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81-676: Warner was born on 8 May 1812 in Columbia County, New York . He attended West Point , entering the school in July 1831 and graduating on 1 July 1836. Warner graduated from West Point, tenth in a class of 49 cadets. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant and assigned to the United States Army's 1st Regiment of Artillery . As a second lieutenant, Warner served in the Second Seminole War from mid-1836 until 1838. He

162-578: A mercantile company. Each of the four investors contributed $ 500 to the venture. Their plan was to open a general store in Coloma, California to sell supplies to miners. After the company was formed, the business was turned over to Bester to run with the help of a clerk who had previously worked for Warner. In January 1849, Warner participated in the first criminal trial held in Sacramento County, California under United States law. The trial prosecuted

243-686: A stream gage on the Pit River at Montgomery Creek, directly below Pit 7 Dam and above Shasta Lake. This gage measures streamflow from an area of 4,952 square miles (12,830 km ), or 70 percent of the total watershed. The average streamflow between 1966 and 2012 was 4,786 cu ft/s (135.5 m /s), with a maximum of 73,000 cu ft/s (2,100 m /s) recorded on January 24, 1970, after heavy rainfall. A short minimum flow of 30 cu ft/s (0.85 m /s) occurred on July 12, 1975 due to construction work at Pit 7 Powerhouse requiring temporary cessation of releases. The minimum 7-day flow

324-435: A 16,000-foot (4,900 m) tunnel to Pit 3 Powerhouse, located on the upper end of Pit 4 Reservoir, formed by Pit 4 Dam . Pit 4 is a much smaller diversion dam , drawing water through a tunnel under Chalk Mountain to Pit 4 Powerhouse on Pit 5 Reservoir. Like Pit 4, Pit 5 is also a small diversion dam with minimal pondage. From here, the water is diverted to an offstream regulating reservoir (Tunnel Reservoir) and then through

405-574: A center of the fur trade with the Mohawk people . Traders stopped at points along the Hudson River on their travels between New Amsterdam and Fort Orange; small settlements arose along the river to supply the traders' ships. Dutch colonists bought land [from whom?] near Claverack in 1649 and 1667. As more Dutch arrived, the region slowly developed. In 1664, the English took over New Netherland and renamed it

486-488: A deep canyon northeast of Redding . The river is so named because of the semi-subterranean permanent winter homes and large 'sweat houses' that the Pit River Tribe dug, and their pit traps for game that came to water at the river. The river is a popular destination for fishing, fly fishing , and rafting in its lower reaches, and is used to generate hydroelectricity in the powerhouses below Fall River Mills where

567-546: A figure which includes the McCloud River and Sulanharas Creek contributing about 1,010 cubic feet per second (29 m /s) of additional flow below the Montgomery Creek gage. The lower course of the Pit River is one of California's most significant hydroelectric rivers, not just because of its consistent perennial flow, but because of its steep drop: in the 50 miles (80 km) between Fall River Mills and Shasta Lake,

648-453: A large number of furs. This was broken the next year, when two settlers were killed by Atsugewi for an unknown reason. In retaliation, a band of white men attacked a native camp at Beaver Creek (near present-day Pittville ) killing 160 people, mostly women and children. The military Pitt River Expeditions against local Indian Tribes occurred during the 1850s. The first expedition in 1850 was mainly an attempt to establish better relations with

729-486: A store keeper named Charles F. Pickett for the murder of a rival merchant. Warner attended the public meeting that appointed a judge and prosecutor for the trial. A few days later when the trial occurred, Warner was selected to serve on the jury. The trial ended in a deadlocked jury and Pickett was freed on bond. In early 1849, Colonel Mason directed Warner to lead a survey party up the Sacramento River and explore

810-523: A tunnel bypassing the Pit River reach known as the "Big Bend" and the eponymous town of Big Bend , to feed Pit 5 Powerhouse. These dams and powerhouses are licensed under the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission as the "Pit 3, 4, and 5 Project", and are operated by Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) Below Pit 5 Powerhouse lie two larger concrete arch-gravity dams, Pit 6 and Pit 7 . These dams release water directly from

891-547: A winding course across Modoc County, past Canby and through the Modoc National Forest in the narrow Stonecoal Valley Gorge . It turns south to flow past Lookout and into northern Lassen County , past Bieber , to emerge into the ranching region of Big Valley . North of Little Valley it flows into northeast Shasta County and the Shasta National Forest . Then the river reaches Fall River Valley, where it

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972-577: Is 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Shasta Dam . The main stem of the Pit River is 207 miles (333 km) long, and some water in the system flows 265 miles (426 km) to the Sacramento River measuring from the Pit River's longest source. The Pit River drains a sparsely populated volcanic highlands area in Modoc County's Warner Mountains, passing through the south end of the Cascade Range in

1053-607: Is a major river draining from northeastern California into the state's Central Valley . The Pit, the Klamath and the Columbia are the only three rivers in the U.S. that cross the Cascade Range . The longest tributary of the Sacramento River , it contributes as much as eighty percent of their combined water volume into the Shasta Lake reservoir; the junction of their Shasta Lake arms

1134-580: Is joined by the Fall River , which is fed by one of the largest freshwater spring systems in the United States. After passing through the town of Fall River Mills , the river drops over Pit River Falls, then enters the head of a long serpentine canyon that cuts through the southern Cascade Range. It then turns south to join the Sacramento River as the eastern arm of Shasta Lake reservoir, approximately 15 miles (24 km) north of Redding. Potem Creek joins

1215-593: Is named for the pitfall traps the Achomawi dug to capture game that drank at the river. The name Achomawi derives from a Palaihnihan word meaning "people of the river". Achomawi territory was bordered by that of the Klamath and Modoc to the north, the Shasta to the northwest, the Wintun on the west (in the lower Pit and McCloud River valleys), the Yana on the southwest, Maidu to

1296-542: Is now the Warner Valley. He entered the valley near Mugwump Lake, and then traveled south along the west side of the valley. Warner and his men left the valley at its southern end, heading toward the Oregon–California border, which was only a short distance away. On 26 Sep 1849, Warner's party was ambushed by Indians, just south of the Oregon–California border. Reports from the survivors of the attack said that Warner

1377-592: Is now the border of New York state. The first known European exploration of Columbia County was in 1609, when Henry Hudson , an English explorer sailing for the Dutch, ventured up the Hudson River . An accident to his craft forced him to stop at what is now known as Columbia County and there search for food and supplies. In 1612, the Dutch established trading posts and minor settlements, building New Amsterdam (now New York City ) and Fort Orange (now Albany ). Fort Orange became

1458-589: Is on the Massachusetts state line, near the summit of Alander Mountain, at approximately 2,110 feet (640 m) above sea level, in the town of Copake. The lowest point is at or near sea level, along the Hudson. Columbia County is accessible by two limited-access highways. The Taconic State Parkway , which is not accessible to trucks or commercial traffic, runs through the center of the county from south to north, ending at an interchange with Interstate 90 and connecting

1539-529: The California Gold Rush in 1848. There was little conflict at first with outsiders who were just passing through the area on their way to the Sacramento Valley . However, after white Americans settled near Fall River, conflict broke out. After initial skirmishes, soldiers led by US general George Crook arrived in the area. The natives negotiated a temporary truce with Crook, in the form of a gift of

1620-551: The Crown , with all its perquisites, and developed the property with tenant farmers . In 1710, he sold 6,000 acres of his property to Queen Anne of Great Britain for use as work camps and for the resettlement of Palatine German refugees. The Crown had supported their passage to New York, and they were to pay off the cost by indentured labor . Some 1,200 Palatine Germans were brought to Livingston Manor (now Germantown ). New York's Governor Hunter had also helped with these arrangements:

1701-566: The Lassen Peak area, supplied a further 900 cubic feet per second (25 m /s) to the Pit River. The aquifers in the Pit River basin may hold as much as 16 million acre-feet (20 km ) in storage and are consistently replenished by winter precipitation seeping through the watershed's porous volcanic rocks and soils. The water typically emerges at points of lower elevation where the surface layers encounter harder metamorphic and sedimentary rock. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operates

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1782-575: The Massachusetts border. The western border is the Hudson River . The landscapes of the county were among the scenes depicting by the Hudson River School , a mid-19th century art movement . The terrain is gentle, rolling hills, rising sharply into the Taconic and Berkshire Mountains along the state line. To the west lie the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains . The highest point

1863-469: The " Province of New York "; they also renamed Fort Orange " Albany ". In the late 17th century, Robert Livingston , a Scots immigrant by way of Rotterdam, built on his connections as Indian agent in the colony and purchased two large tracts from the Native Americans. He gained much larger grants from the provincial government, for a total of 160,240 acres. He was made lord of Livingston Manor by

1944-499: The 1860s, there were two United States Army posts in south central Oregon named after Warner. Both were called Camp Warner . Old Camp Warner was located on the east slope of Hart Mountain . After a difficult winter, the army moved the post to a new location near Honey Creek, on the west side of the Warner Valley. That outpost became known as Camp Warner . The army abandoned Camp Warner in September 1874. From 1889 until 1924, there

2025-802: The Ancram Creek, Claverack Creek , Copake Creek, Kinderhook Creek , Roeliff-Jansen Kill , and Valatie Kill. The Rossman Falls and Stuyvesant Falls lie on the Kinderhook Creek. Notable lakes and ponds include Copake Lake , Kinderhook Reservoir, Queechy Lake , and Lake Taghkanic . Columbia County is home to many local farms supplying the area with fresh meat, eggs, herbs, and produce, including Holmquest, Ronnybrook, Fix Brothers Fruit Farm, Eger Brothers, Hover Farms, Marsh Meadow Farm, Schober Farm, Millerhurst, Ooms Farm, Churchtown Dairy, Pigasso, Common Hands Farm, Darlin' Doe, Blue Star Farm, Green Mead Farm, Little Ghent Farm, and Ironwood Farm. Other farms include

2106-713: The British settlements and the Iroquois and French (the latter located mostly in Canada.) Columbia County was formed in 1786 after the American Revolutionary War from portions of Albany County , once a vast area until new communities were developed and jurisdictions were organized. In 1799, the southern boundary of Columbia County was moved southward to include that portion of Livingston Manor located in Dutchess County . In

2187-590: The Fall River and Hat Creek . The Hat Creek Hydroelectric Project, which consists of two powerhouses on lower Hat Creek built in the early 1920s by Red River Lumber Co., is considered eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places . The Hat Creek facilities were purchased by PG&E in 1945. Before environmental regulations enacted in the late 20th and early 21st century, diversions took up to 95 percent of Pit River summer flows, resulting in

2268-532: The James B. Black Powerhouse, which outlets into the Pit River on the upper end of Pit 6 Reservoir. These facilities are collectively known as the McCloud-Pit Hydroelectric Project and are also operated by PG&E. The lowermost 30 miles (48 km) of the Pit River are flooded by Shasta Lake, which is formed by Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River about 3 miles (4.8 km) below what was formerly

2349-476: The Modoc, leading to armed conflicts that continued for over twenty years. Despite multiple attempts by leaders on both sides to make peace, "each time the truce was soon broken by irresponsible young fellows whom the chiefs could not control." Native peoples also grew hostile towards Euro-American settlers and traders, who entered the region in great numbers beginning in the mid-19th century, especially during and after

2430-452: The Paiute launched a full-scale attack on the Achomawi, with one raid killing between 200 and 300 people in a camp near modern Fall River Mills. Following this, the Achomawi and other western tribes formed a temporary confederation against the Paiute. After successfully driving off a Paiute attack the next year, a peace treaty was signed. However, in the 1850s tensions grew between the Achomawi and

2511-630: The Pit River area and are considered Palaihnihan speakers, along with the neighboring Atsugewi people who lived along southern tributaries of the Pit such as Burney and Hat Creeks, and the Dixie Valley. Because of the sparse resources of the Pit River's high desert watershed, most natives lived close to the river and subsisted primarily by hunting and fishing. Achomawi moved between hunting camps in summer, consisting of cone-shaped tents covered with tule , and larger wood-frame pit houses in winter. The Pit River

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2592-417: The Pit above Fall River Mills are a snow-fed high desert stream with a much more seasonal hydrograph. The lowermost part (Shasta Lake portion) of the Pit River system receives heavy winter rainfall, which mainly contributes to streamflow between November and April. Nevertheless, summer low water flows rarely drop below 2,000 cu ft/s (57 m /s). While conducting surveys for irrigation projects in

2673-510: The Pit and Fall rivers join, and at Shasta Dam. It is also used extensively for irrigation and conservation purposes. The Pit River rises in several forks in Modoc , Lassen and Shasta counties in the northeastern corner of California. The 58-mile (93 km) South Fork Pit River - West Valley Creek - Cedar Creek source originates just southeast of Buck Mountain in the Warner Mountains , in

2754-493: The Pit descends some 2,200 feet (670 m), or a gradient of 44 ft (13 m) per mile, which is quite considerable for a river of its size. Because of the dependable flow, large reservoirs are not needed to regulate releases for power generation, unlike other major hydroelectric schemes in California. The combined generating capacity of powerhouses on the river and its tributaries is approximately 770 megawatts . As of 2004,

2835-491: The United States, the middle and lower reaches of the Pit River exhibit a strong year-round flow, in contrast to the highly seasonal nature of most northern California rivers. Before Shasta Dam was built, the Pit contributed as much as 85 percent of the Sacramento River's dry-season flow as measured at Red Bluff , nearly 100 miles (160 km) downstream of their confluence – making the river an important resource for irrigation, and later, hydroelectricity. The upper reaches of

2916-429: The age of 18 living with them, 52.20% were married couples living together, 10.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.10% were non-families. 27.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.95. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.10% under

2997-467: The age of 18, 6.40% from 18 to 24, 26.90% from 25 to 44, 26.30% from 45 to 64, and 16.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 99.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.30 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 41,915, and the median income for a family was $ 49,357. Males had a median income of $ 34,702 versus $ 25,878 for females. The per capita income for

3078-485: The amount of farmland in the Pit River system remained small, and water rights were a contentious issue. Some of these disputes were resolved in court in the 1930s, with water allocations now managed by the California Department of Water Resources . In the early 1900s and 1910s the Pit River was identified by the recently formed Reclamation Service (now Bureau of Reclamation) as the most important water source in

3159-411: The annual generation from main stem powerhouses is approximately 2.64 billion KWh . Including powerhouses on tributaries, the total rises to 3.67 billion KWh, or approximately 13 percent of California's total hydropower. The first dam on the Pit River proper is Pit 3 Dam , which forms Lake Britton near Burney about 15 miles (24 km) downstream from Fall River Mills. Water is diverted via

3240-518: The base to generate power, rather than diverting the water through long tunnels. The combined reservoirs flood almost 10 miles (16 km) of the Pit River. Flows for these two dams are supplemented by a diversion from the McCloud River , a tributary of the Pit River. Water is diverted from the McCloud River at Lake McCloud about 20 miles (32 km) south of Mount Shasta , through a tunnel to Iron Canyon Reservoir , and then through another tunnel to

3321-517: The conclusion of the Modoc War . This is considered to be the point at which the Pit River valley was opened up to large-scale White settlement. Due to the arid climate, poor soils and rugged topography of the Pit River basin and northeastern California in general, settlement and development of the region was difficult. Ranching became the primary economic activity, thanks to the expansive seasonal grasslands, along with some mining and logging. Although

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3402-461: The confluence of the Pit and Sacramento Rivers. Completed in 1945, Shasta is a key component of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 's Central Valley Project , a primary source of irrigation water in the Central Valley . The lake also floods parts of two Pit River tributaries, the McCloud River and Sulanharas Creek. There are also multiple hydroelectric schemes on the Pit River's tributaries, such as

3483-502: The county in 1970, followed by James Ivory and Ismail Merchant (1975) and the poet John Ashbery (1978). Voters in Columbia County since the mid-19th century have mostly elected Republicans to office. But from 1996 to 2007, new voter registrations by Democrats have outpaced those by Republicans by a margin of 4 to 1. Democrats have been able to win the county in every presidential election since 1996, with Joe Biden 's 57% of

3564-423: The county was $ 22,265. About 6.40% of families and 9.00% of the population were below the poverty line , including 11.80% of those under age 18 and 6.80% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 census, the racial makeup of the county was 90.6% White, 4.5% African American, 0.2% Native American and 1.6% Asian. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.9% of the population. Interstate 90 runs east–west through

3645-538: The county was 92.09% White , 4.52% Black or African American , 0.21% Native American , 0.80% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.90% from other races , and 1.45% from two or more races. 2.53% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 17.2% were of German , 14.7% Italian , 14.5% Irish , 9.0% English , 6.3% Polish and 6.1% American ancestry according to Census 2000 . 94.0% spoke English and 2.1% Spanish as their first language. There were 24,796 households, out of which 29.90% had children under

3726-656: The county with points south. Columbia County is the last New York county located along eastbound Interstate 90 (and the first county along westbound I-90), which passes through the towns of Canaan and Chatham as the Berkshire Connector portion of the New York Thruway . I-90 has two exits within the county; for the southbound Taconic State Parkway in Chatham, and for NYS Route 22 in Canaan. Depending on precise location within

3807-421: The county, road travel distance to New York City ranges between 96 and 145 miles (154 and 233 km). Several other major routes cross Columbia County including north–south U.S. Route 9 , east–west NYS Route 23 , north–south NYS Route 22 and a short portion of east–west U.S. Route 20 in the county's northeastern corner. The Hudson River forms the western border of the county. Other notable creeks include;

3888-507: The county. The Taconic State Parkway runs from I-90 south towards Westchester County. The main arterial north–south road, U.S. 9 , runs through the larger towns towards the Hudson River. Amtrak passenger trains of the Empire Service corridor, as well as the Adirondack , Ethan Allen Express , Maple Leaf and the seasonal Berkshire Flyer make stops at Hudson station . Into

3969-574: The dewatering of significant stretches between Fall River Mills and Big Bend. PG&E is now required to maintain base flow in the river at all times, which has led to a reduction in hydroelectric power generation but has greatly improved wildlife habitat and fishing on these sections of the Pit. The Pit River is located in historical Achomawi territory, who lived in the area expanding from Big Bend to Goose Lake . Human habitation in this region may date back as far as 12,500 years. The Achomawi (consisting of nine distinct bands) had up to 28 villages in

4050-452: The early 1900s, the U.S. Reclamation Service (now Bureau of Reclamation ) noted that the spring-fed Fall River alone contributed a year-round flow of about 1,500 cubic feet per second (42 m /s), from an aquifer fed in part by Mount Shasta snowmelt. Much of this water rises at what is often called "Thousand Springs" a few miles above Fall River Mills, west of Ahjumawi Lava Springs State Park . Hat Creek and Burney Creek, spring-fed from

4131-691: The extreme southeastern corner of the Modoc National Forest 9 miles (14 km) west of the California– Nevada border. The South Fork is formed from the confluence of several creeks in Jess Valley 13 miles (21 km) northeast of Madeline and flows west through a narrow canyon, past Likely , then generally north through a broad ranching valley where its waters are diverted for irrigation and waterfowl conservation via an extensive system of canals. The 30-mile (48 km) long North Fork - Linnville Creek tributary begins 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of

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4212-639: The heart of their community, which recorded their weddings, births and deaths, among the first vital records kept in the colony. After many years, some of the colonists were granted land in the frontier of the central Mohawk Valley west of present-day Little Falls in the 100 lots of the Burnetsfield Patent; in the Schoharie Valley, and other areas, such as Palatine Bridge along the Mohawk River west of Schenectady. They were buffer communities between

4293-695: The indigenous peoples. The second, led by General Crook in 1857, was a military engagement, as the US government decided to forcibly remove the Pit River natives and move them to the Mendocino Indian Reservation (then later the Round Valley Indian Reservation ) in Mendocino County . The former enemies of the Achomawi – the Modocs and Klamaths – were also driven out of the region by 1873 with

4374-479: The large, well-known Hawthorne Valley Farm which includes a farm store and training programs, the biodynamic Roxbury Farm, and FarmOn! at Empire Farm, also a teaching farm. As of the census of 2000, there were 63,094 people, 24,796 households, and 16,588 families residing in the county. The population density was 99 inhabitants per square mile (38/km ). There were 30,207 housing units at an average density of 48 units per square mile (19/km ). The racial makeup of

4455-752: The latter 1930s, the Rutland Railroad (in map above) operated trains between Bennington, Vermont and Chatham. At Chatham Union Station there were connections to New York Central 's Harlem Line to Grand Central Terminal . Penn Central (successor to the New York Central) truncated service on the Harlem Line from Chatham to Dover Plains in 1972. Columbia County Airport is located in Hudson and provides general aviation services. 42°15′N 73°38′W  /  42.25°N 73.63°W  / 42.25; -73.63 Pit River The Pit River

4536-458: The lower portions of the Pit River contain abundant water, the western watershed is too mountainous for agriculture. On the other hand, the drier eastern part of the watershed contains a number of flat river valleys with deep alluvial soils. Throughout the early part of the 20th century, about 63 reservoirs were built on tributary streams in this region, to support irrigation. Due to limited and uncertain streamflow from these snowfed desert streams,

4617-526: The majority of the Wintun peoples' traditional lands along the Pit and McCloud rivers, still controversial today. Hydroelectric development of the Pit River system also began early. One of the first major hydroelectric projects was the Hat Creek project, built in 1920 and generating the first power in 1921. The Fall River was developed soon afterwards with a powerhouse coming online by 1922. Pit 3 Dam (Lake Britton)

4698-402: The natural springs feeding the river and regulation by many hydroelectric dams. Fishing has improved since the 2011 relicensing of several PG&E hydroelectric facilities on the river, which required the power company to increase minimum flows on the formerly dewatered river reaches below Dams 3, 4 and 5, and to monitor the health of fish populations in these reaches. The lower Pit is considered

4779-476: The nineteenth century, the Vermont Central Railway was constructed to the area. It provided transportation north towards Rutland and Burlington, Vermont , and south towards the major junction town of Chatham, New York , for travel to points west, south and east. A large number of LGBT artists and writers settled in Columbia County in the late 20th century, including Ellsworth Kelly , who moved to

4860-453: The over 8,000 foot (2,400 m) tall Warner Peak, which is the highest point on Hart Mountain. In 1923 a lake freighter named William H. Warner was launched. Columbia County, New York Columbia County is a county in the U.S. state of New York . At the 2020 census , the population was 61,570. The county seat is Hudson . The name comes from the Latin feminine form of

4941-501: The river at Potem Falls. Two major tributaries, Sulanharas Creek and the McCloud River , join the Pit from the north within the lake. The lower 30 miles (48 km) of the river forms the longest of the five arms of Shasta Lake, which is formed by Shasta Dam on the Sacramento downstream from the original confluence. Fed by significant volcanic groundwater basins that produce some of the largest contiguous freshwater spring systems in

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5022-494: The river's flow would be diverted to irrigate some 60,000 acres (24,000 ha) of fertile benchland in the upper Sacramento Valley, east of Redding . The Lower Pit River Project was technically superseded by the Central Valley Project for which Shasta Dam was completed in 1945. Shasta Lake raised the level of the Pit River more than 100 feet (30 m) above the elevation of the proposed Sheep Rocks dam. It also flooded

5103-587: The south, and Paiute to the east. Most of the local tribes have had social and border disputes since ancient times; the Achomawi and Atsugewi were historically subject to raids by the Klamath and the Modoc who would take prisoners to sell as slaves at The Dalles, Oregon – then a major Native American trading hub on the Columbia River , more than 300 miles (480 km) to the north. In the early 1800s, armed with horses and firearms obtained by trading with Europeans,

5184-725: The summer, departing Sacramento in August 1849. The expedition's progress was further delayed by the area's rugged geography. When the expedition reached the Goose Lake Valley , Warner decided to separate the party into two teams in order to cover more ground. Warner ordered Williamson to remain in the Goose Lake Valley while he took a small party of men to explore north and east of the valley. Warner first headed north to Abert Lake . He then followed Captain John C. Fremont 's route east into what

5265-652: The surname of Christopher Columbus , which was at the time of the formation of the county a popular proposal for the name of the United States . The county is part of the Capital District region of the state. At the arrival of European colonists the area was inhabited by the indigenous Mohican Indians . To the west of the river were the Mohawk and other four tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy , extending past what

5346-497: The topographic maps, the elevation drop between Fall River and Lake Britton, where the powerhouse was to have been situated, was too small for economical power generation. The Pit River is a well-known trout stream in northern California and is a popular destination for fishing. The river is notorious for its swift, deep water, slippery bed and low visibility, and is considered difficult and dangerous to wade. Flows are fairly consistent year-round, except after storm events, both due to

5427-410: The town of Davis Creek, near Goose Lake . It flows generally south-southwest, joining the South Fork from the north near Alturas . Although Goose Lake is generally considered the terminal sink of an endorheic basin , it will overflow into the Pit River during floods; however this has not occurred since 1881 due to large diversions of water for agriculture. The combined river flows west-southwest in

5508-404: The upper Sacramento River system; the river provides not only the majority of the annual flow, but nearly the entire dependable summer water supply. One of the first proposals to dam the Pit River was in 1915 and was known as the "Lower Pit River Project". A 139-foot (42 m) dam would have been built across the river at Sheep Rocks, above the confluence with Sulanharas Creek. About one-quarter of

5589-476: The upper reaches of the Pit River in northeastern California. The purpose of the expedition was to scout for mountains passes that could be used for an east–west railroad route. Warner was also looking for a suitable site where an army post could be built in northeastern California. Warner's second-in-command for the expedition was Second Lieutenant Robert S. Williamson , who was also a West Point trained topographic engineer. Warner and his party started late in

5670-411: The vote in 2020 being the highest for a Democrat in the county since 1964. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 648 square miles (1,680 km ), of which 635 square miles (1,640 km ) is land and 14 square miles (36 km ) (2.1%) is water. Columbia County is in the southeast south-to-central part of New York State, southeast of Albany and immediately west of

5751-462: The workers were to make naval stores ( e.g. , pitch, resin, and turpentine) from the pine trees in the Catskill Mountains . They were promised land for resettlement after completing their terms of indenture. They were refugees from years of religious fighting along the border with France, as well as crop failures from a severe winter. Work camps were established on both sides of the Hudson River. The Germans quickly established Protestant churches at

5832-411: Was 989 cubic feet per second (28.0 m /s), on September 5–12, 1966. Before the damming of Shasta Lake in the 1940s, the annual flow of the Pit River was about four times the size of the Sacramento at their confluence, making it the true hydrological source of the Sacramento River system. Measured at the mouth, the river's natural discharge likely exceeded 6,000 cubic feet per second (170 m /s),

5913-570: Was actively engaged in the Mexican–American War . He was assigned to Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny 's California expedition. On 6 December 1846, Warner participated in the Battle of San Pasqual , where he was wounded. After the battle, he was recognized for gallantry in the field and promoted to Brevet Captain . From 1847 to 1849, Warner was assigned to do survey work in California. In May 1847, he surveyed Alcatraz Island . His work

5994-608: Was also a post office near the small unincorporated community of Adel, Oregon , that was named after Warner. Today, there are a number geographic features named in honor of William Warner. The largest of these features is the Warner Mountains, a mountain range that straddles the Oregon–California border. The over 70,000-acre (283 km) South Warner Wilderness is named for this mountain range. Other geographic features in south central Oregon that bear Warner's name include Warner Valley, Warner Lakes , Warner Canyon, Warner Rim, and

6075-457: Was assigned to conduct a general survey of Lake Michigan and make recommendations for improving harbors around the lake. That effort lasted into 1843. Warner was then directed to conduct a survey of the Ohio River near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . After finishing that project in 1845, Warner was sent to survey the boundary between the United States and the British provinces of Canada . Warner

6156-440: Was completed in 1925 and its powerhouse began operation on July 18, 1925. Pit 4 and 5, located further downstream, were completed between the mid-1940s and mid-1950s. The lower Pit River was dammed in the 1960s, forming Reservoirs 6 and 7. A diversion from the McCloud River was also completed during this time to increase water flowing through powerhouses on the Pit River. Pit 2 Powerhouse was planned but never built: due to an error in

6237-540: Was killed in the initial assault, stuck by numerous arrows. The expedition's guide, Francois Bercier, was also killed and two other members of the party were wounded. The exact site of the attack is uncertain; however, Lieutenant Williamson's map places the location of the attack about 4 miles (6.4 km) south of the Oregon border near Eightmile Creek. In 1850, an army expedition under the command of Captain Nathaniel Lyon

6318-716: Was sent back to Florida to support action in the ongoing war with the Seminole people. Then in 1840, Warner was directed to survey the Detroit River in Michigan . He finished that assignment in 1841. On 1 September 1841, he was promoted to first lieutenant in the Corps of Topographical Engineers. After his promotion, Warner was sent to do a reconnaissance of the approaches to New Orleans in Louisiana . After completing that job in 1842, he

6399-511: Was sent out to recover Warner's body, but it was not found. In the summer of 1864, lieutenant colonel Charles S. Drew was ordered to lead a large reconnaissance patrol east from Fort Klamath to explore southeastern Oregon. His patrol eventually reached the Goose Lake Valley and crossed what is now the Warner Mountains. When he entered the next valley, he named it Warner Valley in honor of Captain Warner, who he believed had been killed there. In

6480-534: Was the first detailed examination of the island. In May 1848, Warner began a survey of the military reservation at the Presidio in San Francisco . Later in 1848, Warner surveyed the Sacramento town site with the assistance of Lieutenant William T. Sherman . In October 1848, Warner joined Lieutenant Sherman, Colonel Richard B. Mason (the military governor of California), and a civilian named Norman S. Bestor to form

6561-566: Was then assigned to help oversee the movement of the Cherokee Nation to the west. On 7 July 1838, Warner was appointed to the Corps of Topographic Engineers, retaining his rank of second lieutenant. As a topographic engineer officer, Warner was placed in charge of a project to improve the harbor at New Bedford , Massachusetts . He led that effort until 1839, when he was directed to survey of Sackets Harbor in New York. Later that year, Warner

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