States. The main terms are: The United States NFRC Window Label lists
1173-406: A submanifold in 3-space. In physics, antimatter is pervasively described as a hole, a location that, when brought together with ordinary matter to fill the hole, results in both the hole and the matter cancelling each-other out. This is analogous to patching a pothole with asphalt, or filling a bubble below the surface of water with an equal amount of water to cancel it out. The most direct example
1242-472: A vertical support called a mullion . Mullioned glass windows were the windows of choice among the European well-to-do, whereas paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early-17th century, whereas windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used as early as the 14th century. Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after
1311-428: A wall, typically without glazing bars , or glazed with only perfunctory glazing bars ( muntins ) near the edge of the window. Picture windows provide an unimpeded view, as if framing a picture. A multi-lite window is a window glazed with small panes of glass separated by wooden or lead glazing bars , or muntins , arranged in a decorative glazing pattern often dictated by the building's architectural style. Due to
1380-492: Is a door with a jalousie window. A clerestory window is a window set in a roof structure or high in a wall, used for daylighting . A skylight is a window built into a roof structure. This type of window allows for natural daylight and moonlight. A roof window is a sloped window used for daylighting , built into a roof structure. It is one of the few windows that could be used as an exit. Larger roof windows meet building codes for emergency evacuation. A roof lantern
1449-419: Is a hole that is reamed , drilled , or milled to a specified depth without breaking through to the other side of the workpiece. A through hole is a hole that is made to go completely through the material of an object. In other words, a through hole is a hole that goes all the way through something. Taps used for through holes are generally tapered since it will tap faster and the chips will be released when
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#17328448969761518-499: Is a multi-paned glass structure, resembling a small building, built on a roof for day or moon light. Sometimes includes an additional clerestory . May also be called a cupola . A bay window is a multi-panel window, with at least three panels set at different angles to create a protrusion from the wall line. An oriel window is a form of bay window. This form most often appears in Tudor-style houses and monasteries. It projects from
1587-463: Is known as a fanlight, especially in the British Isles. Windows beside a door or window are called side-, wing-, margen-lights, and flanking windows. Also known as a louvered window, the jalousie window consists of parallel slats of glass or acrylic that open and close like a Venetian blind , usually using a crank or a lever. They are used extensively in tropical architecture. A jalousie door
1656-411: Is missing. The largest phenomenon described as a hole is a supermassive black hole , an astronomical object which can be billions of times more massive than Earth's sun . The deepest hole on Earth is the man-made Kola Superdeep Borehole , with a true vertical drill-depth of more than 7.5 miles (12 kilometers), which is only a fraction of the nearly 4,000 mile (6,400 kilometer) distance to the center of
1725-427: Is often used informally when discussing these objects. For surfaces a notion closer to the intuitive meaning exists: the genus of a connected, orientable surface is an integer representing the maximum number of cuttings along non-intersecting closed simple curves without rendering the resultant manifold disconnected. In layman's terms, it is exactly the number of "holes" the surface has, when represented as
1794-568: Is the electron hole ; a fairly general theoretical description is provided by the Dirac sea , which treats positrons (or anti-particles in general) as holes. Holes provide one of the two primary forms of conduction in a semi-conductor , that is, the material from which transistors are made; without holes, current could not flow, and transistors turn on and off by enabling or disabling the creation of holes. Animal bodies tend to contain specialized holes which serve various biological functions, such as
1863-400: Is used in pinhole cameras to form an image without the use of a lens . Pinholes on produce packaging have been used to control the atmosphere and relative humidity within the packaging. In many fields, pinholes are a harmful side effect of manufacturing processes. For example, in the assembly of microcircuits , pinholes in the dielectric insulator layer coating the circuit can cause
1932-407: Is used in situations where light or vision alone is needed as no ventilation is possible in such windows without the use of trickle vents or overglass vents. A single-hung sash window is a window that has one sash that is movable (usually the bottom one) and the other fixed. This is the earlier form of sliding sash window and is also cheaper. A sash window is the traditional style of window in
2001-580: Is used in two ways: a curved top window in a wall or an eyebrow dormer ; and a row of small windows usually under the front eaves such as the James-Lorah House in Pennsylvania. A fixed window is a window that cannot be opened, whose function is limited to allowing light to enter (unlike an unfixed window, which can open and close). Clerestory windows in church architecture are often fixed. Transom windows may be fixed or operable. This type of window
2070-628: The Danish language vindue and Norwegian Bokmål vindu , the direct link to eye is lost, just as for window . The Danish (but not the Bokmål ) word is pronounced fairly similarly to window . Window is first recorded in the early 13th century, and originally referred to an unglazed hole in a roof. Window replaced the Old English eagþyrl , which literally means 'eye-hole', and eagduru 'eye-door'. Many Germanic languages, however, adopted
2139-564: The Old Norse vindauga , from vindr 'wind' and auga 'eye'. In Norwegian , Nynorsk , and Icelandic , the Old Norse form has survived to this day (in Icelandic only as a less used word for a type of small open "window", not strictly a synonym for gluggi , the Icelandic word for 'window'). In Swedish , the word vindöga remains as a term for a hole through the roof of a hut, and in
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2208-557: The 13th century BC, the earliest windows were unglazed openings in a roof to admit light during the day. Later, windows were covered with animal hide, cloth, or wood. Shutters that could be opened and closed came next. Over time, windows were built that both protected the inhabitants from the elements and transmitted light, using multiple small pieces of translucent material, such as flattened pieces of translucent animal horn, paper sheets, thin slices of marble (such as fengite ), or pieces of glass, set in frameworks of wood, iron or lead. In
2277-466: The Earth. In mathematics , holes are examined in a number of ways. One of these is in homology , which is a general way of associating certain algebraic objects to other mathematical objects such as topological spaces . Homology groups were originally defined in algebraic topology , and homology was originally a rigorous mathematical method for defining and categorizing holes in a mathematical object called
2346-630: The Far East, paper was used to fill windows. The Romans were the first known users of glass for windows, exploiting a technology likely first developed in Roman Egypt . Specifically, in Alexandria c. 100 CE, cast-glass windows, albeit with poor optical properties, began to appear, but these were small thick productions, little more than blown-glass jars (cylindrical shapes) flattened out into sheets with circular striation patterns throughout. It would be over
2415-613: The Latin word fenestra to describe a window with glass, such as standard Swedish fönster , or German Fenster . The use of window in English is probably because of the Scandinavian influence on the English language by means of loanwords during the Viking Age . In English, the word fenester was used as a parallel until the mid-18th century. Fenestration is still used to describe
2484-543: The Thread Mill in 1977, a device that milled large internal threads in the blind holes of oil well blowout preventers . Today many CNC milling machines can run such a thread milling cycle (see a video of such a cut in the "External links" section). One use of through holes in electronics is with through-hole technology , a mounting scheme involving the use of leads on the components that are inserted into holes drilled in printed circuit boards (PCB) and soldered to pads on
2553-434: The UK and many other parts of Europe. An awning window is a casement window that is hung horizontally, hinged on top, so that it swings outward like an awning . In addition to being used independently, they can be stacked, several in one opening, or combined with fixed glass. They are particularly useful for ventilation. A hopper window is a bottom-pivoting casement window that opens by tilting vertically, typically to
2622-529: The UK, double-paned and triple-paned are referred to as double- glazing and triple-glazing. Triple-paned windows are now a common type of glazing in central to northern Europe. Quadruple glazing is now being introduced in Scandinavia. A hexagonal window is a hexagon -shaped window, resembling a bee cell or crystal lattice of graphite. The window can be vertically or horizontally oriented, openable or dead. It can also be regular or elongately-shaped and can have
2691-407: The UK, these are sometimes called Yorkshire sash windows, presumably because of their traditional use in that county. A casement window is a window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising either a side-hung, top-hung (also called "awning window"; see below), or occasionally bottom-hung sash or a combination of these types, sometimes with fixed panels on one or more sides of
2760-502: The United Kingdom, and many other places that were formerly colonized by the UK, with two parts (sashes) that overlap slightly and slide up and down inside the frame. The two parts are not necessarily the same size; where the upper sash is smaller (shorter) it is termed a cottage window . Currently, most new double-hung sash windows use spring balances to support the sashes, but traditionally, counterweights held in boxes on either side of
2829-467: The absence of something in another object. In the study of visual perception, a hole is a special case of figure-ground , because the ground region is entirely surrounded by the figure. For a region to be perceived as a visual hole three factors are important: depth factors indicating that the enclosed region lies behind; grouping between the enclosed region and the surround; and figural factors (for example symmetry, convexity, or familiarity) that lead to
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2898-480: The arrangement of windows within a façade , as well as defenestration , meaning 'to throw out of a window'. The Romans were the first known to use glass for windows, a technology likely first produced in Roman Egypt , in Alexandria c. 100 AD. Presentations of windows can be seen in ancient Egyptian wall art and sculptures from Assyria. Paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, glass became common in
2967-555: The brief stated: "There are 4,000 holes in the road in Blackburn, Lancashire, or one twenty-sixth of a hole per person, according to a council survey. If Blackburn is typical, there are two million holes in Britain's roads and 300,000 in London". Holes have also been described as ontological parasites because they can only exist as aspects of another object. The psychological concept of a hole as
3036-468: The circuit to fail. Therefore, "[t]o avoid pinholes that might protrude through the entire thickness of the dielectric layer, it is a common practice to screen several layers of dielectric with drying and firing after each screening", thereby preventing the pinholes from becoming continuous. It has been noted that holes occupy an unusual ontological position in philosophy, as people tend to refer to them as tangible and countable objects, when in fact they are
3105-693: The entrance of emergency rescuers. Vehicles, such as buses, aircraft, and trains frequently have emergency exit windows as well. A stained glass window is a window composed of pieces of colored glass, transparent, translucent or opaque , frequently portraying persons or scenes. Typically the glass in these windows is separated by lead glazing bars. Stained glass windows were popular in Victorian houses and some Wrightian houses, and are especially common in churches . A French door has two rows of upright rectangular glass panes (lights) extending its full length; and two of these doors on an exterior wall and without
3174-451: The fixed pane. A tilt and turn window can both tilt inwards at the top or open inwards from hinges at the side. This is the most common type of window in Germany, its country of origin. It is also widespread in many other European countries. In Europe, it is usual for these to be of the "turn first" type. i.e. when the handle is turned to 90 degrees the window opens in the side hung mode. With
3243-495: The following terms: The European harmonised standard hEN 14351–1, which deals with doors and windows, defines 23 characteristics (divided into essential and non essential ). Two other, preliminary European Norms that are under development deal with internal pedestrian doors (prEN 14351–2), smoke and fire resisting doors, and openable windows (prEN 16034). Windows can be a significant source of heat transfer. Therefore, insulated glazing units consist of two or more panes to reduce
3312-422: The ground), or may pass completely through that surface (such as a hole created by a hole puncher in a piece of paper). Holes can occur for a number of reasons, including natural processes and intentional actions by humans or animals. Holes in the ground that are made intentionally, such as holes made while searching for food, for replanting trees, or postholes made for securing an object, are usually made through
3381-544: The handle turned to 180 degrees the window opens in bottom hung mode. Most usually in the UK the windows will be "tilt first" i.e. bottom hung at 90 degrees for ventilation and side hung at 180 degrees for cleaning the outer face of the glass from inside the building. A transom window is a window above a door. In an exterior door the transom window is often fixed, in an interior door, it can open either by hinges at top or bottom, or rotate on hinges. It provided ventilation before forced air heating and cooling. A fan-shaped transom
3450-521: The historic unavailability of large panes of glass, the multi-lit (or lattice window ) was the most common window style until the beginning of the 20th century, and is still used in traditional architecture. An emergency exit window is a window big enough and low enough so that occupants can escape through the opening in an emergency, such as a fire. In many countries, exact specifications for emergency windows in bedrooms are given in many building codes . Specifications for such windows may also allow for
3519-506: The holes were rather small, They had to count them all, Now they know how many holes it takes to fill the Albert Hall. The reference to 4,000 holes was written by John Lennon , and inspired by a Far & Near news brief from the same 17 January edition of the Daily Mail , which had also provided inspiration for previous verses of the song. Under the headline "The holes in our roads",
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#17328448969763588-432: The industrial plate glass-making processes were perfected in the late 19th century Modern windows are usually filled using glass, although transparent plastic is also used. The introduction of lancet windows into Western European church architecture from the 12th century CE built on a tradition of arched windows inserted between columns, and led not only to tracery and elaborate stained-glass windows but also to
3657-461: The inside, resembling a hopper chute. A pivot window is a window hung on one hinge on each of two opposite sides which allows the window to revolve when opened. The hinges may be mounted top and bottom (Vertically Pivoted) or at each jamb (Horizontally Pivoted). The window will usually open initially to a restricted position for ventilation and, once released, fully reverse and lock again for safe cleaning from inside. Modern pivot hinges incorporate
3726-425: The intake of oxygen or food, the excretion of waste, and the intake or expulsion of other fluids for reproductive purposes. In some simple animals, a single hole serves all of these purposes. The formation of holes is a significant event in the development of an animal: All animals start out in development with one hole, the blastopore . If there are two holes, the second hole forms later. The blastopore can arise at
3795-432: The myriad criteria for the design of windows, several pivotal criteria have emerged in daylight standards: location, time, weather, nature, and people. Of these criteria, windows that are designed to provide views of nature are considered to be the most important by people. A cross-window is a rectangular window usually divided into four lights by a mullion and transom that form a Latin cross . The term eyebrow window
3864-520: The opposite side either by manual assembly (hand placement) or by the use of automated insertion mount machines. A pinhole is a small hole, usually made by pressing a thin, pointed object such as a pin through an easily penetrated material such as a fabric or a very thin layer of metal . Similar holes made by other means are also often called pinholes. Pinholes may be intentionally made for various reasons. For example, in optics pinholes are used as apertures to select certain rays of light. This
3933-400: The perception of a figure rather than a hole. There is a debate on whether holes are special and whether they are perceived as having their own shape. They may be special in some cases, but not in the ownership of the contours. Some people have an aversion to the sight of irregular patterns or clusters of small holes, a condition called trypophobia . Researchers hypothesize that this is
4002-447: The process of digging . Unintentional holes in an object are often a sign of damage . Potholes and sinkholes can damage human settlements. Holes can occur in a wide variety of materials, and at a wide range of scales. The smallest holes observable by humans include pinholes and perforations , but the smallest phenomenon described as a hole is an electron hole , which is a position in an atom or atomic lattice where an electron
4071-588: The result of a biological revulsion that associates trypophobic shapes with danger or disease, and may therefore have an evolutionary basis. An example of the use of holes in popular culture can be found in the Beatles lyric from the song, " A Day in the Life ", from their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band : I read the news today, oh boy: Four thousand holes in Blackburn Lancashire. And though
4140-467: The sash. In the US, these are usually opened using a crank , but in parts of Europe, they tend to use projection friction stays and espagnolette locking. Formerly, plain hinges were used with a casement stay . Handing applies to casement windows to determine direction of swing; a casement window may be left-handed, right-handed, or double. The casement window is the dominant type now found in modern buildings in
4209-643: The tap exits the hole. The etymology of the blind hole is that it is not possible to see through it. It may also refer to any feature that is taken to a specific depth, more specifically referring to internally threaded hole (tapped holes). Not considering the drill point, the depth of the blind hole, conventionally, may be slightly deeper than that of the threaded depth. There are three accepted methods of threading blind holes: At least two U.S. tool manufacturers have manufactured tools for thread milling in blind holes: Ingersoll Cutting Tools of Rockford, Illinois, and Tooling Systems of Houston, Texas, who introduced
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#17328448969764278-425: The top or the bottom of the embryo. Gramicidin A , a polypeptide with a helical shape, has been described as a portable hole. When it forms a dimer , it can embed itself in cellular bilayer membranes and form a hole through which water molecules can pass. In engineering , machining , and tooling , a hole may be a blind hole or a through hole (also called a thru-hole or clearance hole ). A blind hole
4347-408: The transfer of heat. Hole A hole is an opening in or through a particular medium, usually a solid body . Holes occur through natural and artificial processes, and may be useful for various purposes, or may represent a problem needing to be addressed in many fields of engineering . Depending on the material and the placement, a hole may be an indentation in a surface (such as a hole in
4416-416: The wall and does not extend to the ground. Originally a form of porch, they are often supported by brackets or corbels. Thermal, or Diocletian , windows are large semicircular windows (or niches) which are usually divided into three lights (window compartments) by two mullions. The central compartment is often wider than the two side lights on either side of it. A picture window is a large fixed window in
4485-426: The window be locked into hinges on one side, while the rope on the other side is detached—so the window can be opened for fire escape or cleaning. A foldup has two equal sashes similar to a standard double-hung but folds upward allowing air to pass through nearly the full-frame opening. The window is balanced using either springs or counterbalances, similar to a double-hung. The sashes can be either offset to simulate
4554-433: The window is opened. Windows are primarily designed to facilitate a vital connection with the outdoors, offering those within the confines of the building visual access to the everchanging events occurring outside. The provision of this connection serves as an integral safeguard for the health and well-being of those inhabiting buildings, lest they experience the detrimental effects of enclosed buildings devoid of windows. Among
4623-404: The window were used. These were and are attached to the sashes using pulleys of either braided cord or, later, purpose-made chain. Three types of spring balances are called a tape or clock spring balance; channel or block-and-tackle balance, and a spiral or tube balance. Double-hung sash windows were traditionally often fitted with shutters . Sash windows can be fitted with simplex hinges that let
4692-399: The windows of ordinary homes only in the early 17th century whereas windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used as early as the 14th century. In the 19th century American west, greased paper windows came to be used by pioneering settlers. Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial plate glass making processes were fully perfected. In
4761-439: Was part of Emoji 1.0, published in 2015. As pictorial representations for emoji are platform-dependent, Emojipedia shows images of the hole symbol as depicted on various platforms. Greased paper window A greased paper window is a very inexpensive window made of paper coated in grease . The grease fills gaps between the paper fibers , reducing the amount of light lost to scattering . Greased paper windows provide
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