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Williams pear

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The Beurré Bosc or Bosc is a cultivar of the European pear ( Pyrus communis ), originally from France or Belgium . Also known as the Kaiser , it is grown in Europe , Australia , British Columbia and Ontario , Canada , and the northwestern U.S. states of California , Washington , and Oregon .

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58-628: The Williams' bon chrétien pear, commonly called the Williams pear , or the Bartlett pear in the United States and Canada, is a cultivar (cultivated variety) of the species Pyrus communis , commonly known as the European pear . The fruit has a bell shape, considered the traditional pear shape in the west, and its green skin turns yellow upon later ripening, although red-skinned derivative varieties exist. It

116-474: A corymb Blooming time: April–May (in the Northern Hemisphere ) Fruit and seeds: Large, golden yellow skin, brownish red blush, classic shape with smooth, white flesh. Harvest from mid-August to mid-September (Northern Hemisphere). Leaves: The leaves are simple, glossy green leaves that alternate on the twig. They grow up to 8 cm (3 in) long, are thick with slight midrib curves folding

174-424: A "true" cultivar name – the recognized scientific name in the public domain – and a "commercial synonym" – an additional marketing name that is legally protected. An example would be Rosa Fascination = 'Poulmax', in which Rosa is the genus, Fascination is the trade designation, and 'Poulmax' is scientific cultivar name. Because a name that is attractive in one language may have less appeal in another country,

232-424: A component of a cultigen can be accepted as a cultivar if it is recognisable and has stable characters. Therefore, all cultivars are cultigens, because they are cultivated, but not all cultigens are cultivars, because some cultigens have not been formally distinguished and named as cultivars. The Cultivated Plant Code notes that the word cultivar is used in two different senses: first, as a "classification category"

290-436: A constant state of development which makes the naming of such an assemblage as a cultivar a futile exercise." However, retired transgenic varieties such as the fish tomato , which are no longer being developed, do not run into this obstacle and can be given a cultivar name. Cultivars may be selected because of a change in the ploidy level of a plant which may produce more desirable characteristics. Every unique cultivar has

348-796: A cultivar. Some cultivars "come true from seed", retaining their distinguishing characteristics when grown from seed. Such plants are termed a "variety", "selection", or "strain" but these are ambiguous and confusing words that are best avoided. In general, asexually propagated cultivars grown from seeds produce highly variable seedling plants, and should not be labelled with, or sold under, the parent cultivar's name. Seed-raised cultivars may be produced by uncontrolled pollination when characteristics that are distinct, uniform and stable are passed from parents to progeny. Some are produced as "lines" that are produced by repeated self-fertilization or inbreeding or "multilines" that are made up of several closely related lines. Sometimes they are F1 hybrids which are

406-783: A database of new cultivars protected by PBR in all countries. An International Cultivar Registration Authority (ICRA) is a voluntary, non-statutory organization appointed by the Commission for Nomenclature and Cultivar Registration of the International Society of Horticultural Science. ICRAs are generally formed by societies and institutions specializing in particular plant genera such as Dahlia or Rhododendron and are currently located in Europe, North America, China, India, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Puerto Rico. Each ICRA produces an annual report and its reappointment

464-433: A good source of fiber . A medium size pear can provide six grams of fiber. Pears are also a source of vitamin C and provide only 420 kilojoules (100 kilocalories) of food energy per serving. Moreover, pears are sodium free, fat free and cholesterol free. Since Bosc pears have a firm and solid flesh, they can be used in a variety of ways such as baking , broiling and poaching . They can maintain their form throughout

522-563: A modern vernacular language to distinguish them from botanical epithets. For example, the full cultivar name of the King Edward potato is Solanum tuberosum 'King Edward'. 'King Edward' is the cultivar epithet, which, according to the Rules of the Cultivated Plant Code , is bounded by single quotation marks. For patented or trademarked plant product lines developed from a given cultivar,

580-413: A name, the first letter of the word "Group" is itself capitalized. Since the 1990s there has been an increasing use of legal protection for newly produced cultivars. Plant breeders expect legal protection for the cultivars they produce. According to proponents of such protections, if other growers can immediately propagate and sell these cultivars as soon as they come on the market, the breeder's benefit

638-491: A particular disease. Genetically modified plants with characteristics resulting from the deliberate implantation of genetic material from a different germplasm may form a cultivar. However, the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants notes, "In practice such an assemblage is often marketed from one or more lines or multilines that have been genetically modified. These lines or multilines often remain in

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696-595: A particular part of the plant, such as a lateral branch, or from a particular phase of the life cycle, such as a juvenile leaf, or from aberrant growth as occurs with witch's broom . Plants whose distinctive characters are derived from the presence of an intracellular organism may also form a cultivar provided the characters are reproduced reliably from generation to generation. Plants of the same chimera (which have mutant tissues close to normal tissue) or graft-chimeras (which have vegetative tissue from different kinds of plants and which originate by grafting) may also constitute

754-523: A plant may be given different selling names from country to country. Quoting the original cultivar name allows the correct identification of cultivars around the world. The main body coordinating plant breeders' rights is the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants ( Union internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales , UPOV) and this organization maintains

812-400: A pyriform "pear shape," with a rounded bell on the bottom half of the fruit, and then a definite shoulder with a smaller neck or stem end. Williams are aromatic pears, and have what many consider the definitive "pear flavour". Colours of the pear vary from green (when unripe), to yellow (ripe) and red. Red Bartletts or Williams are very similar to the traditional Williams, aside from ripening to

870-695: A reddish colour rather than a yellow colour. Red-skinned mutant clones (i.e. "sports") of the Williams are increasing in popularity, including three major varieties in the US: the Max Red Bartlett, the Sensation Red Bartlett, and the Rosired Bartlett. One study of several macrosatellite loci in 63 European Pear ( Pyrus communis L.) cultivars did not distinguish Max Red Bartlett and Sensation Red Bartlett from

928-462: A unique name within its denomination class (which is almost always the genus). Names of cultivars are regulated by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants , and may be registered with an International Cultivar Registration Authority (ICRA). There are sometimes separate registration authorities for different plant types such as roses and camellias. In addition, cultivars may be associated with commercial marketing names referred to in

986-690: A vernacular language. From circa the 1900s, cultivated plants in Europe were recognised in the Scandinavian, Germanic, and Slavic literature as stamm or sorte , but these words could not be used internationally because, by international agreement, any new denominations had to be in Latin. In the twentieth century an improved international nomenclature was proposed for cultivated plants. Liberty Hyde Bailey of Cornell University in New York , United States created

1044-409: Is capitalized (with some permitted exceptions such as conjunctions). It is permissible to place a cultivar epithet after a common name provided the common name is botanically unambiguous. Cultivar epithets published before 1 January 1959 were often given a Latin form and can be readily confused with the specific epithets in botanical names; after that date, newly coined cultivar epithets must be in

1102-599: Is achieved by attaching the bottle to a budding pear tree so that the pear will grow inside it. Cultivar A cultivar is a kind of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and which retains those traits when propagated . Methods used to propagate cultivars include division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting , tissue culture , or carefully controlled seed production. Most cultivars arise from deliberate human manipulation , but some originate from wild plants that have distinctive characteristics. Cultivar names are chosen according to rules of

1160-529: Is any plant that is deliberately selected for or altered in cultivation, as opposed to an indigen ; the Cultivated Plant Code states that cultigens are "maintained as recognisable entities solely by continued propagation". Cultigens can have names at any of many taxonomic ranks, including those of grex , species , cultivar group , variety , form , and cultivar; and they may be plants that have been altered in cultivation, including by genetic modification , but have not been formally denominated. A cultigen or

1218-413: Is considered a summer pear, not as tolerant of cold as some varieties. It is often eaten raw, but holds its shape well when baked, and is a common choice for canned or other processed pear uses. The origins of this variety are uncertain. "Bon Chrétien" (Good Christian) is named after Francis of Paola , a holy man whom King Louis XI of France had called to his deathbed as a healer in 1483. Francis offered

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1276-444: Is considered every four years. The main task is to maintain a register of the names within the group of interest and where possible this is published and placed in the public domain. One major aim is to prevent the duplication of cultivar and Group epithets within a genus, as well as ensuring that names are in accord with the latest edition of the Cultivated Plant Code . In this way, over the last 50 years or so, ICRAs have contributed to

1334-404: Is largely lost. Legal protection for cultivars is obtained through the use of Plant breeders' rights and plant Patents but the specific legislation and procedures needed to take advantage of this protection vary from country to country. The use of legal protection for cultivars can be controversial, particularly for food crops that are staples in developing countries, or for plants selected from

1392-432: Is simply a matter of convenience as the category was created to serve the practical needs of horticulture , agriculture , and forestry . Members of a particular cultivar are not necessarily genetically identical. The Cultivated Plant Code emphasizes that different cultivated plants may be accepted as different cultivars, even if they have the same genome, while cultivated plants with different genomes may be regarded as

1450-424: Is the sense of cultivar that is most generally understood and which is used as a general definition. A cultivar is an assemblage of plants that (a) has been selected for a particular character or combination of characters, (b) is distinct, uniform and stable in those characters, and (c) when propagated by appropriate means, retains those characters. Which plants are chosen to be named as cultivars

1508-440: Is to replace the Latin scientific names on plant labels in retail outlets with appealing marketing names that are easy to use, pronounce, and remember. Marketing names lie outside the scope of the Cultivated Plant Code which refers to them as "trade designations". If a retailer or wholesaler has the sole legal rights to a marketing name then that may offer a sales advantage. Plants protected by plant breeders' rights (PBR) may have

1566-402: The Cultivated Plant Code as "trade designations" (see below). A cultivar name consists of a botanical name (of a genus, species , infraspecific taxon , interspecific hybrid or intergeneric hybrid) followed by a cultivar epithet . The cultivar epithet is enclosed by single quotes; it should not be italicized if the botanical name is italicized; and each of the words within the epithet

1624-417: The Cultivated Plant Code . Each ICRA also ensures that new names are formally established (i.e. published in hard copy, with a description in a dated publication). They record details about the plant, such as parentage, the names of those concerned with its development and introduction, and a basic description highlighting its distinctive characters. ICRAs are not responsible for assessing the distinctiveness of

1682-495: The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), and not all cultivated plants qualify as cultivars. Horticulturists generally believe the word cultivar was coined as a term meaning " cultivated variety ". Popular ornamental plants like roses , camellias , daffodils , rhododendrons , and azaleas are commonly cultivars produced by breeding and selection or as sports , for floral colour or size, plant form, or other desirable characteristics. Similarly,

1740-591: The Latin names in Linnaeus ' (1707–1778) Species Plantarum (tenth edition) and Genera Plantarum (fifth edition). In Species Plantarum , Linnaeus enumerated all plants known to him, either directly or from his extensive reading. He recognised the rank of varietas (botanical "variety", a rank below that of species and subspecies ) and he indicated these varieties with letters of the Greek alphabet , such as α, β, and λ, before

1798-514: The cultigen , which is defined as a plant whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity. A cultivar is not the same as a botanical variety , which is a taxonomic rank below subspecies , and there are differences in the rules for creating and using the names of botanical varieties and cultivars. In recent times, the naming of cultivars has been complicated by the use of statutory patents for plants and recognition of plant breeders' rights . The International Union for

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1856-415: The etymology and it has been suggested that the word is actually a blend of culti gen and var iety . The neologism cultivar was promoted as "euphonious" and "free from ambiguity". The first Cultivated Plant Code of 1953 subsequently commended its use, and by 1960 it had achieved common international acceptance. The words cultigen and cultivar may be confused with each other. A cultigen

1914-457: The 1995 edition, it is still widely used and recommended by other authorities. Where several very similar cultivars exist they can be associated into a Group (formerly Cultivar-group ). As Group names are used with cultivar names it is necessary to understand their way of presentation. Group names are presented in normal type and the first letter of each word capitalised as for cultivars, but they are not placed in single quotes. When used in

1972-551: The Bosc pear is often used in drawings, paintings, and photography due to its shape. Its white flesh is denser, crisper and smoother than that of the ' Williams ' or ' D'Anjou ' pear. It is called the "aristocrat of pears". It is suitable to be used in poaching . It is unclear whether the variety originated in Belgium or France . The first time that Bosc pears were seen was in the early 1800s. The season of Bosc pears starts in autumn , all

2030-443: The Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV – French : Union internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales ) offers legal protection of plant cultivars to persons or organisations that introduce new cultivars to commerce. UPOV requires that a cultivar be "distinct", "uniform", and "stable". To be "distinct", it must have characters that easily distinguish it from any other known cultivar. To be "uniform" and "stable",

2088-463: The US than processed, Bartlett pears are the primary choice for canned halves, puree, and most pear juice and nectar in the US, comprising about two-thirds of Bartlett production. Bartletts are traditionally known as the canning pear due to their "definitive flavor and sweetness," making them well-suited for many forms of processing. List of some "sports" or mutants of the Williams pear. For several decades,

2146-472: The Williams pear has been used actively as a parent in the production of new varieties: The Williams pear is used in making both Poire Williams , a fruit brandy , and Belle de Brillet , an infused cognac. The pear is also very popular in the western Balkans, where it is distilled into a brandy known as viljamovka , similar to Poire Williams but often with a higher alcohol percentage. Some producers of viljamovka include an entire pear inside each bottle. This

2204-473: The botanical variety except in respect to its origin. In that essay, Bailey used only the rank of species for the cultigen, but it was obvious to him that many domesticated plants were more like botanical varieties than species, and that realization appears to have motivated the suggestion of the new category of cultivar . Bailey created the word cultivar . It is generally assumed to be a blend of culti vated and var iety but Bailey never explicitly stated

2262-421: The commercial product name is typically indicated by the symbols "TM" or "®", or is presented in capital letters with no quotation marks, following the cultivar name, as in the following example, where "Bloomerang" is the commercial name and 'Penda' is the cultivar epithet: Syringa 'Penda' BLOOMERANG. Although "cv." has not been permitted by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants since

2320-491: The cultivar is defined in Article 2 of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (2009, 8th edition) as follows: The basic category of cultivated plants whose nomenclature is governed by this Code is the cultivar. There are two other classification categories for cultigens, the grex and the group . The Code then defines a cultivar as a "taxonomic unit within the classification category of cultivar". This

2378-472: The cultivar must retain these characters in repeated propagation. The naming of cultivars is an important aspect of cultivated plant taxonomy , and the correct naming of a cultivar is prescribed by the Rules and Recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP, commonly denominated the Cultivated Plant Code ). A cultivar is given a cultivar name, which consists of

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2436-493: The edges inwards. They have fine teeth on the margin. Elevation: 300–1,500 m (1,000–5,000 ft) Habitat: Orchards and landscaping In 1985, this variety represented 80% of US pear production while in 2004 it represented 50% of reported pear production, displaced primarily by the continuing growth of d'Anjou and Bosc pears, both winter pears more tolerant of cold than the Bartlett. While more pears are sold fresh in

2494-423: The king a pear seed from his native Calabria with instructions to plant and care. Hence the pear tree was called "Good Christian". The Williams pear is thought to date from 1765 to 1770 from the yard of an Aldermaston , England, schoolmaster named John Stair, giving rise to the now-obscure synonyms 'Aldermaston' pear and 'Stairs' pear. A nurseryman named Williams later acquired the variety, and after introducing it to

2552-556: The pear was picked. As the pear ripens the color will slowly change to a soft yellow and the pear will soften. Commercially produced pears are normally picked and shipped to the stores while green. Pear trees are usually productive for 50 to 75 years though some still produce fruit after 100 years. A Bon Chrétien tree planted around 1630 in Danvers, Massachusetts is still producing fruit today. Height: 4.5–6 m (15–20 ft) with slightly less spread Flowers: White flowers grouped in

2610-421: The pears after himself and introduced the variety into the United States. It was not realised that Bartlett and Williams Pears were the same until 1828, when new trees arrived from Europe. By that time the Bartlett variety had become vastly popular in the United States, and they are still generally known as Bartlett pears in the US and Canada, although there are about 150 other synonyms worldwide. The pear exhibits

2668-507: The plant in question. Most ICRAs can be contacted electronically and many maintain web sites for an up-to-date listing. Bosc Pear The Beurré Bosc was cultivated first in Belgium or France. The name Bosc is given after a French horticulturist named Louis Bosc , and "Beurré" means "buttery," referring to the fruit's soft, juicy texture. Characteristic features are a long tapering neck and russet skin. Famous for its warm cinnamon color,

2726-554: The rest of England, the pear became known as the Williams Pear. However, the pear's full name is Williams' Bon Chretien, or "Williams' good Christian." In 1799 James Carter imported several Williams trees into the United States, and they were planted on the grounds of Thomas Brewer in Roxbury, Massachusetts . The Massachusetts estate was later acquired by Enoch Bartlett of Dorchester, Massachusetts. Unaware of their origin, Bartlett named

2784-428: The result of a deliberate repeatable single cross between two pure lines. A few F2 hybrid seed cultivars also exist, such as Achillea 'Summer Berries'. Some cultivars are agamospermous plants, which retain their genetic composition and characteristics under reproduction. Occasionally cultivars are raised from seed of a specially selected provenance – for example the seed may be taken from plants that are resistant to

2842-899: The same cultivar. The production of cultivars generally entails considerable human involvement although in a few cases it may be as little as simply selecting variation from plants growing in the wild (whether by collecting growing tissue to propagate from or by gathering seed). Cultivars generally occur as ornamentals and food crops: Malus ' Granny Smith ' and Malus ' Red Delicious ' are cultivars of apples propagated by cuttings or grafting , Lactuca 'Red Sails' and Lactuca 'Great Lakes' are lettuce cultivars propagated by seeds. Named cultivars of Hosta and Hemerocallis plants are cultivars produced by micropropagation or division. Cultivars that are produced asexually are genetically identical and known as clones ; this includes plants propagated by division , layering , cuttings , grafts , and budding . The propagating material may be taken from

2900-464: The scientific Latin botanical name followed by a cultivar epithet . The cultivar epithet is usually in a vernacular language. The word cultivar originated from the need to distinguish between wild plants and those with characteristics that arose in cultivation, presently denominated cultigens . This distinction dates to the Greek philosopher Theophrastus (370–285 BC), the "Father of Botany", who

2958-475: The stability of cultivated plant nomenclature. In recent times many ICRAs have also recorded trade designations and trademarks used in labelling plant material, to avoid confusion with established names. New names and other relevant data are collected by and submitted to the ICRA and in most cases there is no cost. The ICRA then checks each new epithet to ensure that it has not been used before and that it conforms with

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3016-566: The standard Williams, which was expected since the red mutants were derived from the Williams by mutation. Dozens of other cultivars and hybrids have been created from Williams, created for properties like cold resistance, ripening time, skin colouration, and grafting compatibility. Best when picked with the internal pressure of the pear is between 110 and 120 kPa (16 and 18 psi), the pear should still be green and relatively hard when picked. Optimum conditions for ripening are in dry shady areas, and ripening usually takes 7 to 10 days from when

3074-432: The varietal name, rather than using the abbreviation "var." as is the present convention. Most of the varieties that Linnaeus enumerated were of "garden" origin rather than being wild plants. In time the need to distinguish between wild plants and those with variations that had been cultivated increased. In the nineteenth century many "garden-derived" plants were given horticultural names, sometimes in Latin and sometimes in

3132-544: The way through spring . In South Africa, Beurré Bosc pears are harvested from late January to early February. Bosc pears are characterised by their hard flesh and brown skin. Early in their ripeness cycle they tend to be juicy, crunchy and sweet. When fully ripe the fruit becomes sweeter and softer, and the skin becomes wrinkly. Extra fancy and fancy grade of Bosc pears in Canada should be at least 54 mm in diameter. They should be smooth, clean and well-formed. Most pears are

3190-428: The wild and propagated for sale without any additional breeding work; some people consider this practice unethical . The formal scientific name of a cultivar, like Solanum tuberosum 'King Edward', is a way of uniquely designating a particular kind of plant. This scientific name is in the public domain and cannot be legally protected. Plant retailers wish to maximize their share of the market and one way of doing this

3248-414: The word cultivar in 1923 when he wrote that: The cultigen is a species, or its equivalent, that has appeared under domestication – the plant is cultigenous. I now propose another name, cultivar, for a botanical variety, or for a race subordinate to species, that has originated under cultivation; it is not necessarily, however, referable to a recognized botanical species. It is essentially the equivalent of

3306-406: The world's agricultural food crops are almost exclusively cultivars that have been selected for characters such as improved yield, flavour, and resistance to disease, and very few wild plants are now used as food sources. Trees used in forestry are also special selections grown for their enhanced quality and yield of timber . Cultivars form a major part of Liberty Hyde Bailey 's broader group,

3364-477: Was keenly aware of this difference. Botanical historian Alan Morton noted that Theophrastus in his Historia Plantarum ( Enquiry into Plants ) "had an inkling of the limits of culturally induced ( phenotypic ) changes and of the importance of genetic constitution" ( Historia Plantarum , Book 3, 2, 2 and Causa Plantarum , Book 1, 9, 3). The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants uses as its starting point for modern botanical nomenclature

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