109-667: White Teeth is British author Zadie Smith 's debut novel, published in 2000. It focuses on the later lives of two wartime friends—the Bangladeshi Samad Iqbal and the Englishman Archie Jones—and their families in London . The novel centres on Britain's relationship with immigrants from the British Commonwealth . White Teeth won multiple honors, including the 2000 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction,
218-616: A civil war , caused a near-civil war in Egypt, and caused the downfall of the Soviet occupation in Afghanistan . In the contemporary era, the term "fundamentalism" is usually applied to denote these militant Islamist vanguards; although historians like Itzchak Weismann argue that it is more accurate to describe them as its radical offshoots. Osama b. Ladin and Al-Qaʾida belong to a fourth phase of Islamic fundamentalism, known as Salafi-jihadism ,
327-510: A double First . "Actually, I got a Third in my Part Ones," she said. She graduated with upper second-class honours. While at university Smith auditioned unsuccessfully for the Cambridge Footlights . At Cambridge, Smith published a number of short stories in a collection of new student writing called The Mays Anthology . They attracted the attention of a publisher, who offered her a contract for her first novel. She decided to contact
436-480: A literary agent and was taken on by A. P. Watt. Smith returned to guest-edit the anthology in 2001. Smith's debut novel, White Teeth , was introduced to the publishing world in 1997 before it was completed. On the basis of a partial manuscript, an auction for the rights began, which was won by Hamish Hamilton . Smith completed White Teeth during her final year at the University of Cambridge . Published in 2000,
545-480: A revivalist and reform movement of Muslims who aim to return to the founding scriptures of Islam . The term has been used interchangeably with similar terms such as Islamism , Islamic revivalism, Qutbism , Islamic activism, and has been criticized as pejorative. Some of the beliefs attributed to Islamic fundamentalists are that the primary sources of Islam (the Quran , Hadith , and Sunnah ), should be interpreted in
654-427: A "curiosity" about the role religion plays in others' lives. In an essay exploring humanist and existentialist views of death and dying, Smith characterises her worldview as that of a "sentimental humanist ". Zadie Smith's favourite book is Middlemarch by George Eliot . She tells Eleanor Wachtel, in an interview for Brick, A Literary Journal , that Middlemarch was "just an extraordinary achievement in
763-416: A 47-year-old Englishman whose disturbed Italian wife has just walked out on him, attempts to take his own life by gassing himself in his car when a chance interruption causes him to change his mind. Filled with a fresh enthusiasm for life, Archie flips a coin and then finds his way into the aftermath of a New Year's Eve party. There he meets the much-younger Clara Bowden, a Jamaican woman whose mother, Hortense,
872-754: A Hindu soldier from Uttar Pradesh, not Bengal, who is famous for firing the first shot of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (though he missed and was executed). Samad and Alsana have twin boys, Magid and Millat, who are the same age as Irie. Samad in particular finds it difficult to maintain his devotion to Islam in an English life; he is continually tormented by what he sees as the effects of this cultural conflict upon his own moral character—his Muslim values are corrupted by his compulsive masturbation , beer drinking, and his affair with his children's music teacher, Poppy Burt-Jones. In an attempt to preserve his traditional beliefs, he sends 10-year-old Magid to Bangladesh in
981-416: A career in musical theatre. While at university, Smith earned money as a jazz singer, and wanted to become a journalist. Smith attended the local public schools, Malorees Junior School and Hampstead Comprehensive School , then King's College, Cambridge , where she studied English literature . In an interview with The Guardian in 2000, Smith corrected a newspaper assertion that she left Cambridge with
1090-518: A clear structure or evident chain of command. Moreover, it is still a matter of debate whether Boko Haram has links to terror outfits outside Nigeria and its fighters have frequently clashed with Nigeria's central government. A US commander stated that Boko Haram is likely linked to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), although professor Paul Lubeck points out that no evidence is presented for any claims of material international support. Ansar Deen
1199-476: A critic of those who are called Islamic fundamentalists, also finds fault with the term because: [M]any liberal, progressive, or moderate Muslims would describe themselves as usulis, or fundamentalist, without thinking that this carries a negative connotation. In the Islamic context, it makes much more sense to describe the fanatical reductionism and narrow-minded literalism of some groups as puritanical (a term that in
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#17328595822771308-486: A daughter whose father can never be known, as the twins have exactly the same DNA. Irie is mentioned in passing in two other novels by Zadie Smith, Swing Time and NW . Millat, born two minutes later than his twin brother Magid, is the younger son of Samad and Alsana. After Magid is sent to Bangladesh, Millat comes into his own as a trouble-making, pot-smoking, womanising rebel. However, Millat eventually rejects this lifestyle in favour of fundamentalist Islam, becoming
1417-457: A historical novel since 2020, focusing on Arthur Orton, who was at the centre of the Tichborne case , a famous 19th-century court case involving identity theft. She said that she tried to avoid Charles Dickens as an influence and subject, but that her research process showed her that there was "really no way to entirely avoid Mr. Charles Dickens" since several of the places and events of her story had
1526-468: A leading historian of Islam, believes that although "the use of this term is established and must be accepted": It remains unfortunate and can be misleading. "Fundamentalist" is a Christian term. It seems to have come into use in the early years of the last century, and it denotes certain Protestant churches and organizations, more particularly, those that maintain the literal divine origin and inerrancy of
1635-461: A literal and originalist way; that corrupting non-Islamic influences should be eliminated from every part of Muslims' lives; and that the societies, economies, and governance of Muslim-majority countries should return to the fundamentals of Islam, the system of Islam, and become Islamic states . [REDACTED] Politics portal The term fundamentalism has been deemed misleading by those who suggest that all mainstream Muslims believe in
1744-653: A major driving force of KEVIN. At the FutureMouse conference, he tries to shoot Dr Perret, but instead shoots Archie in the thigh. Millat may or may not be the father of Irie's baby. Magid is the elder son of Samad and Alsana, and twin brother of Millat. Magid is intellectually precocious and insists on dressing and acting like an adult, even at a very young age. Samad essentially kidnaps Magid and sends him to be raised traditionally in Bangladesh. When he finally returns to London, he joins Marcus Chalfen's FutureMouse programme. Magid
1853-629: A major male character as he encounters a turning point in his life: "The Peculiar Second Marriage of Archie Jones", "The Temptation of Samad Iqbal", "The Trouble With Millat", and "The Return of Magid Iqbal". In 2018, London's Kiln Theatre announced the world premiere of Stephen Sharkey's stage adaptation of the novel. Directed by the venue's Artistic Director Indhu Rubasingham , the production featured 13 original songs by Paul Englishby and starred Tony Jayawardena as Samad, Richard Lumsden as Archie and Ayesha Antoine as Irie. Zadie Smith Zadie Smith FRSL (born Sadie ; 25 October 1975)
1962-522: A militant Muslim fundamentalist brotherhood known as "Keepers of the Eternal and Victorious Islamic Nation" (KEVIN). The lives of the Joneses and Iqbals intertwine with that of the white, middle-class Chalfens, a lapsed Jewish-Catholic family of Oxbridge -educated intellectuals who typify a distinctive strain of North London liberal trendiness, and who are recruited by Irie and Millat's school to tutor them after
2071-680: A more appropriate term than the one recently used in the West, 'fundamentalism,' to cover the meaning of what we name Islamic awakening or revival." In 1988, the University of Chicago , backed by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , launched The Fundamentalism Project , devoted to researching fundamentalism in the worlds major religions, Christianity , Islam , Judaism , Hinduism , Buddhism and Confucianism . It defined fundamentalism as "approach, or set of strategies, by which beleaguered believers attempt to preserve their distinctive identity as
2180-538: A movement that strives to move the battle against " infidelity " on an international scale; since the turn of the twenty-first century. Muslim critics of Islamic fundamentalism often draw a parallel between the modern fundamentalist movement and the 7th century Khawarij sect. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting
2289-536: A novel. It's so diverse and gigantic—its concentration is so diffuse. It's a social novel, which England has always aspired to; at the same time, it's a great philosophical novel, like its continental cousins." Smith was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2002. In a 2004 BBC poll of cultural researchers, she was named among the top twenty most influential people in British culture . In 2003, she
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#17328595822772398-575: A number of vanguard groups sprang up which turned to violence and terror in their struggle against "apostate" regimes. In Iran , a radical Shiʿa combination of Khomeini 's doctrine of wilayat-i faqih (guardianship of the jurist) and ʿAli Shariʿati 's modernist social reinterpretations of the Qur’an would form the ideological basis of the 1979 Iranian revolution . During the Cold War following World War II , some NATO governments, particularly those of
2507-419: A one-night-stand with him, only for him to reject her due to his KEVIN-inspired beliefs about ritual purity. Dejected, Irie immediately seduces Magid. This causes her to become pregnant, but she is left unsure of the child's paternity, as the brothers are identical twins and therefore share the same DNA. The strands of the narrative grow closer as Millat and KEVIN, Joshua and FATE, and Clara's mother Hortense and
2616-697: A pact with the MNLA forming the Islamic Republic of Azawad. It is designated a terrorist group by the United States Department of State and the United Nations Security Council . Ansar al-Sharia or Ansar al-Shariah is a name used by a collection of radical or militant Islamist groups or militias, in at least eight countries. While they share names and ideology, they lack a unified command structure. The eight countries in which
2725-547: A people or group ... by a selective retrieval of doctrines, beliefs, and practices from a sacred past." A 2013 study by Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung finds that Islamic fundamentalism is widespread among European Muslims with the majority saying religious rules are more important than civil laws and three quarters rejecting religious pluralism within Islam. A recent study shows that some European Muslims perceive Western governments as inherently hostile towards Islam as
2834-430: A predominantly Muslim population, even when they adopt laws along European lines, are influenced by Islamic rules and precepts of sharia , which cause conflict with international law on human rights. According to Mayer, features found in conflict include severe deficiencies in criminal procedure, harsh criminal penalties causing great suffering, discrimination against women and non-Muslims, and prohibition against abandoning
2943-476: A radical approach to Takfir , whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death. Islamic fundamentalists, or at least "reformist" fundamentalists, believe that Islam is based on the Qur'an, Hadith and Sunnah and "criticize the tradition, the commentaries, popular religious practices ( maraboutism , the cult of saints), deviations, and superstitions. They aim to return to
3052-600: A relation to him. The book also includes another real-life novelist of the time, William Ainsworth. Smith's historical novel, The Fraud , was published in September 2023. Reviewing it for The Independent , Martin Chilton said: "The novel pulls off the trick of being both splendidly modern and authentically old. ... The Fraud is the genuine article." According to Karan Mahajan , writing in The New York Times , "It offers
3161-402: A return to fundamentals-i.e. to the divine inerrant text of the scriptures . For the so call fundamentalists of Islam these are not and never have been the issues. Liberal theology have not hitherto made much headway in Islam, and the divinity and inerrancy of the Quran are still central dogmas of the faith ... Unlike their Christian namesakes, the Islamic fundamentalists do not set aside but on
3270-601: A secretary, Marcus takes an intellectual interest in Magid and subsidizes his flight home, and even Millat's grades slightly improve. However, both Alsana and Clara become suspicious of their children constantly spending time at the Chalfens, and Joyce and Marcus's arrogance antagonize both Clara and the Iqbal family. The Chalfens' actions also comes at the expense of their own son, Joshua, whose difficulties are ignored by his parents. Originally
3379-518: A source of identity. This perception, however, declined significantly after the emergence of ISIS, especially among young and educated European Muslims. The modern Islamic fundamentalist movements have their origins in the late 19th century. According to the Arab poet Adunis , the Islamic World experienced an influx of European ideas, values and thoughts during the late nineteenth century. The thinkers in
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3488-405: A synonym for " Wahhabism ". Some 20th century preachers and writers sometimes dubbed Islamic fundamentalist include Sayyid Qutb , Ibn Saud , Abul Ala Mawdudi , and Israr Ahmed . The Wahhabi movement and its funding by Saudi Arabia is often described as being responsible for the popularity of contemporary Islamic fundamentalism. Definitions vary as to what Islamic fundamentalism exactly
3597-667: A vast, acute panoply of London and the English countryside, and successfully locates the social controversies of an era in a handful of characters. ... Dickens may be dead, but Smith, thankfully, is alive." In 2023, Smith was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences . Smith met Nick Laird at the University of Cambridge . They married in 2004 in King's College Chapel, Cambridge . Smith dedicated On Beauty to "my dear Laird". She also uses his name in passing in White Teeth : "An' all
3706-579: A volcanic temper and generally wins fights with Samad by injuring him. Irie—whose name means "OK, cool, peaceful" in Patois —is the daughter of Clara and Archie Jones. Irie has been friends with Magid and Millat Iqbal since birth. After struggling with her sexuality and racial identity, Irie finds answers in her grandmother, Hortense Bowden. She resolves to go into the field of dentistry and, despite her best efforts to prevent it, ends up with Joshua Chalfen. Having slept with both Magid and Millat, Irie gives birth to
3815-448: A well-moulded "Chalfenist", Joshua rebels against his father and his background by joining the radical animal rights group "Fighting Animal Torture and Exploitation" (FATE). Meanwhile, after his return from Bangladesh, Magid works as Marcus's research assistant on the FutureMouse project, while Millat becomes further involved in KEVIN. Irie, who has been attracted to Millat since adolescence, has
3924-422: Is Archie's best friend Samad Iqbal, a Bengali Muslim from Bangladesh ; the two men spend much of their time at the O'Connell's pub arguing with the owner, Abdul-Mickey, a Muslim whose entire extended family all suffer from cystic acne . Archie and Samad met in 1945 when they were part of a tank crew inching through Europe in the final days of World War II , though they missed out on the action. Their friendship
4033-514: Is Ophelia Diagilo, whom he supposedly drove insane with his mediocrity. He later marries Clara, a Jamaican woman less than half his age, with whom he has a daughter, Irie. Archie's best friend is Samad Iqbal. The two men served together in World War II in the British Army and frequently visit O'Connell's pub. Archie's best friend, a middle-aged World War II veteran with a crippled right hand. Samad
4142-548: Is a devout Jehovah's Witness . Clara had been interested in the unattractive, anti-social Ryan Topps, but their relationship falls apart after Ryan becomes a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses and grows close to her mother. Archie and Clara are soon married and have a daughter, Irie, who grows up to be intelligent but with low self-confidence due to her weight and insecurity about her mixed-race identity. Also living in Willesden , London,
4251-807: Is a fundamentalist Islamic terrorist group residing primarily in the North Caucasus of Russia . Created from the remnants of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (ChRI) in October 2007, it adheres to an ideology of Salafist-takfiri jihad that seeks to establish an Islamic caliphate within the North Caucasus and Volga region (primarily the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan ). Many of their fighters are also present in jihadist battlegrounds such as Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, and throughout Central Asia. Many plots involving Chechen and other indigenous ethnic groups of
4360-422: Is also largely governed by fundamentalist principles (see Wahhabi movement ) but Johannes J.G. Jansen disagrees, arguing that it is more akin to a traditional Muslim state, where a power separation exists between "princes" ( umarā ) and "scholars" ( ulama ). In contrast, Jansen argues that Khomeini came to power by advocating the formation of a system of Islamic government where the highest level of authority
4469-474: Is an English novelist, essayist, and short-story writer. Her debut novel , White Teeth (2000), immediately became a best-seller and won a number of awards. She became a tenured professor in the Creative Writing faculty of New York University in September 2010. Zadie Smith was born on 25 October 1975 in Willesden to a Jamaican mother, Yvonne Bailey, and an English father, Harvey Smith, who
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4578-523: Is an Islamist militant group in the country of Mali that wants Shariah law in Mali. It opposes Sufi shrines. Its main support comes from the Ifora tribe of Tuaregs . The group is connected to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb . It took part in the 2012 Tuareg Rebellion . They destroyed the tomb of a Sufi saint which was a UNESCO World Heritage Site . It managed to take control of Northern Mali, and they formed
4687-467: Is and how it differs from Islamism (or political Islam) or Islamic revivalism . ...didn't hesitate to attend Hindu ceremonies. Khomeini never proposed giving Iranian Christians and Jews the status of dhimmi (protected communities) as provided for in the sharia: the Armenians of Iran have remained Iranian citizens, are required to perform military service and pay the same taxes as Muslims, and have
4796-450: Is eliminating the random. The mother, Joyce Chalfen, is a horticulturist and part-time housewife with an often entirely misguided desire to mother and 'heal' Millat as if he were one of her plants. To some extent, the Chalfen family provides a safe haven as they (believe themselves to) accept and understand the turbulent lives of Irie, Magid, and Millat. Irie finds herself working for Marcus as
4905-538: Is fascinated by the certainty of fate genetic engineering offers, and by having the power to choose another creature's path, as his was chosen for him. Magid may or may not be the father of Irie's baby. Marcus Chalfen is a Jewish genetic engineer and husband of Joyce Chalfen. His controversial FutureMouse experiment involves genetically altering a mouse so that it develops cancers at specific times and sites. Marcus loses interest in mentoring Irie when he begins corresponding with Magid, and condescendingly advises that Irie
5014-623: Is her mother Yvonne Bailey-Smith). Smith's first collection of short stories, Grand Union , was published on 8 October 2019. In 2020 she published six essays in a collection entitled Intimations , the royalties from which she said she would be donating to the Equal Justice Initiative and New York’s COVID-19 emergency relief fund. In 2021, Smith debuted her first play, The Wife of Willesden , which she wrote after learning that her borough in London, Brent, had been selected in 2018 as
5123-561: Is in the hands of the ulamā (see Wilayat al Faqih ). Islamic fundamentalist groups include Al-Qaeda , the Taliban , Abu Sayyaf , Ansar al-Islam , Armed Islamic Group of Algeria , Army of Islam , Boko Haram , Egyptian Islamic Jihad , Lashkar-e-Taiba , Jaish-e-Mohammed , Jemaah Islamiyah , Hamas , Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami , Harkat-ul-Mujahideen , Indian Mujahideen , Islamic State , Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan , Tahrir al-Sham , Hizb-ut Tahrir among many others. Caucasus Emirate
5232-557: Is in their scholasticism and their legalism. They base themselves not only on the Qur'an, but also on the Traditions of the Prophet, and on the corpus of transmitted theological and legal learning. John Esposito has attacked the term for its association "with political activism , extremism , fanaticism , terrorism , and anti-Americanism ", saying "I prefer to speak of Islamic revivalism and Islamic activism." Khaled Abou El Fadl of UCLA,
5341-503: Is longer than the tale itself. To her, Alvita's voice is a common one that she heard growing up in Brent, and thus writing this play was a natural choice for the festival. The tale itself is set in 17th-century Jamaica, where a man guilty of rape is brought before the Queen, who decrees that his punishment is to go and find what women truly desire. In 2023, Smith stated that she had been writing on
5450-488: Is more than twice her age. Archie and Clara have a daughter named Irie. Alsana Iqbal, née Begum, is the young wife of Samad Iqbal, to whom she was promised before her birth. They have twin sons, Magid and Millat. To help pay bills, she sews clothing on her home sewing machine for an S&M shop called Domination in Soho. Although charismatic and judgemental by nature, she thinks marriage is best handled with silence. However, she has
5559-401: Is only intelligent enough to be a dentist. Joyce is a horticulturalist , writer, and the wife of Marcus Chalfen. She has four sons, all of whom adore her fiercely. Joyce is a natural nurturer and constantly feels the need to care for things and people. From the moment they meet, Millat entrances Joyce, and she feels the need to mother him and pander to his needs, which Millat exploits. Joshua
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#17328595822775668-415: Is sinful"), is a jihadist militant organization based in the northeast of Nigeria. It is an Islamist movement which strongly opposes man-made laws and westernization. Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2001, the organization seeks to establish sharia law in the country. The group is also known for attacking Christians and bombing Mosques and churches. The movement is divided into three factions. In 2011, Boko Haram
5777-450: Is the son of Joyce and Marcus Chalfen. Originally interested in his studies at Glenard Oak School, Joshua rebels against the Chalfens (particularly his father) by joining the animal-rights groups FATE. Joshua has a long-standing crush on Irie and, later, on Joely, who along with husband Crispin head the group. He stays in FATE largely as an excuse to remain close to her. Upon release, White Teeth
5886-570: Is widely regarded as the spiritual father of the Salafiyya movement, marks the rise of Islamic fundamentalist movements. He advocated fundamentalist causes through the early Islamic journal Al-Manar that operated for about thirty-five years and popularised his political theory of Islamic state after the First World War ; as an alternative model against rising currents of secularism and nationalism . Influenced by Rida's ideals that campaigned for
5995-619: The Arab world and Abul A'ala Mawdudi (1903–1979 CE) in South Asia , asserted that Islam is relevant for all times and must reign supreme. They idealised the era of Muhammad and his companions , and sought to revive its "purity" and early Islamic power . For them, the economic, political and military problems of the Islamic World are due to Muslim negligence in strictly adhering to the tenets of sharia . The trajectory of Islamic fundamentalism
6104-686: The reformists who kept to scriptural religious discourse, and modernists who campaigned to adopt Western ideals and institutions. The religious endeavours of the Syrian-Egyptian Salafi scholar Rashid Rida (1865–1935 CE) marks the transition from proto-fundamentalism to the second phase of Islamic fundamentalism. Rida became the first major theologian to comprehensively elucidate the foundational principles of an Islamic state in its modern iteration, and these doctrines would be readily adopted by later Islamic fundamentalists. The Wahhabi movement, an Arabian fundamentalist movement that began in
6213-521: The secular , democratic state, such as the internationally supported Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Anthony J. Dennis notes that "Western and Islamic visions of the state, the individual and society are not only divergent, they are often totally at odds." Among human rights fundamentalist Muslims oppose are: The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran is seen by some scholars as a success of Islamic fundamentalism. Some scholars argue that Saudi Arabia
6322-505: The 18th century, had also gained traction and spread during the 19th and 20th centuries. After the First World War , Rashid Rida would be highly influenced by the Hanbali puritanical and revivalist doctrines of the 13th century Hanbalite theologian Ibn Taymiyya and the Wahhabi movement; and began to ardently campaign against Western influence and modernist ideas. The ideas of Rashid Rida, who
6431-738: The 2000 Whitbread Book Award in category best first novel, the Guardian First Book Award , the Commonwealth Writers First Book Prize , and the Betty Trask Award . Time magazine included the novel in its list of the 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005. In 2022, it was included on the " Big Jubilee Read " list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors, selected to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II . On New Year's Day 1975, Archie Jones,
6540-471: The 2020 London Borough of Culture. As the most famous current writer from Brent, Smith was the natural choice to author the piece. She chose to adapt " The Wife of Bath's Tale " in Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales , recalling how she had translated Chaucer into contemporary English during her studies at Cambridge. The retelling replaces the pilgrimage with a pub crawl set in contemporary London, with
6649-511: The Arts , Smith joined New York University as a tenured professor of fiction in 2010. Between March and October 2011, Smith was the monthly New Books reviewer for Harper's Magazine . She is also a frequent contributor to The New York Review of Books . In 2010, The Guardian newspaper asked Smith for her "10 rules for writing fiction". Among them she declared: "Tell the truth through whichever veil comes to hand – but tell it. Resign yourself to
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#17328595822776758-494: The Bible . In this, they oppose the liberal and modernist theologians, who tend to have a more critical, historical view of Scripture. Among Muslim theologians, there is as yet no such liberal or modernist approach to the Qur'an, and all Muslims, in their attitude to the text of the Qur'an, are in principle at least fundamentalists. Where the so-called Muslim fundamentalists differ from other Muslims and indeed from Christian fundamentalists
6867-515: The English term fundamental-ist." Differences between Christian fundamentalism and Islamic fundamentalism include (according to Bernard Lewis ): "In western usage, these words [Revivalism and Fundamentalism] have a rather specific connotation; they suggest a certain type of religiosity- emotional indeed sentimental; not intellectual, perhaps even anti-intellectual; and in general apolitical and even anti-political. Fundamentalists are against liberal theology and biblical criticism and in favor of
6976-523: The Iranian Revolution, was not a fundamentalist but a populist, and calls the term "Islamic fundamentalism" in general "not only confusing but also misleading and even downright wrong"), notes that in the Islamic Republic of Iran, supporters of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini "finding no equivalent in Persian or Arabic" for fundamentalist, "have proudly coined a new word, bonyadegar , by translating literally
7085-547: The Islamic religion. In 1990, under Saudi leadership, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , a group representing all Muslim majority nations, adopted the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam , which substantially diverges from the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The Cairo declaration lacks provisions for democratic principles, protection for religious freedom, freedom of association and freedom of
7194-644: The Islamists had become important allies in supporting governments, such as Egypt, which were friendly to U.S. interests. By the late 1970s, however, some fundamentalist groups had become militaristic leading to threats and changes to existing regimes. The overthrow of the Shah in Iran and rise of the Ayatollah Khomeini was one of the most significant signs of this shift. Subsequently, fundamentalist forces in Algeria caused
7303-509: The Jehovah's Witnesses all plan to demonstrate their opposition to Marcus's FutureMouse—which they view as an evil interference with their own religious and ethical beliefs—at its exhibition on New Year's Eve 1992. At the Perret Institute, Hortense and the other Jehovah's Witnesses sing loudly in front of the building. Samad goes out to hush them, but when he arrives he cannot summon the heart to make them stop. When he returns, he realizes that
7412-600: The Muslim world reacted to modernity in three major ways. Secularists like Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani , Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , etc. considered Islam to be responsible for the backwardness of Muslims; gradually abandoning religion and adopted Western ideas. Meanwhile, Modernists like Muhammad Abduh in Egypt advocated reforms to reconcile with modernity; while emphasizing adherence to basic Islamic ideals. A third current; widely known as Islamic fundamentalism, pioneered by Rashid Rida across
7521-861: The North Caucasus have also been thwarted in Europe over the recent years. Al-Shabaab , meaning "the Youth", is a Somalia-based cell of the militant Islamist group al-Qaeda , formally recognized in 2012. Al-Shabaab is designated as a terrorist group by countries including Australia, Canada, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Congregation of the People of Tradition for Proselytism and Jihad (Arabic: جماعة اهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد Jamā'a Ahl al-sunnah li-da'wa wa al-jihād), better known by its Hausa name Boko Haram (pronounced [bōːkòː hàrâm], "Western education
7630-526: The Novel (a.k.a. Fail Better ), in which she considers a selection of 20th-century writers through the lens of moral philosophy . Some portions of this book presumably appear in the essay collection Changing My Mind , published in November 2009. Smith's third novel, On Beauty , was published in September 2005. It is set largely in and around Greater Boston . It attracted more acclaim than The Autograph Man : it
7739-454: The TV adaptation was broadcast on BBC Two on 14 November 2016. In September 2013, Smith appeared on BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs , with her book choice being Marcel Proust 's À la recherche du temps perdu . In 2015, it was announced that Smith, along with her husband Nick Laird , was writing the screenplay for a science fiction movie to be directed by French filmmaker Claire Denis . Smith later said that her involvement in
7848-567: The United States and the United Kingdom, launched covert and overt campaigns to encourage and strengthen fundamentalist groups in the Middle East and southern Asia. These groups were seen as a hedge against potential expansion by the Soviet Union, and as a means to prevent the growth of nationalistic movements that were not necessarily favorable toward the interests of the Western nations. By the 1970s,
7957-477: The West invokes a particular historical experience) Eli Berman argues that "radical Islam" is a better term for many post-1920s movements starting with the Muslim Brotherhood , because these movements are seen as practicing "unprecedented extremism ", thus, they do not qualify as movements which are returning to the practice of historic fundamentals. In contrast, American author Anthony J. Dennis accepts
8066-460: The Wife of Bath becoming Alvita, a Jamaican-born British woman in her mid-50s who challenges her Auntie P's traditional Christian views on sex and marriage. Like the original tale, Alvita is a woman who has had five husbands, her experiences with them ranging from pleasant to traumatic. The majority of the piece is spent on her talking to the people in the pub, in much the way that the Wife of Bath's prologue
8175-501: The author as part of their pocket series to celebrate their 70th birthday. The first story, "Martha, Martha", deals with Smith's familiar themes of race and postcolonial identity, while "Hanwell in Hell" is about a man struggling to cope with the death of his wife. In December 2008 she guest-edited the BBC Radio 4 Today programme. After teaching fiction at Columbia University School of
8284-556: The contrary embrace much of the post-scriptural scholastic tradition of their faith, in both its theological and its legal aspects." Islamic fundamentalism (at least among Sunni Muslims) traditionally tends to fall into "traditionalist" and "reformist" tendencies: The term "Islamic fundamentalism" has been criticized by Bernard Lewis , Khaled Abou El Fadl , Eli Berman , and John Esposito , among others. Many have proposed replacing it with another term, such as "puritanical", "Islamic revivalism" or "activism", and "radical Islam". Lewis,
8393-493: The culmination of this role. Smith's second novel, The Autograph Man , was published in 2002 and was a commercial success, although it was not as well received by critics as White Teeth . After the publication of The Autograph Man , Smith visited the United States as a Fellow of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University . She started work on a still-unreleased book of essays, The Morality of
8502-552: The dismissal of their own innovations on the basis of being "hysterical realism". Responding earnestly to Wood's concerns about contemporary literature and culture, Smith described her own anxieties as a writer and argued that fiction should be "not a division of head and heart, but the useful employment of both". Smith served as writer-in-residence at the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) in London and subsequently published, as editor, an anthology of sex writing, Piece of Flesh , as
8611-673: The establishment of an Islamic state in the aftermath of the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate , popular Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat-e Islami carried the banner of fundamentalism during the interwar period . The Brothers incorporated the Salafiyya message into a comprehensive political programme, while the Jamaʿat envisioned an all-out battle against Western influence and culture. The combination of religion and politics offered by these movements established contemporary Islamic fundamentalism. The emergence of
8720-497: The fatwa which states that "every Muslim who pleads for the suspension of the shari'a is an apostate and can be killed. The killing of those apostates cannot be prosecuted under Islamic law because this killing is justified" as going beyond, and unsupported by, the Qur'an. Tibi asserts, "The command to slay reasoning Muslims is un-Islamic, an invention of Islamic fundamentalists". Islamic fundamentalism's push for sharia and an Islamic state has come into conflict with conceptions of
8829-467: The film, titled High Life , had been overstated and that she had simply helped to polish the English dialogue for the film. Smith's fifth novel, Swing Time , was published in November 2016. It drew inspiration from Smith's childhood love of tap dancing. It was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize 2017. Smith is a contributor to Margaret Busby 's 2019 anthology New Daughters of Africa (as
8938-449: The founder of the Perret Institute and the oldest scientist on Marcus Chalfen's panel is Dr. Perret, the Nazi he captured during World War II. Enraged that Archie did not kill him all those years ago, Samad runs over and begins cursing Archie. Just then, Millat advances on the table of scientists with a gun. Not wanting Millat to become a murderer, Archie jumps in front of him and takes a bullet in
9047-731: The founding texts." Examples of individuals who adhere to this tendency are the 18th-century Shah Waliullah in India and Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab in the Arabian Peninsula. This view is commonly associated with Salafism today. Along with adherents of other fundamentalist movements, Islamic fundamentalists hold the view that the problems of the world stem from secular influences. Some scholars of Islam, such as Bassam Tibi , believe that, contrary to their own message, Islamic fundamentalists are not actually traditionalists. He refers to fatwahs which have been issued by fundamentalists such as
9156-502: The good-lookin' men, all the rides like your man Nicky Laird, they're all dead." The couple lived in Rome , Italy, from November 2006 to 2007, and lived in New York City , USA and Queen's Park , London, for about 10 years before relocating to Kilburn , London, in 2020. They have two children. Smith describes herself as "unreligious", and was not raised in a religion, although retains
9265-474: The groups have operated are Pakistan , Yemen , Libya , Tunisia , Mali , Egypt , Mauritania , and Syria . Some states and movements that are perceived or claimed to be Islamic fundamentalists have been criticized for their human rights record by international organizations. The acceptance of international law on human rights has been somewhat limited even in Muslim countries that are not seen as fundamentalist. Ann Elizabeth Mayer writes that states with
9374-585: The hope that he will grow up properly under the teachings of Islam. From then on, the lives of the two boys follow very different paths. To Samad's fury, Magid becomes an Anglicised atheist and devotes his life to science. Millat, meanwhile, pursues a rebellious path of womanising, drinking and petty hooliganism—as well as harbouring a love of mob movies such as The Godfather and Goodfellas . Angry at his people's marginalisation in English society, Millat demonstrates against Salman Rushdie for his novel The Satanic Verses in 1989 and eventually pledges himself to
9483-597: The lifelong sadness that comes from never being satisfied." Smith's novel NW was published in 2012. Set in the Kilburn area of north-west London, the title being a reference to the local postcode, NW6 , the novel was shortlisted for the Royal Society of Literature 's Ondaatje Prize and the Women's Prize for Fiction . NW was made into a BBC television film with the same title, directed by Saul Dibb and adapted by Rachel Bennette . Starring Nikki Amuka-Bird and Phoebe Fox ,
9592-420: The literal divine origin and perfection of the Quran and are therefore "fundamentalists", and others who believe it is a term that is used by outsiders in order to describe perceived trends within Islam. A professor of religious studies at Georgetown University , John L. Esposito , criticized the usage of the term "Islamic Fundamentalism" due to its ambiguous nature; asserting that the linguistic deployment of
9701-531: The next phase occurred in the context of the de-colonialisation era following the Second World War , during which Islamic fundamentalists were persecuted by authoritarian regimes and became radicalized. The radical new teachings were epitomized in the treatises of Egyptian Islamist scholar Sayyid Qutb , which elucidated notions such as the return of the Jahiliyya (pre-Islamic barbarity). Influenced by Qutb,
9810-441: The novel an average rating of 7.8 out of 10 based on reviews from multiple British newspapers. According to Book Marks , based on American publications, the book received a "positive" consensus, based on six critic reviews: three "rave", two "positive", and one "mixed". Though, generally, the book was critically acclaimed, the critic James Wood was largely hostile, while reserving a few moments for praise. The novel has since been
9919-563: The novel as part of a contemporary genre of hysterical realism where " '[i]nformation has become the new character" and human feeling is absent from contemporary fiction. In an article for The Guardian in October 2001, Smith responded to the criticism by agreeing with the accuracy of the term and with Wood's underlying argument that "any novel that aims at hysteria will now be effortlessly outstripped". However, she rejected her debut being categorised alongside major authors such as David Foster Wallace , Salman Rushdie , and Don DeLillo , and
10028-494: The novel immediately became a best-seller and received much acclaim. It was praised internationally and won a number of awards, among them the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the Betty Trask Award . The novel was adapted for television in 2002. In July 2000, Smith's debut work was discussed in a controversial essay of literary criticism by James Wood entitled "Human, All Too Inhuman", where Wood critiques
10137-416: The pair are caught smoking marijuana. The father, Marcus Chalfen, is a university lecturer and geneticist working on a controversial 'FutureMouse' project in which he introduces chemical carcinogens into the body of a mouse and is thus able to observe the progression of a tumour in living tissue. By re-engineering the actual genome and watching cancers progress at pre-determined times, Marcus believes he
10246-510: The right to vote (with separate electoral colleges). Similarly, the Afghan Jamaat, in its statutes, has declared it legal to employ non-Muslims as experts in the eyes of Islam. According to Roy distinctions between Fundamentalism and Islamism (or at least pre-1990 Islamism) are in the fields of: Historian Ervand Abrahamian (who essentially devoted a book— Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic —to why Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , leader of
10355-494: The subject of numerous scholarly articles. In 2019, the novel was ranked 39th on The Guardian ' s list of the 100 best books of the 21st century. On 5 November 2019, BBC News included White Teeth on its list of the 100 most influential novels . A four-part television adaptation of the novel was made and broadcast on Channel 4 in 2002, White Teeth . It was directed by Julian Jarrold , starring Om Puri as Samad and Phil Davis as Archie. Each episode focuses on
10464-451: The term has been heavily influenced through Western-centric lens of Christian presuppositions. According to him, the more appropriate terms would be " Islamic revivalism " and " Islamic activism ", since the traditions of Tajdid (revival) and Islah (reform) are rooted within the Islamic religious history, from the early Islamic centuries to the contemporary times. During the 1990s, the post-Soviet states used "Islamic fundamentalism" as
10573-506: The thigh. As he falls, he crushes the mouse's glass cage, and it escapes. At the novel's end, the narrator presents us with different "end games" in the style of a television series finale : since witnesses identify both as the culprit, Magid and Millat are both sentenced to community service working at a new garden project of Joyce's. Joshua and Irie end up together and join Hortense in Jamaica in
10682-410: The use of the phrase. Surveying the doctrines of the new Islamic movements, Al-Azm found them to consist of "an immediate return to Islamic 'basics' and 'fundamentals'. ... It seems to me quite reasonable that calling these Islamic movements 'Fundamentalist' (and in the strong sense of the term) is adequate, accurate, and correct." Hassan Hanafi reached the same conclusion: "It is difficult to find
10791-502: The widespread usage and relevance of the term and calls Islamic fundamentalism "more than a religion today, it is a worldwide movement." He notes the intertwining of social, religious and political goals found within the movement and states that Islamic fundamentalism "deserves to be seriously studied and debated from a secular perspective as a revolutionary ideology." At least two Muslim academics, Syrian philosopher Sadiq Jalal al-Azm and Egyptian philosopher Hassan Hanafi , have defended
10900-412: The year 2000 with Irie's daughter, who remains ignorant of her true parentage and regards Magid and Millat as her uncles. Mickey opens up the previously men-only O'Connell's pub to women, and Archie and Samad finally invite their wives along with them to celebrate the new millennium. Archie is mediocre and indecisive, preferring to make his most important decisions with the flip of a coin. Archie's ex-wife
11009-509: Was 30 years his wife's senior. At the age of 14, she changed her name from Sadie to Zadie. Smith's mother grew up in Jamaica and emigrated to England in 1969. Smith's parents divorced when she was a teenager. She has a half-sister, a half-brother, and two younger brothers (one is the rapper and stand-up comedian Doc Brown , and the other is the rapper Luc Skyz ). As a child, Smith was fond of tap dancing, and in her teenage years, she considered
11118-486: Was a kidnapping). Clara Jones, née Bowden, was an awkward, unpopular Jehovah's Witness who spent her adolescence canvassing door-to-door. When she meets the equally unappealing Ryan Topps, she abandons her religion and takes up his rebellious ways, though Ryan becomes a staunch Jehovah's Witness himself. When Ryan and Clara crash into a tree on Ryan's scooter, Clara's top teeth are knocked out. She meets Archie Jones and marries him, even though she finds him unimpressive and he
11227-500: Was born in Bangladesh and met Archie when they were soldiers in Eastern Europe. He works as a waiter at an Indian restaurant, where he receives few tips. His wife is Alsana Begum, and his twin sons are Magid and Millat. More than anything, Samad wants his sons to grow into religious, traditional Bengali Muslim men. To ensure this, he goes to great lengths, even sending Magid to be raised in Bangladesh (for all intents and purposes, this
11336-462: Was cemented when Archie, acting at Samad's behest, apparently executed an escaped Nazi scientist whom they had been tasked with turning over to the authorities. Following the war, Samad emigrated to Britain and married Alsana Iqbal, née Alsana Begum, or "Miss Alsana", in a traditional arranged marriage . Samad is a downtrodden waiter in a West End curry house, and is obsessed by the history of his supposed but unlikely great-grandfather, Mangal Pandey ,
11445-515: Was generally well-received among the British press. The Daily Telegraph reported on reviews from several publications with a rating scale for the novel out of "Love It", "Pretty Good", "Ok", and "Rubbish": Daily Telegraph , Guardian , Times , Sunday Telegraph , Observer , Independent On Sunday , and Literary Review reviews under "Love It" and TLS review under "Pretty Good" and Spectator review under "Ok". The Guardian gave
11554-750: Was included on Granta magazine's list of 20 best young authors, and was also included in the 2013 list. She joined New York University 's Creative Writing Program as a tenured professor on 1 September 2010. Smith has won the Orange Prize for Fiction and the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award in 2006 and her novel White Teeth was included in Time magazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005 . Islamic fundamentalism Political Militant [REDACTED] Islam portal Islamic fundamentalism has been defined as
11663-463: Was marked by four phases. The first phase of proto-fundamentalism emerged during the late 19th century in wake of backlash against the Western colonial onslaught. Its main representatives were the ulema of Ahl-i Hadith movement in South Asia and religious revivalists of the Arab Salafiyya and various anti-colonial trends. The anti-colonial religious activists consisted of two factions:
11772-502: Was responsible for at least 450 killings in Nigeria. It was also reported that they had been responsible for over 620 deaths over the first 6 months of 2012. Since its founding in 2001, the jihadists have been responsible for between 3,000 and 10,000 deaths. The group became known internationally following sectarian violence in Nigeria in July 2009, which left over 1000 people dead. They do not have
11881-446: Was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize , and won the 2006 Orange Prize for Fiction and the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award . Later in the same year, Smith published Martha and Hanwell , a book that pairs two short stories about two troubled characters, originally published in Granta and The New Yorker respectively. Penguin published Martha and Hanwell with a new introduction by
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