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110-492: In August 1898 Manly published a editorial objecting to lynchings and rejected stereotypes of black men as rapists of white women. He had earlier responded to a Rebecca Latimer Felton in Georgia who wrote about African-American males having relationships with white women. At the time, white Democrats were inflaming racial tensions and promoting white supremacy in a bid to regain power in the state legislature. They had lost control in

220-624: A bad thing". There is a considerable amount of scientific literature that demonstrates similar patterns. The differences between related terms and words which encompass aspects of racial admixture show the impact of different historical and cultural factors leading to changing social interpretations of race and ethnicity. Thus the Comte de Montlosier , in exile during the French Revolution , equated class difference in 18th-century France with racial difference. Borrowing Boulainvilliers ' discourse on

330-413: A black man dating a white woman. Among people between the ages of 18 and 29, the poll found that 95% approved of blacks and whites dating, and about 60% said they had dated someone of a different race. 69% of Hispanics, 52% of non-Hispanic blacks, and 45% of non-Hispanic whites said they have dated someone of another race or ethnic group. In 1980, just 17% of all respondents said they had dated someone from

440-711: A carpenter, and taught his trade to Frederick. After the war Frederick completed his education at Lincoln University , a historically black college in Pennsylvania. He returned to Wilmington and developed as a leader in the business community. Together, the Manlys moved from Washington, D.C. to Philadelphia . They had two sons born in Philadelphia: Milo and Lewin. The former became an activist and fought for black property rights in Wilmington; he later became executive director of

550-643: A classical liberal arts education. She graduated at the top of her class, at age 17, in 1852. Based on her autobiography, Felton's ancestors were Virginians and Marylanders before settling in Georgia. As per family tradition, she traced her ancestry to colonial settlers who came from England during the 1600s. In October 1853, she married Dr. William Harrell Felton at her home, and she moved to live with him on his plantation just north of Cartersville, Georgia . She gave birth to five children, one daughter and four sons. Only one, Howard Erwin Felton, survived childhood. In

660-584: A colored woman. You set yourselves down as a lot of carping hypocrites in fact you cry aloud for the virtue of your women while you seek to destroy the morality of ours. Don’t ever think that your women will remain pure while you are debauching ours. You sow the seed — the harvest will come in due time." Manly's opinion piece was republished in white papers, including the Wilmington News and The News and Observer in Raleigh. It also gained national attention, in

770-622: A criminal offense for a white person to have any sexual relations with a person who was a member of a different race. Both of these laws were repealed in 1985. Interracial relationships have profoundly influenced various regions throughout history. Africa has had a long history of interracial mixing with non-Africans, since prehistoric times, with migrations from the Levant leading to significant admixture. This continued into antiquity with Arab and European explorers, traders, and soldiers having relationships with African women. Mixed-race communities like

880-478: A different racial background. However, according to a study from the University of California at Berkeley, using data from over 1 million profiles of singles from online dating websites, whites were far more reluctant to date outside their race than non-whites. The study found that over 80% of whites, including whites who stated no racial preference, contacted other whites, whereas about 3% of whites contacted blacks,

990-594: A genome-wide study by 23andMe, White Americans (European Americans) who participated were: "98.6 percent European, 0.19 percent African and 0.18 percent Native American on average." In the United States, intermarriage among Filipinos with other races is common. They have the largest number of interracial marriages among Asian immigrant groups, as documented in California. It is also noted that 21.8% of Filipino Americans are of mixed blood, second among Asian Americans, and

1100-556: A graduate of Fisk University and a member of the Fisk Jubilee Singers . Sadgwar was the daughter of Frederick Cutlar Sadgwar, a prominent businessman in Wilmington's African American community and his Cherokee wife; her paternal great-grandfather was a French sea captain. She had become engaged to Manly in Wilmington. N.C., and the couple were wed at the home of North Carolina Congressman George Henry White , who had moved permanently to Washington, D.C., after North Carolina passed

1210-508: A lengthy feminist program that ranged from prohibition to equal pay for equal work yet never accomplished any feat because she held her role because of her husband." A major figure in American first-wave feminism , Felton was also a white supremacist and the last slave owner to serve in the Senate . She spoke vigorously in favor of lynching African Americans , under the pretense of protecting

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1320-625: A painter, but remained politically active; he helped found The Armstrong Association, a precursor to the National Urban League , and was a member of the African-American newspaper council. Alexander Lightfoot Manly, called "Alex", was born in 1866 in Raleigh, North Carolina . Both of his parents were of mixed ancestry: his father was a freedman who, like many African Americans, possessed African ancestry and European ancestry, while his mother

1430-402: A popular buzzword in political and social discourse. Before the publication of Miscegenation , the words racial intermixing and amalgamation were used as general terms for ethnic and racial genetic mixing. Contemporary usage of the amalgamation metaphor, borrowed from metallurgy , was that of Ralph Waldo Emerson 's private vision in 1845 of America as an ethnic and racial smelting-pot,

1540-719: A race, and they also forbade extramarital sexual relations and marriages between persons who were classified as " Aryans " and persons who were classified as " non-Aryans ". Violations of these laws were condemned as Rassenschande (lit. "race-disgrace/race-shame") and they could be punished by imprisonment (usually followed by deportation to a concentration camp ) and could even be punished by death. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act in South Africa, enacted in 1949, banned intermarriages between members of different racial groups, including intermarriages between whites and non-whites. The Immorality Act , enacted in 1950, also made it

1650-698: A result that held for younger and older participants. Only 5% of whites responded to inquiries from blacks. Black participants were ten times more likely to contact whites than whites were to contact blacks, however black participants sent inquiries to other blacks more often than otherwise. Interracial marriage is still relatively uncommon, despite the increasing rate. In 2010, 15% of new marriages were interracial, and of those only 9% of Whites married outside of their race. However, this takes into account inter ethnic marriages, this meaning it counts white Hispanics marrying non-Hispanic whites as interracial marriages, despite both bride and groom being racially white . Of

1760-447: A slave owner. Felton was a white supremacist . She claimed, for instance, that the more money that Georgia spent on black people's education , the more crimes black people committed. For the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition , she "proposed a southern exhibit 'illustrating the slave period ,' with a cabin and 'real colored folks making mats, shuck collars, and baskets—a woman to spin and card cotton—and another to play banjo and show

1870-582: A speech before the Agricultural Society at Tybee Island, Georgia , in which she spoke out in favor of broad use of lynching of African-American men in order to "protect" white women from the sexual attentions of Black men. Clawson published her speech in the Wilmington Messenger . Manly responded in an August 18, 1898 editorial in his Daily Record, saying that white men were hypocrites for protecting their white women while seeking to "destroy

1980-483: A suffrage amendment in 1899 that created barriers to voter registration and excluded most black voters from the political system. White had announced that he would not run for a third term under such conditions, and instead built a law practice in the capital and also became a highly successful banker. In 1906 he moved to Philadelphia , where he founded a bank, and a black residential community in New Jersey. David became

2090-417: A time, Manly served in his office and wrote civil rights legislation, which White was unable to get through Congress. Manly and his brother Frank moved to Washington, D.C., in 1900. Frank Manly eventually moved to Alabama, where he taught at Tuskegee University , a noted historically black college . While in the capital, Alex Manly married his fiancée Caroline Sadgwar (also referred to as Carrie Sadgwar),

2200-534: A useful objective tool in shedding light on the demographic history of Latin America. Unlike in the United States, there were no anti-miscegenation policies in Latin America. Though still a racially stratified society there were no significant barriers to gene flow between the three populations. As a result, admixture profiles are a reflection of the colonial populations of Africans, Europeans and Amerindians. The pattern

2310-411: A variation on the concept of the melting pot . Opinions in the U.S. on the desirability of such intermixing, including that between white Protestants and Irish Catholic immigrants, were divided. The term miscegenation was coined to refer specifically to the intermarriage of blacks and whites, with the intent of galvanizing opposition to the war. In Spanish America , the term mestizaje , which

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2420-768: A visible African presence today. Census information from the early 19th century shows that people categorized as Black made up to 30% of the population, or around 400,000 people. Though almost completely absent today, their contribution to Argentine culture is significant and include the tango , the milonga and the zamba , words of Bantu origin. The ideology of whitening encouraged non-whites to seek white or lighter skinned partners. This dilution of non-white admixture would be beneficial to their offspring as they would face less stigmatization and find it easier to assimilate into mainstream society. After successive generations of European gene flow, non-white admixture levels would drop below levels at which skin color or physical appearance

2530-505: A white man and raping his victim's wife. Felton said that any "true-hearted husband or father" would have killed "the beast" and that Hose was due less sympathy than a rabid dog. Thomas W. Hardwick , the Governor of Georgia , was planning to run as a candidate in the next election to the U.S. Senate , which was due in 1924 . However, the current incumbent Senator Thomas E. Watson died unexpectedly on September 26, 1922. As Governor, Hardwick

2640-422: A white partner, 40 and 27 percent, respectively (Le, 2006b). In 2008, of new marriages including an Asian man, 80% were to an Asian spouse and 14% to a White spouse; of new marriages involving an Asian woman, 61% were to an Asian spouse and 31% to a White spouse. Almost 30% of Asians and Latinos outmarry, with 86.8 and 90% of these, respectively, being to a white person. According to Karyn Langhorne Folan, "although

2750-471: A year when North Carolina racial tensions were already high, inflamed by the Democratic campaigns for the pending election. Democrats were promoting white supremacy and exaggerating racial fears related to miscegenation to bring out their supporters. Manly's comments about interracial relationships were controversial and unwelcome in the segregated society, although most in the white community were well aware of

2860-444: Is a pejorative term for a marriage or admixture between people who are members of different races . Modern science regards race as a social construct , an identity which is assigned based on rules made by society. While partly based on physical similarities within groups, race does not have an inherent physical or biological meaning. The concept of race is foundational to racism , the belief that humans can be divided based on

2970-501: Is also a reason why more unambiguously neutral terms such as interracialism , interethnicism or cross-culturalism are more common in contemporary usage. The term remains in use among scholars when referring to past practices concerning multiraciality, such as anti-miscegenation laws that banned interracial marriages. In Spanish, Portuguese, and French, the words used to describe the mixing of races are mestizaje , mestiçagem , and métissage respectively. These words, much older than

3080-678: Is also sex biased in that the African and Amerindian maternal lines are found in significantly higher proportions than African or Amerindian Y chromosomal lines. This is an indication that the primary mating pattern was that of European males with Amerindian or African females. According to the study more than half the White populations of the Latin American countries studied have some degree of either Native American or African admixture ( MtDNA or Y chromosome ). In countries such as Chile and Colombia almost

3190-523: Is debate about how Alex and Frank Manly left Wilmington, by November 10, the brothers had left the city. A large white mob of more than 1500 people destroyed the printing press and burned the offices of the Daily Record to the ground, and went on to massacre many of the towns black citizens in what would later be known as the Wilmington 1898 Coup d'etat and Massacre. Manly sought shelter with black U.S. Congressman George Henry White from North Carolina. For

3300-469: Is derived from mestizo , a term used to describe a person who is the offspring of an Indigenous American and a European. The primary reason why there are so few indigenous peoples of Central and South America remaining is because of the persistent and pervasive miscegenation between the Iberian colonists and the indigenous American population, which is the most common admixture of ethnicities found in

3410-603: Is exaggerated. Some estimates from studies indicated that many of the African-Americans who took part, had European admixture ranging from 25 to 50% in the Northeast and less than 10% in the South (where a vast majority of the population reside). A 2003 study by Mark D. Shriver of a European-American sample found that the average admixture in the individuals who participated was 0.7% African and 3.2% Native American. However, 70% of

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3520-472: Is invalid. Over twenty-eight million white persons are descendants of persons of African origin. Furthermore, the majority of the persons with African ancestry are classified as White. A 2003 study on Y-chromosomes and mtDNA detected no African admixture in the European-Americans who took part in it. The sample included 628 European-American Y-chromosomes and mtDNA from 922 European-Americans According to

3630-572: Is not affected thus allowing individuals to identify as White. In many regions, the native and black populations were simply overwhelmed by a succession of waves of European immigration. Historians and scientists are thus interested in tracing the fate of Native Americans and Africans from the past to the future. The questions remain about what proportion of these populations simply died out and what proportion still has descendants alive today including those who do not racially identify themselves as their ancestors would have. Admixture testing has thus become

3740-440: Is not enough religion in the pulpit to organize a crusade against sin; nor justice in the court house to promptly punish crime; nor manhood enough in the nation to put a sheltering arm about innocence and virtue – if it needs lynching to protect woman's dearest possession from the ravening human beasts – then I say lynch, a thousand times a week if necessary. Newspapers reprinted a transcript of Felton's speech to garner support for

3850-556: Is not the effect merely of their condition of life". Within the African-American population, the amount of African admixture is directly correlated with darker skin since less selective pressure against dark skin is applied within the group of "non-passing" individuals. Thus, African-Americans may have a much wider range of African admixture (>0–100%), whereas European-Americans have a lower range (2–20%). A statistical analysis done in 1958 using historical census data and historical data on immigration and birth rates concluded that 21% of

3960-454: Is that race is an arbitrary social construct, and that it does not actually have a major genetic delineation, or indeed any scientific validity . In the present day, the use of the word miscegenation is avoided by many scholars because the term suggests that race is a concrete biological phenomenon, rather than a categorization which is imposed on certain relationships. The term's historical usage in contexts which typically implied disapproval

4070-728: Is the fastest growing. Prior to the European conquest of the Americas the demographics of Latin America was naturally 100% American Indian . Today those who identify themselves as Native Americans are small minorities in many countries. For example, the CIA lists Argentina's at 0.9%, Brazil's at 0.4%, and Uruguay 's at 0%. However, the range varies widely from country to country in Latin America with some countries having significantly larger Amerindian minorities. The early conquest of Latin America

4180-688: The American Civil War . The pamphlet was entitled Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro . It purported to advocate the intermarriage of whites and blacks until they were indistinguishably mixed, as desirable, and further asserted that this was a goal of the Republican Party . The pamphlet was a hoax, concocted by Democrats to discredit

4290-1098: The Coloureds in South Africa and Basters in Namibia emerged from these unions. In the Americas and Asia, similar patterns of interracial relationships and communities formed. In the US, historical taboos and laws against interracial marriage evolved, culminating in the landmark Loving v. Virginia case in 1967. Latin America , particularly Brazil , has a rich history of racial mixing, reflected in its diverse population. In Asia, countries like India, China, and Japan experienced interracial unions through trade, colonization, and migration, contributing to diverse genetic and cultural landscapes. In Europe, Nazi Germany 's anti-miscegenation laws sought to maintain "racial purity," specifically targeting Jewish -German unions. Hungary and France saw mixed marriages through historical conquests and colonialism, such as between Vietnamese men and French women during

4400-770: The Democratic Party . On August 18, 1898, Alex Manly 's Daily Record printed a rebuttal editorial arguing that white rape of black women was much more frequent, and contact between white women and black men was often consensual. Manly's editorial was used as a pretext for the Wilmington Insurrection of November 1898 . Manly was interviewed by the Baltimore Sun three days after the massacre, and he stated that he only had wished to defend "defamed colored men" libeled by Felton. He said that his editorial had been distorted by white newspapers. Felton's response appeared in

4510-528: The Education Resources Information Center , White female-Black male and White female-Asian male marriages are more prone to divorce than White-White pairings. Conversely, unions between White males and non-White females (and between Hispanics and non-Hispanic persons) have similar or lower risks of divorce than White-White marriages, unions between white male-black female last longer than white-white pairings or white-Asian pairings. In

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4620-715: The Fourteenth Amendment adopted in 1868. With this ruling, these laws were no longer in effect in the remaining 16 states which still had them. The Nazi ban on interracial sexual relations and marriages was enacted in September 1935 as part of the Nuremberg Laws , the Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre (The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour). The Nuremberg Laws classified Jews as

4730-536: The Métis , who also have partly Amerindian and partly white, often French Canadian, ancestry, have identified as an ethnic group and are a constitutionally recognized aboriginal people . Interracial marriages are often disparaged in racial minority communities as well. Data from the Pew Research Center has shown that African Americans are twice as likely as white Americans to believe that interracial marriage "is

4840-677: The Trail of Tears around the year 1838. The interview was created for Fox Movietone News . Felton continued to write and lecture until her final days, finishing her book, The Romantic Story of Georgia's Women , shortly before her death in Atlanta in 1930. Her remains were interred in the Oak Hill Cemetery in Cartersville. Miscegenation Miscegenation ( / m ɪ ˌ s ɛ dʒ ə ˈ n eɪ ʃ ən / mih- SEJ -ə- NAY -shən )

4950-710: The " Nordic race " as being the French aristocracy that invaded the plebeian "Gauls", he showed his contempt for the lowest social class , the Third Estate , calling it "this new person born of slaves ... a mixture of all races and of all times". Miscegenation comes from the Latin miscere , 'to mix' and genus , 'kind'. The word was coined in an anonymous propaganda pamphlet published in New York City in December 1863, during

5060-494: The 1864 presidential election in the United States. The term came to be associated with laws that banned interracial marriage and sex, which were known as anti-miscegenation laws . These laws were overruled federally in 1967 , and by the year 2000, all states had removed them from their laws, with Alabama being the last to do so on November 7, 2000. In the 21st century, newer scientific data shows that human populations are actually genetically quite similar. The scientific consensus

5170-436: The 1894 and 1896 elections to "fusion" candidates supported by a Republican and Populist coalition; these voters also elected Republican Daniel L. Russell as governor in 1896. When biracial fusionist candidates were elected to Wilmington's mayor and council, a secret committee of Democrats conducted the only successful coup d'état in United States history, now known as the Wilmington Insurrection of 1898 , and overturned

5280-674: The 2022 census, 92.1 million people or 45.3% of Brazil's population identified themselves as "pardos", meaning brown or mixed race. According to some DNA researches, Brazilians predominantly possess some degree of mixed-race ancestry, though less than half of the country's population classified themselves as "pardos" in the census. Multiracial Brazilians live in all regions of Brazil , they are mainly people of mixed European, African, East Asian (mostly Japanese) and Amerindian ancestry. Interracial marriages constituted 22.6% of all marriages in 2000. 15.7% of blacks, 24.4% of whites and 27.6% of Pardos (mixed-race/brown) married someone whose race

5390-479: The 275,000 new interracial marriages in 2010, 43% were white-Hispanic, 14.4% were white-Asian, 11.9% were white-black and the rest were other combinations. However, interracial marriage has become more common over the past decades due to increasing racial diversity, and liberalizing attitudes toward the practice. The number of interracial marriages in the U.S. increased by 65% between 1990 and 2000, and by 20% between 2000 and 2010. "A record 14.6% of all new marriages in

5500-514: The Democrats worked to regain political control of the legislature and the state. In 1897 they generated rhetoric about miscegenation to curry votes in the next election cycle. In 1898 they continued to inflame white racial fears and campaigned for white supremacy , suggesting "the Democratic citizenry [should] overthrow political domination and control of the Negro". Mrs. Rebecca Felton of Georgia gave

5610-554: The North and South by Democrats and Confederates. Only in November 1864, after Lincoln had won the election, was the pamphlet exposed in the United States as a hoax. It was written by David Goodman Croly , managing editor of the New York World , a Democratic Party paper, and George Wakeman, a World reporter. By then, the word miscegenation had entered the common language of the day as

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5720-567: The November 16 issue of the Raleigh News and Observer : "When the negro Manly attributed the crime to intimacy between negro men and white women of the South the slanderer should be made to fear a lyncher's rope rather than occupy a place in New York newspapers." In 1899, a massive crowd of white Georgians arrested, tortured, and lynched a black man, Sam Hose , who had been falsely accused of murdering

5830-798: The Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission. In Philadelphia , Alex Manly became a member of an African-American newspaper council. He helped found The Armstrong Association, a precursor to the National Urban League . He suffered from losing his newspaper and worked as a painter to support his family. His sons were marked by the family's losses as well, and descendants have said the family frequently talked about "what might have been" if Alex Manly had not been run out of Wilmington and lost his newspaper business. But Manly and his descendants persisted and were described as "among Philadelphia's most industrious and civic minded citizens." Lewin Manly

5940-577: The Republicans by imputing to them what were then radical views that would offend the vast majority of whites, even those who opposed slavery. The issue of miscegenation, raised by the opponents of Abraham Lincoln , featured prominently in the election campaign of 1864. In his fourth debate with Stephen A. Douglas , Lincoln took great care to emphasise that he supported the law of Illinois which forbade "the marrying of white people with negroes". The pamphlet and variations on it were reprinted widely in both

6050-485: The Senate. Felton was the only woman to have served as a senator from Georgia until the appointment of Kelly Loeffler in 2020, nearly one hundred years later. Felton was born in Decatur, Georgia , on June 10, 1835. She was the daughter of Charles Latimer, a prosperous planter , merchant, and general store owner. Charles was a Maryland native who had moved to DeKalb County in the 1820s, and his wife, Eleanor Swift Latimer,

6160-507: The Southern women more praise than the man of the West—but judged by their actions Southern men have been less sincere. Honeyed phrases are pleasant to listen to, but the sensible women of our country would prefer more substantial gifts.... After she was married at age eighteen, Felton and her husband owned slaves before the American Civil War , and she was the last member of Congress to have been

6270-861: The U.S. Census , in 2000 there were 504,119 Asian–white marriages, 287,576 black-white marriages, and 31,271 Asian–black marriages. The black–white marriages increased from 65,000 in 1970 to 403,000 in 2006, and 558,000 in 2010, according to Census Bureau figures. In the United States, rates of interracial cohabitation are significantly higher than those of marriage. Although only 7 percent of married African American men have Caucasian American wives, 13% of cohabitating African American men have Caucasian American partners. 25% of married Asian American women have Caucasian spouses, but 45% of cohabitating Asian American women are with Caucasian American men. Of cohabiting Asian men, slightly over 37% of Asian men have white female partners over 10% married White American women. Asian American women and Asian American men who live with

6380-514: The U.S. aged 15–30 years were sexually assaulted by their slave owners and other White men. One such slave owner, Thomas Jefferson , fathered his slave Sally Hemings child. While publicly opposed to race mixing, in his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1785, Jefferson wrote: "The improvement of the blacks in body and mind, in the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been observed by every one, and proves that their inferiority

6490-464: The United States in 2008 were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another. ... Rates more than doubled among whites and nearly tripled among blacks between 1980 and 2008. But for both Hispanics and Asians, rates were nearly identical in 2008 and 1980", according to a Pew Research Center analysis of demographic data from the U.S. Census Bureau. According to studies by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King made publicly available on

6600-466: The United States. She wrote, in 1915, that women were denied fair political participation except in the States which have been franchised by the good sense and common honesty of the men of those States—after due consideration, and with the chivalric instinct that differentiates the coarse brutal male from the gentlemen of our nation. Shall the men of the South be less generous, less chivalrous? They have given

6710-492: The actual life of [the] slave—not the Uncle Tom sort. ' " She wanted to display "the ignorant contented darky—as distinguished from Harriet Beecher Stowe 's monstrosities." Felton considered "young blacks" who sought equal treatment "half-civilized gorillas", and ascribed to them a "brutal lust" for white women . While seeking suffrage for white women, she decried voting rights for black people, arguing that it led directly to

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6820-539: The aftermath of the Civil War, their plantation was destroyed. Because they were now unable to rely on slave labor as a means of producing income, Dr. Felton returned to farming as a way to earn money until they had enough savings to open a school. Felton and her husband opened Felton Academy in Cartersville, where she and her husband both taught. By joining the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1886, Rebecca Latimer Felton

6930-550: The anti-suffragists to speak for 45 minutes but demanded Felton stop speaking after 30 minutes. Felton ignored him and spoke for an extra 15 minutes, at one point making fun of Rutherford and implicitly accusing her of hypocrisy. However, the Georgia legislative committee did not pass the suffrage bill. Georgia was later the first state to reject the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution when it

7040-532: The books in some states until 2000), in Nazi Germany (the Nuremberg Laws ) from 1935 until 1945, and in South Africa during the apartheid era (1949–1985). All of these laws primarily banned marriage between persons who were members of different racially or ethnically defined groups, which was termed "amalgamation" or "miscegenation" in the U.S. The laws in Nazi Germany and the laws in many U.S. states, as well as

7150-417: The city government. They also ran the Manly brothers out of town, threatening their lives; a large mob destroyed the printing press and burned down the newspaper offices; out of control, it also attacked black neighborhoods, killing an estimated 30-100 people and destroying much of what freedmen had built in the city. The Manly brothers were among the 2,100 blacks who permanently moved out of Wilmington after

7260-437: The city, including the Manly brothers. The Committee gave leaders of the black community an ultimatum: the Manly brothers would have to be gone from the city by 10 A.M. on November 10, or else they would be forcefully removed. But on the night of November 9, a "pre-arranged lynching party" went to the Daily Record to find Manly. They had declared him an outlaw to be killed on sight. The brothers fled town that night. While there

7370-451: The commission of the crime because it is crime and not try to make it appear that the Negroes were the only criminals, they would find their strongest allies in the intelligent Negroes themselves; and together the whites and blacks would root the evil out of both races... Tell your men that it is no worse for a black man to be intimate with a white woman than for the white man to be intimate with

7480-718: The early 20th century. In Oceania , particularly Australia and New Zealand, dynamics varied; Australia had policies like the White Australia policy and practices affecting Indigenous populations, while New Zealand saw significant Māori and European intermarriages. In the Middle East , inter-ethnic relationships were common, often involving Arab and non-Arab unions. Portuguese colonies encouraged mixed marriages to integrate populations, notably seen in Brazil and other territories, resulting in diverse, multicultural societies. According to

7590-404: The elections, defeating the Democrats. In 1896, Republican Daniel L. Russell was elected as governor as a Fusionist candidate, the first Republican since Reconstruction . In 1898 the fusionist legislature passed a law to expand the franchise for the first time since Reconstruction by lowering property requirements, which benefited the white majority of the state as well as black voters. But,

7700-679: The end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century did large numbers of Europeans begin to migrate to South America and consequently altering its demographics . In addition many Africans were shipped to regions all over the Americas and were present in many of the early voyages of the conquistadors . Brazil has the largest population of African descendants outside Africa. Other countries such as Jamaica , Cuba , Puerto Rico , Dominican Republic , Haiti , Venezuela , Colombia , and Ecuador still have sizeable populations identified as Black . However countries such as Argentina do not have

7810-516: The entire white population was shown to have some non-white admixture. Frank Moya Pons , a Dominican historian documented that Spanish colonists intermarried with Taíno women, and, over time, these mestizo descendants intermarried with Africans, creating a tri-racial Creole culture. 1514 census records reveal that 40% of Spanish men in the colony of Santo Domingo had Taíno wives. A 2002 study conducted in Puerto Rico suggests that over 61% of

7920-659: The first to criminalize interracial marriage in 1691. From 1913 until 1948, 30 out of the then 48 states enforced such laws. Although an "Anti-Miscegenation Amendment" to the United States Constitution was proposed in 1871, in 1912–1913, and again in 1928, no nationwide law against racially mixed marriages was ever enacted. In 1967, the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled in Loving v. Virginia that anti-miscegenation laws are unconstitutional via

8030-525: The genetic tests of present-day Latinos. This explains why Latinos in North America, the vast majority of whom are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Central and South America, carry an average of 18% Native American ancestry, and 65.1% European ancestry (mostly from the Iberian Peninsula ). Laws banning "race-mixing" were enforced in certain U.S. states until 1967 (but they were still on

8140-439: The home, with more influence on the decision-making process and proper education being provided both to wives and daughters; she further stated that women should have economic independence through this education, training, and later employment, and that women should have more influence over the children. In 1898, Felton wrote "Textile Education for Georgia Girls" as an attempt to convince Georgia legislators that education for girls

8250-635: The late 19th century. Intermarriage occurred significantly from the very first settlements to the present day, affording mixed people upward mobility in Brazil for Black Brazilians, a phenomenon known as the " mulatto escape hatch". To this day, there are controversies regarding whether the Brazilian class system would be drawn mostly around socioeconomic lines, not racial ones (in a manner similar to other former Portuguese colonies). Conversely, people classified in censuses as black, brown (" pardo ") or indigenous have disadvantaged social indicators in comparison to

8360-482: The laws in South Africa, also banned sexual relations between such individuals. In the United States, various state laws prohibited marriages between whites and blacks , and in many states, they also prohibited marriages between whites and Native Americans as well as marriages between whites and Asians . In the U.S., such laws were known as anti-miscegenation laws , with the Maryland General Assembly

8470-612: The many relationships that white men had with black women, including some men who kept second families with their mixed-race children. Thomas Clawson , a white local businessman and editor of The Wilmington Messenger , claimed that Manly's editorial "made Wilmington seethe with uncontrollable indignation, bitterness, and rage." Critics described Manly's article as slanderous and degrading to white women. Democrats capitalized on Manly's editorial, claiming that "as long as fusion remains, Negro men would continue preying on white women". Clawson published Manly's article daily in his newspaper in

8580-511: The mayor's office and control of the city council: the mayor and two-thirds of the aldermen were white. Democrats initiated their insurrection. Democrats were determined to overthrow the city government after losing the election. A group of white supremacists , known as the Committee of Twenty-five, first decided to remove publisher Manly from Wilmington by force. They also had already identified numerous black leaders whom they wanted to expel from

8690-1020: The morality of ours." He noted that whites had long preyed sexually on black women, both during slavery and since the Civil War , as white men often held economic and political power over black women in the segregated society. He generated great controversy by referring openly to miscegenation in South Carolina society, noting flaws in the white double standard of assuming that all relationships of black men with white women were sexually coercive. He said that consensual relationships took place between white women and black men, but when these relationships attracted public attention, white people called it rape. Referring to another social fact that many whites wanted to ignore, he said that many "black" men were in fact biracial , with white fathers who themselves had liaisons with African American women. Alluding to studies by black journalist Ida B. Wells , he therefore argued that

8800-406: The most isolated groups on the planet. Many died from disease and conflict, but a number of their descendants survive today as multiracial people of Tasmanian and European descent. This is an example of how modern migrations may reduce the genetic divergence of the human species, which would usually lead to speciation . New World demographics were radically changed within a short time following

8910-458: The most recent census available reported that 70% of African American women are single, African American women have the greatest resistance to marrying 'out' of the race." One survey revealed that 19% of black males had engaged in sexual activity with white women. A Gallup poll on interracial dating in June 2006 found 75% of Americans approving of a white man dating a black woman, and 71% approving of

9020-462: The newspaper and its editors were well respected in Wilmington. Wilmington then had a majority-black population. Statewide, the Republican Party had mostly black members. In 1894 and 1896, the state had three active parties: fusion candidates of the allied Republican and Populist parties (which were respectively composed of mostly black and white members) gained control of the state legislature in

9130-575: The owner and editor of the Wilmington Daily Record, the only daily African-American newspaper in the state and possibly the nation. He shared ownership with his brother Frank G. Manly. The progressive newspaper was for blacks in the Wilmington community, and it was heralded as "The Only Negro Daily in the World". The Daily Record advocated for black civil rights, better health-care, roads, and bicycle paths. Its success attracted white advertisers, and

9240-413: The progressive movement, free public education for women, and admittance into public universities. A prominent activist for women's suffrage in Georgia , Felton found many opponents in anti-suffragist Georgians such as Mildred Lewis Rutherford and Dorothy Blount Lamar . During a 1915 debate with Rutherford and other anti-suffragists before the Georgia legislative committee, the chairman allowed each of

9350-550: The rape of white women. Felton also advocated more lynchings of black men , saying that such was " elysian " compared to the possible rape of white women. On August 11, 1898, Felton gave a speech in Tybee Island, Georgia , to several hundred members of the Georgia State Agricultural Society. She urged an increase in lynchings in order to protect rural white women from being raped by black men. When there

9460-500: The riot, resulting in its becoming a majority-white city. The brothers moved briefly to Washington, D.C., helped by former Congressman George Henry White . He had moved to the city permanently after North Carolina passed legislation in 1899 to disenfranchise blacks in the state. Alex married Caroline Sadgwar at his house. Alex Manly and his wife moved to Philadelphia , where they had a family. Frank Manly moved to Alabama and taught at Tuskegee University . Alex Manly supported his family as

9570-586: The sample had no African admixture. The other 30% had African admixture ranging from 2% to 20% with an average of 2.3%. By extrapolating these figures to the whole population some scholars suggest that up to 74 million European-Americans may have African admixture in the same range (2–20%). Recently J.T. Frudacas, Shriver's partner in DNA Print Genomics, contradicted him stating "Five percent of European Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry." Historians estimate that 58% of enslaved women in

9680-550: The sexual purity of European-American women. Most often the African Americans whom she admonished were falsely accused of rape . The most prominent woman in the state of Georgia during the Progressive Era , she was honored near the end of her life by a symbolic one-day appointment to the Senate. Felton was sworn in on November 21, 1922, and served just 24 hours. At the age of 87, she was the oldest freshman senator to enter

9790-404: The state legislature in the election on November 9, 1898. Much of the state was watching the outcome of elections in Wilmington, the largest city and with a majority-black population. A secret committee of white Democrats led by Alfred Waddell had already planned the Wilmington Insurrection of 1898 if they lost local offices and control of the city government. In 1898 a biracial fusion ticket won

9900-402: The stereotype of the "Big Burly Black Brute" punished in lynchings was incorrect: many were "sufficiently attractive for white girls of culture and refinement to fall in love with them, as is very well-known to all.", and many were, scandalously, fathered by White men, a fact that meant interracial liaisons were also dealt by White men. "If the papers and speakers of the other race would condemn

10010-518: The suffrage movement. Congress was not expected to reconvene until after the special election, which was scheduled for November 7, so it was considered unlikely that Felton ever would be sworn in. Walter F. George defeated Hardwick by 55% to 33% in the Democratic Party primary, and was elected unopposed in the special election . Rather than take his seat immediately when the Senate reconvened on November 21, George allowed Felton to be sworn in. This

10120-534: The superiority of one race over another. Etymology: The term miscegenation is derived from a combination of the Latin terms miscere ('to mix') and genus ('race' or 'kind'). The word first appeared in Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro , an anti-abolitionist pamphlet David Goodman Croly and others published anonymously in advance of

10230-558: The term miscegenation , are derived from the Late Latin mixticius for "mixed", which is also the root of the Spanish word mestizo . (Portuguese also uses miscigenação , derived from the same Latin root as the English word.) These non-English terms for "race-mixing" are not considered as offensive as "miscegenation", although they have historically been tied to the caste system ( casta ) that

10340-437: The top of the hierarchy followed by those of mixed race . Unmixed Blacks and Native Americans were at the bottom. A philosophy of whitening , an example of scientific racism in favor of white supremacy , emerged in which Amerindian and African culture were stigmatized in favor of European values. Many Amerindian languages were lost as mixed race offspring adopted Spanish and Portuguese as their first languages. Only towards

10450-506: The voyage of Columbus . The colonization of the Americas brought Native Americans into contact with the distant populations of Europe , Africa and Asia . As a result, many countries in the Americas have significant and complex multiracial populations. Genetic studies indicate that many African-Americans possess varying degrees of European admixture, although it is suggested that the Native American admixture in African-Americans

10560-465: The weeks leading up to the November 9th election and other newspapers also repeatedly published it in the two months leading up to the election. Additionally, Democrats carried copies of Manly's editorial with them to generate controversy in conversations and to strengthen their appeal. The editorial became so controversial that the struggling Republicans claimed that the Democrats, not Manly, had written it. Democrats were successful in regaining control of

10670-459: The white population had black ancestors. The growth in the White population could not be attributed to births in the White population and immigration from Europe alone, but had received significant contribution from the African American population as well. The author states in 1958: The data presented in this study indicate that the popular belief in the non-African background of white persons

10780-530: The white population. The concept of miscegenation is tied to concepts of racial difference. As the different connotations and etymologies of miscegenation and mestizaje suggest, definitions of race , "race mixing" and multiraciality have diverged globally as well as historically , depending on changing social circumstances and cultural perceptions. Mestizo are people of mixed white and indigenous, usually Amerindian ancestry, who do not self-identify as indigenous peoples or Native Americans. In Canada, however,

10890-636: Was a free woman of color of mixed European ancestry and African ancestry. Through his father's paternal line, Manly was a descendant of Governor Charles Manly and Corinne Manly, who was enslaved by the Governor. Among his siblings were brothers Frank G. and much younger Thomas Manly. After attending local schools, Alex Manly attended Hampton University , a historically black college in Virginia. He later moved to Wilmington, where he taught Sunday school at Chestnut Street Presbyterian Church . In 1895, Manly became

11000-678: Was able to achieve stature as a speaker for equal rights for white women. Upon her entrance into the public realm, independent of her husband's political career, in the late 19th century, Felton attempted to employ middle-class men to help middle-class women achieve equal status in society. She believed that it was necessary for men to be held accountable, and, during her 1887 address at the Women's Christian Temperance Union state convention, she argued that women were actively fulfilling their duties as wives and mothers, but that men undervalued their importance. She argued that women should have more power inside of

11110-716: Was an American writer, politician, and slave owner who was the first woman to serve in the United States Senate , serving for only one day. She was a prominent member of the Georgia upper class who advocated for prison reform , women's suffrage and education reform . Her husband, William Harrell Felton , served in both the United States House of Representatives and the Georgia House of Representatives , and she helped organize his political campaigns. Historian Numan Bartley wrote that by 1915 Felton "was championing

11220-477: Was different from their own. Sexual reproduction between two populations reduces the genetic distance between the populations. During the Age of Discovery which began in the early 15th century , European explorers sailed all across the globe reaching all the major continents. In the process they came into contact with many populations that had been isolated for thousands of years. The Tasmanian Aboriginals were one of

11330-452: Was due in part to persuasion by Felton and a supportive campaign launched by the white women of Georgia. George benefited from the gesture, by presenting himself as a friend of the suffrage movement. Felton thus became the first female senator, serving until George took office one day later. Felton was interviewed on film on April 9, 1929 at her home in Georgia, discussing her political accomplishments and her memories of witnessing part of

11440-441: Was entitled to appoint a replacement for Watson until a special election could be arranged. Hardwick sought an appointee who would not be a competitor in the coming election, and to ingratiate himself with the new women voters (who had been alienated by Hardwick's opposition to the Nineteenth Amendment ). On October 3, Hardwick therefore selected Felton to serve as senator, because she was a well known and respected representative of

11550-548: Was established during the colonial era in Spanish-speaking Latin America. Today, the mixes among races and ethnicities are diverse, so it is considered preferable to use the term "mixed-race" or simply "mixed" ( mezcla ). In Portuguese-speaking Latin America (i.e., Brazil ), a milder form of caste system existed, although it also provided for legal and social discrimination among individuals belonging to different races, since slavery for black people existed until

11660-408: Was from Morgan, Georgia . Felton was the oldest of four children; her sister, Mary Latimer , also became prominent in women's reforms in the early 20th century. When Felton was 15, her father sent her to live with close relatives in the town of Madison , where she attended a private school within a local Presbyterian church. She then went on to attend Madison Female College, from which she received

11770-647: Was less successful than his brother. He did not finish college and worked as a waiter in Savannah, Georgia . He married but was later divorced. But his namesake son, Lewin Manly Jr., became a successful dentist. When a Commission was appointed to study what is now known as the Wilmington Insurrection of 1898 , Lewin Manly Jr. was among those who favored compensation to descendants of victims for property and economic losses. Rebecca Latimer Felton Rebecca Ann Felton ( née Latimer ; June 10, 1835 – January 24, 1930)

11880-407: Was necessary. In this article, she argued that it was a man's responsibility to take care of his wife and children. Therefore, it was his responsibility to ensure his daughters' rights and opportunities were equal to his sons'. However, this strategy was not working, and, in 1900, Felton joined the women's suffrage movement . This move led her to work for women's rights, including the right to vote,

11990-569: Was primarily carried out by male soldiers and sailors from Spain and Portugal . Since they carried very few European women on their journeys the new settlers married and fathered children with Amerindian women and also with women taken by force from Africa . This process of miscegenation was even encouraged by the Spanish Monarchy and it led to the system of stratification known as the Casta . This system had Europeans ( Spaniards and Portuguese ) at

12100-511: Was proposed in 1919, and, unlike most other states in the Union, Georgia did not allow women to vote in the 1920 presidential election. Women in Georgia were not given the right to vote until 1922. Felton criticized what she saw as the hypocrisy of Southern men who boasted of superior Southern " chivalry " but opposed women's rights, and she expressed her dislike of the fact that Southern states resisted white women's suffrage longer than other regions of

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