William Earl McLellin (January 18, 1806 – April 24, 1883) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement . One of the original members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , McLellin later broke with church founder Joseph Smith .
64-555: McLellin was born in on January 18, 1806, in Smith County, Tennessee , to Charles and Sarah McLellin. His mother was a Cherokee . He married Cynthia Ann in 1829, but she died two years later in 1831. McLellin then married Emeline Miller in 1832 in Portage County, Ohio . They moved to Independence, Missouri that same year. McLellin and Miller were the parents of six children, four sons and two daughters. McLellin first had contact with
128-475: A pseudonym for Jesus in Jewish literature. Balaam's father Beor was a son of Laban . The Book of Jasher reports that Balaam's sons were Jannes and Jambres . Balaam's exclamation, "How good are your tents, O Jacob, your tabernacles, O Israel!", was taken by later generations of Jews as the basis of the liturgical prayer Ma Tovu . Balaam is reviled as a "saviour(in terms of prophet)" in several places in
192-743: A blessing and a prophecy in succession. Agag , mentioned in the third poem, is described as a great king, which does not correspond to the king of the Amalekites who was named Agag , and described in 1 Samuel 15 , since that description considers Amalek to be small and obscure. While the Masoretic text of the poem uses the word Agag , the Septuagint , other Greek versions, and the Samaritan Pentateuch all have Gog . These names are consequently considered textual corruptions, and Og has been suggested as
256-617: A counterfeiter when he killed two people to cover his crimes. In the aftermath of these crimes, the LDS Church discovered McLellin's writings were already in the church's possession, having been acquired and forgotten in 1908. These were later published in two works, The Journals of William E. McLellin, 1831–1836 , edited by Jan Shipps and John W. Welch in 1994, and The William E. McLellin Papers, 1854–1880 , edited by Stan Larson and Samuel J. Passey in 2007. However, these collections were missing
320-480: A female householder with no husband present, and 26.30% were non-families. 23.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.00. In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.50% under the age of 18, 8.00% from 18 to 24, 30.00% from 25 to 44, 23.10% from 45 to 64, and 13.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
384-534: A large and active man, went to the sheriff and asked for the privilege of flogging the Prophet; permission was granted, on condition that Joseph would fight. The sheriff made McLellin's earnest request known to Joseph, who consented to fight, if his irons were taken off. McLellin then refused to fight, unless he could have a club, to which Joseph was perfectly willing; but the sheriff would not allow them to fight on such unequal terms. Previous to that incident, Smith authored
448-481: A letter to the church from Liberty Jail on December 16, 1838, in which he made allusions to actions by McLellin that he vilified as sins. In that letter, Smith likened McLellin to the biblical magician Balaam whose ass refused to help Balaam curse the Israelites, in the era of Moses . The letter may have been what provoked McLellin to attempt to fist-fight Smith. After Smith's death in 1844, McLellin first accepted
512-516: A man goes at the Book of M. he touches the apple of my eye. He fights against truth—against purity—against light—against the purist, or one of the truest, purist books on earth. […] Fight the wrongs of L.D.S.ism as much as you please, but let that unique, that inimitable book alone. McLellin died on April 24, 1883, in Independence, Missouri . McLellin kept journals and notebooks during and after his time in
576-517: A notebook, known because of photographs in a 1920s newspaper published by the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints . In January 2009, this notebook was located and acquired by Brent Ashworth, one of the original collectors interested in Hofmann's supposed McLellin collection. Smith County, Tennessee Smith County is a county in the U.S. state of Tennessee . As of
640-447: A prophet in the Bible. In both the inscription and the Bible, Balaam is a prophet whose utterances determine the fate of nations. However, other details of the stories are different. According to the inscription, Balaam wakes up weeping and tells his people that the gods appeared to him in the night telling him about a goddess threatening to destroy the land. She is to cover the sky and reduce
704-576: A town, named Carthage, was platted the following year. Smith County was the site of a large saltpeter mine. Piper Cave, located near Monoville, contains the poorly preserved remnants of dozens of saltpeter leaching vats. Most saltpeter mining in Middle Tennessee took place during the War of 1812 and the Civil War , though the exact dates of this operation are unclear. According to the U.S. Census Bureau ,
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#1732858924257768-640: Is a historical reference to ancient Nineveh or a prophecy, which some religious commentators consider refers to the Seleucid Empire , which also took the name "Assyria". The seventh is also ambiguous and may either be a reference to the Sea Peoples or, in the view of some religious commentators, to the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great . In the view of some schools of textual criticism,
832-411: Is allowed to see the angel, who informs him that the donkey's turning away from the messenger is the only reason the angel did not kill Balaam. Balaam immediately repents, but is told to go on. Balak meets with Balaam at Kirjat Huzoth , and they go to the "high places of Baal ", and offer sacrifices on seven altars, leading to Balaam being given a prophecy by Yahweh , which He speaks to Balak. However,
896-650: Is later listed among the Midianites who were killed in revenge for the "matter of Peor". Joshua 13:22 records that Balaam died "by the sword" during a battle for the Reubenite occupation of Moabite land. In total, Balaam's prophecies consist of seven (Hebrew) poems: The poems fall into three groups. The first group consists of two poems which characteristically start immediately. The third group of three poems also start immediately, but are much shorter. The second group, however, consists of two poems which both start: Balaam
960-622: Is that of a dog: if you chase it away, it pants, and if you leave it, it ˹still˺ pants. This is the example of the people who deny Our signs. So narrate ˹to them˺ stories ˹of the past˺, so perhaps they will reflect. The Muslim commentators explain that Bal'am bin Ba'ura ( Arabic : بلعام بن باعوراء ) was a Canaanite who had been given knowledge of some of the books of God . His people asked him to curse Moses ( Musa ) and those who were with him, but he said, "How can I curse one who has angels with him?" They continued to press him, however, until he cursed
1024-532: The 2020 census , the population was 19,904. Smith County is located in the region of the state known as Middle Tennessee. Its county seat is Carthage . The county was organized in 1799 and is named for Daniel Smith , a Revolutionary War veteran who made the first map of Tennessee and served as a United States senator . Smith County is part of the Nashville-Davidson – Murfreesboro – Franklin , TN Metropolitan Statistical Area . Smith County
1088-462: The Amorites , and Og , king of Bashan . Balak , king of Moab , consequently becomes alarmed and sends elders of Midian and his Moabite messengers, to Balaam, son of Beor, to induce him to come and curse Israel. Balaam's location, Pethor , which is now located in the region of northern Syria and southeastern Turkey is simply given as "which is by the river of the land of the children of his people" in
1152-711: The Heresy of Peor . Numbers 31:16 blames this on Balaam's advice and because of his culpability in the incident, which resulted in deadly divine judgements against the Israelites who participated, he was eventually killed in a retaliatory battle against Midian in Numbers 31:8. Deuteronomy 23:3–6 summarises these incidents, and further states that the Ammonites were associated with the Moabites. Joshua , in his farewell speech, also makes reference to it. With God's protection taken from him, Balaam
1216-623: The Israelites , and, as a consequence, they remained 40 years in the Wilderness of the Wanderings. Then, when he had cursed Moses, his tongue came out and fell upon his breast, and he began to pant like a dog. The story as told by Tabari is somewhat more Biblical . Balaam had the knowledge of the Most Sacred Name of God , and whatever he asked of God was granted to him. The story of Balaam and
1280-525: The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint . The Samaritan Pentateuch , Vulgate , and Peshitta all identify his land as Ammon . Balaam sends back word that he can only do what YHWH commands, and God has, via a nocturnal dream, told him not to go. Balak consequently sends higher-ranking priests and offers Balaam honours; Balaam continues to press God, and God finally permits him to go but with instructions to say only what He commands. Balaam then sets out in
1344-513: The New Testament , where he is cited as a type of avarice; for example in Book of Revelation 2:14 we read of false teachers at Pergamum who held the "teaching of Balaam, who taught Balak to cast a stumbling-block before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed to idols, and to commit fornication". Balaam has attracted much interest, alike from Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Josephus paraphrases
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#17328589242571408-430: The poverty line , including 14.70% of those under age 18 and 14.80% of those age 65 or over. The Smith County School System operates nine schools: The county formerly operated Pleasant Shade Elementary School, which closed in 2007, and Cox Davidson Elementary, which closed sometime in the 1950s. New Middleton Elementary was formerly PreK–8, while Gordonsville Elementary was formerly PreK–6. A realignment beginning with
1472-598: The 2017–2018 school year resulted in the current grade alignment of those schools. Prior to 2008, Smith County was a Democratic Party stronghold at the presidential level. The county failed to back a Democratic candidate only twice between the Civil War and 2004, when voting for George Wallace in 1968 and against George McGovern in 1972. However, while the county was Carthage resident Al Gore 's fourth strongest statewide in his 2000 presidential bid, he failed to win an increasingly Republican Tennessee. Democrat John Kerry won
1536-583: The Balaams of the Old and New Testaments, claiming that Beor is Balaam's father and Bezer is Balaam's home town. The story is also referred to in chapter 10 of 2 Meqabyan , a book considered canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . In his commentary on Matthew's Gospel , Dale Allison associates the magi who visited the infant Jesus (Matthew 2) with Balaam, in that both Balaam and
1600-547: The Elohist describes Balaam giving two blessings, making sacrifices on seven altars, at the high places of Baal, before each, then deciding not to "seek enchantments" after the third set of sacrifices, but to "set his face upon the wilderness," which Balak views as a third blessing, and so Balaam then gives the three final predictions of fate. Conversely, in the Jahwist source, Balaam arrives, the spirit of God comes upon him, and he delivers
1664-493: The Israelites from the peak. The Spirit of God comes upon Balaam and he delivers a third positive prophecy concerning Israel. Balak's anger rises to the point where he threatens Balaam, but Balaam merely offers a prediction of fate. Balaam then looks upon the Kenites , and Amalekites and offers two more predictions of their fates. Balak and Balaam then go to their respective homes. Later, Numbers 25:1–9 describes how Israel engaged in
1728-607: The Jews; at first being a mere interpreter of dreams, but later becoming a magician, until finally the spirit of prophecy descended upon him. According to a negative view of Balaam in the Talmud , Balaam possessed the gift of being able to ascertain the exact moment during which God is angry—a gift bestowed upon no other creature. Balaam's intention was to curse the Israelites at this moment of wrath, and thus cause God himself to destroy them; but God purposely restrained His anger in order to baffle
1792-606: The Latter Day Saint church came to an abrupt halt in 1838, when he declared that he had no confidence in the presidency of the church . This may have been due to the mismanagement of the church's financial institution, the Kirtland Safety Society . McLellin was excommunicated on May 11, 1838, and subsequently actively worked against the Latter Day Saints, becoming involved with Missouri mobs. According to members of
1856-551: The Latter Day Saint church. Because he was a prominent insider in the early church, these were of great interest to Latter Day Saint historians . In the early 1980s, collector Mark Hofmann claimed to have obtained the McLellin collection, which he described as embarrassing to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). This generated interest that allowed Hofmann to sell it to two simultaneous buyers before being exposed as
1920-669: The Lord was "not pleased with my servant William E. McLellin". An experienced schoolteacher and a self-proclaimed physician, McLellin taught penmanship in the Kirtland School for Temporal Education in 1834. He was also the assistant teacher at the School of the Prophets . He served as a member of the church's high council in Clay County, Missouri , also in 1834, and was chosen and ordained to be one of
1984-519: The Name and his faith. This being done, they went out from him in the form of a white dove. The Baghdadi historian Al Masudi said in his book Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems that Balaam ben Beor was in a village in the lands of Shem (Canaan), and he is the son of Baura(Beor) ben Sanur ben Waseem ben Moab ben Lot ben Haran (PUT), and his prayers were answered, so his folks asked him to pray against Joshua ben Nun but he could not do it, so he advised some of
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2048-630: The age of 33, and it is stated that he had no portion in the world to come. The book devotes a special section to the history of the prophet discussing why God has taken away the power of prophecy from the Gentiles. The Talmud states that "Moses wrote his book and the portion of Balaam", regarding this passage as separate from the rest of the Torah in terms of topic or style, but united in authorship. In ( Sanhedrin 106b) and ( Giṭtin 57a) Balaam may be likened to Jesus. Some have theorized that Balaam became used as
2112-469: The ass, then follows at length. When it came to the actual cursing, God "turned his tongue" so that the cursing fell upon his own people and the blessing upon Israel. Then his tongue came out and hung down on his breast. Finally, he advised his people to adorn and beautify their women and to send them out to ensnare the Israelites. The story of the plague at Baal-peor and of Cozbi and Zimri follows. According to another story which al-Tabari gives, Balaam
2176-505: The call and was instead tasked with traveling south with Luke Johnson in January 1832. McLellin was excommunicated for the first time in December of that year but was restored to full fellowship by 1833. That year, McLellin served a mission for the church, traveling with Parley P. Pratt to Missouri and Illinois . However, in a revelation given to Joseph Smith on March 8, 1833, it was said that
2240-417: The church's original twelve apostles on February 15, 1835, at age 29. When the Book of Commandments was about to be published, some Latter Day Saints criticized the wording of some of the revelations Smith said he had received. According to Smith, the Lord issued a challenge to see if the wisest member of the church could write a revelation comparable to the least of Smith's revelations. If they could, then
2304-456: The church, McLellin ransacked and robbed Smith's home and stable while Smith was being held in jail, pending charges on the Safety Society's financial problems. No charges were ever filed against Smith or against McLellin. A history published in the Latter Day Saint periodical Millennial Star in 1864 related the incident: While Joseph was in prison at Richmond, Mo., Mr. McLellin, who was
2368-536: The county has a total area of 325 square miles (840 km ), of which 314 square miles (810 km ) is land and 11 square miles (28 km ) (3.4%) is water. The county is located in a transition area between the rugged Highland Rim to the east and the flatter Nashville Basin to the west. The Caney Fork has its confluence with the Cumberland River in Carthage; these are the primary waterways flowing through
2432-675: The county in 2004, but by a much narrower four point margin. Since then, Smith County has swung hard towards the Republican Party similar to the rest of the state outside of Memphis and Nashville. Hillary Clinton failed to win even a quarter of the county's votes in 2016, a far cry from the 71 percent and 62 percent her husband Bill won in the county with Gore also on the ticket. 36°15′N 85°58′W / 36.25°N 85.96°W / 36.25; -85.96 Balaam Balaam ( / ˈ b eɪ l æ m / ; Hebrew : בִּלְעָם , romanized : Bīlʿām ), son of Beor ,
2496-417: The county was 95.42% White , 2.53% Black or African American , 0.37% Native American , 0.17% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.59% from other races , and 0.93% from two or more races. 1.13% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 6,878 households, out of which 34.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.10% were married couples living together, 9.80% had
2560-568: The county. Cordell Hull Dam on the Cumberland is located near Carthage. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 19,904 people, 7,603 households, and 5,409 families residing in the county. As of the census of 2000, there were 17,712 people, 6,878 households, and 5,069 families residing in the county. The population density was 56 people per square mile (22 people/km ). There were 7,665 housing units at an average density of 24 units per square mile (9.3/km ). The racial makeup of
2624-579: The death of 24,000 victims of the plague which God sent as punishment. When Balaam saw that he could not curse the children of Israel, the Rabbis assert that he advised Balak, as a last resort, to tempt the Hebrew nation to immoral acts and, through these, to the worship of Baal-peor. The God of the Hebrews , adds Balaam, according to the Rabbis, hates lewdness; and severe chastisement must follow . The Rabbis, playing on
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2688-479: The kings of the giants to show the pretty women and release them toward the camp of Joshua ben Nun, and so they did, and they (the Israelites) hurried up to the women and the plague spread among them and seventy thousand of them were dead. In 1967, at Deir Alla , Jordan , archaeologists found an inscription with a story relating visions of the seer of the gods Bala'am, son of Be'or, the same name appearing as that of
2752-556: The magi were "from the east": thus "Matthew's magi are Balaam's successors". No clear reference is made to Balaam in the Qur'an . However, the commentators argue that he is the one to whom the following text is referring: And relate to them ˹O Prophet˺ the story of the one to whom We gave Our signs, but he abandoned them, so Satan took hold of him, and he became a deviant. If We had willed, We would have elevated him with Our signs, but he clung to this life—following his evil desires. His example
2816-474: The members of the church would be justified in claiming that the revelations did not come from God. McLellin, who was trained as a schoolteacher, was selected by the critics for the challenge. According to Smith's history, McLellin failed to produce a credible text, and the controversy died away. McLellin was appointed to be a captain in the Missouri State Militia in 1837. McLellin's association with
2880-614: The missionaries of the Church of Christ Smith founded in Paris, Illinois , during 1831. He was baptized on August 20, 1831, by Hyrum Smith and was ordained an elder . During 1831, he traveled with Smith, and the two of them preached in Tennessee. On October 25, 1831, McLellin was called through a revelation Joseph Smith said he received to serve a mission in the eastern United States with Samuel H. Smith , Joseph's brother. McLellin complained against
2944-513: The morning with the princes of Moab. God becomes angry that he went and sends the Angel of the Lord (Numbers 22:22) to prevent him. At first, the angel is seen only by the donkey Balaam is riding, which tries to avoid the angel. After Balaam starts punishing the donkey for refusing to move, it is miraculously given the power to speak to Balaam (Numbers 22:28) and says, "What have I done to you, that you have struck me these three times?" At this point, Balaam
3008-504: The name Balaam, call him "Belo 'Am" (without people; that is, without a share with the people in the world to come), or "Billa' 'Am" (one that ruined a people); and this hostility against his memory finds its climax in the dictum that whenever one discovers a feature of wickedness or disgrace in his life, one should preach about it. In the process of killing Balaam (Numbers 31:8), all four legal methods of execution—stoning, burning, decapitating, and strangling—were employed. He met his death at
3072-710: The name Balaam. A man also named Balaam also figures as an example of a false prophet motivated by greed or avarice in both 2 Peter 2:15 and in Jude 1:11. This Balaam is listed as the son of Bezer, which is usually identified as Beor. Some authors claim that Bezer was the Aramaic pronunciation of Beor, while others hold that the author was attempting to play off the Hebrew word basar or "flesh" to insult Balaam. Later Jewish tradition similarly played with Balaam's name to call him corrupt and imply bestiality. Still other authors hold that Bezer and Beor are distinct, while still identifying
3136-417: The narrative, excepting the episode involving the donkey, is simply a framework invented to be able to insert much older poems. In rabbinic literature Balaam is represented as one of seven gentile prophets ; the other six being Beor (Balaam's father), Job , and Job's four friends. In this literature, Balaam gradually acquired a position among the non-Jews, which was exalted as much as that of Moses among
3200-403: The original. The final three poems do not refer to Israel or Moab and are thus considered unusual since they seem to have little relevance to the narrative. It is thought that they may have been added to bring the number of poems up to five if inserted into the Elohist source or up to seven if only inserted once JE was constructed. While the sixth poem refers to Assyria, it is uncertain whether it
3264-626: The plan to entice the Israelites into idol worship and sexual immorality is attributed to him. Balaam is also mentioned in the Book of Micah . The main story of Balaam occurs during the sojourn of the Israelites in the plains of Moab , east of the Jordan River , at the close of forty years of wandering , shortly before the death of Moses and the crossing of the Jordan. The Israelites have already defeated two kings in Transjordan: Sihon , king of
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#17328589242573328-476: The prophecy blesses Israel; Balak remonstrates, but Balaam reminds him that he can only speak the words put in his mouth, so Balak takes him to another "high place" at Pisgah , to try again. Building another seven altars here, and making sacrifices on each, Balaam provides another prophecy blessing Israel. Balaam finally gets taken by a now very frustrated Balak to Peor , and, after the seven sacrifices there, decides not to "seek enchantments" but instead looks upon
3392-551: The son of Beor hath said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said: He hath said, which heard the words of God, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into a trance, but having his eyes open ... Of Balaam's three groups of poems, the documentary hypothesis argued that the first and third groups originated within the Elohist text, whereas the second group belonged to the Jahwist . Thus
3456-446: The story more so, and speaks of Balaam as the best prophet of his time, but with a disposition ill-adapted to resist temptation . Philo describes him as a great magician in the Life of Moses ; elsewhere he speaks of "the sophist Balaam, being," i.e. symbolizing "a vain crowd of contrary and warring opinions" and again as "a vain people", both phrases being based on a mistaken etymology of
3520-533: The succession claims of Sidney Rigdon and was appointed one of the Twelve Apostles in Rigdon's organization on April 8, 1845. In 1847, at Kirtland, Ohio, he joined with several others to create a reorganization of the church, designated the Church of Christ . McLellin called on David Whitmer to assume the presidency, claiming that Whitmer had been ordained by Smith as his successor on July 8, 1834. This organization
3584-460: The wicked one , is often attached to the name of Balaam. Balaam is pictured as blind in one eye and lame in one foot, and his disciples (followers) are distinguished by three morally corrupt qualities: an evil eye , a haughty bearing, and a greedy spirit. Due to his behavior with the Midianites, the Rabbis interpret Balaam as responsible for the behavior during the Heresy of Peor , which they consider to have been unchastity , and consequently
3648-464: The wicked prophet and to save the nation from extermination. The Talmud also recounts a more positive view of Balaam, stating that when the Torah was given to Israel, a mighty voice shook the foundations of the earth, so much so that all kings trembled, and in their consternation turned to Balaam, inquiring whether this upheaval of nature portended a second deluge; the prophet assured them that what they heard
3712-440: The world to complete darkness. In contrast with the biblical account where Balaam receives prophecies from Yahweh, the inscription associates Balaam with multiple deities ( Ashtar , a god named Shgr, and Shadday gods and goddesses). The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies describes it as "the oldest example of a book in a West Semitic language written with the alphabet, and the oldest piece of Aramaic literature." The inscription
3776-416: Was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.40 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 35,625, and the median income for a family was $ 41,645. Males had a median income of $ 30,853 versus $ 22,133 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 17,473. About 10.30% of families and 12.20% of the population were below
3840-490: Was a biblical character, a non-Israelite prophet and diviner who lived in Pethor , a place identified with the ancient city of Pitru , thought to have been located between the region of Iraq and northern Syria in what is now southeastern Turkey. According to chapters 22-24 of the Book of Numbers , he was hired by King Balak of Moab to curse Israel, but instead he blessed the Israelites , as dictated by God. Subsequently,
3904-616: Was a renegade Israelite who knew the Most Sacred Name, and to gain the things of this world, went over to the Canaanites. Al-Tha'labi adds that Balaam was descended from Lot. He gives, too, the story of Balaam's dream, his being forbidden by God to curse Israel. Another version is that Balak , the king of Bal'a , compelled Balaam to use the Most Sacred Name against Israel. The curse fell automatically, and Moses, having learned whence it came, entreated God to take from Balaam his knowledge of
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#17328589242573968-519: Was established in 1799 from a portion of Sumner County , and was named for Daniel Smith, a U.S. Senator and former Secretary of the Southwest Territory . The location of the county seat was hotly contested between Bledsoesborough (near modern Dixon Springs) and William Walton's ferry and tavern at the confluence of the Caney Fork and the Cumberland River . In 1804, voters chose Walton's site, and
4032-446: Was short-lived. McLellin later associated with churches led by George M. Hinkle , James J. Strang , and Granville Hedrick . By 1869, McLellin had broken completely with "all organized religion," though he expressed a firm belief in the Book of Mormon in 1880: I have set to my seal that the Book of Mormon is a true, divine record and it will require more evidence than I have ever seen to ever shake me relative to its purity. […] When
4096-401: Was the voice of God, giving the sacred law to the Israelites. According to Jewish legend, Balaam was made this powerful in order to prevent the non-Jewish tribes from saying: "If we had only had our own Moses, we would be as pious as the Jews." The wicked Balaam is included in the list of persons born circumcised along with Moses. In rabbinical literature the epithet rasha , translating as
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