The White Rebel Army was a large military formation of the Priamurye Provisional Government of the White Movement during the Civil War in Russia , created in 1921 from the remnants of the White Armies of the Eastern Front – Semyonov–Kappel troops and operating in the Far East, in the Amur Region and Primorye from 1921 to 1922 year.
17-895: On May 26, 1921, with the overthrow of the government of the Primorskaya Zemsky Administration headed by the Bolshevik Vasily Antonov in Vladivostok by the white rebels, the Priamurye State Formation was established. Power was soon transferred to the Congress of Non–Socialist Organizations of the Far East, which elected a Provisional Amur Government. In a matter of days, the Provisional Amur government established its own armed forces, which were based on units of
34-619: A large group of Reds was concentrated in the Khabarovsk Region under the command of Blucher, which already in January launched an offensive and threw off the Whites. General Molchanov makes a difficult decision to leave Khabarovsk and withdraw troops to Vladivostok. Thus, having taken Khabarovsk, but failed to rouse the masses to revolt, the general, under the onslaught of the People's Revolutionary Army of
51-683: The Siberian Intervention . The coup was started on May 23, 1921 by the Kappelevtsy , the remnants of Vladimir Kappel 's People's Army of Komuch . The government was headed by the Merkulov brothers: Spiridon Merkulov , a former functionary of the Ministry of Agriculture and head of the Priamurye government; and Nikolai Dionisovich Merkulov [ ru ] , a merchant. Both had been deputies of
68-824: The State Duma of the Russian Empire and supporters of the 1917 Russian Provisional Government . Somewhat later in 1921 the Cossack ataman Grigory Semyonov attempted to take power in the Priamurye, but he had no backing from the Japanese and eventually withdrew. The Kappelevtsy and the Semyonovtsy (Semyonov's supporters) despised each other. Gradually the Priamurye enclave was expanded to Khabarovsk and then to Spassk , 125 miles north of Vladivostok. The Merkulovs were deposed in June 1922 by
85-525: The "Zemskaya Army", continued armed resistance to the troops of the Far Eastern Republic and parts of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army . On September 3, 1922, Japanese troops left the evacuation zone and the " Zemskaya Rat " was left without foreign support. Shocked by the actions of the Japanese, Dieterichs set for September 4 the beginning of his last campaign against the People's Revolutionary Army of
102-710: The Amur State Formation from partisan detachments. In historiography, this operation is usually called the Khabarovsk Campaign of the White Rebel Army. In the period from November to December, Amginsk and Khabarovsk were captured by the White Guards. The successes achieved by the detachments of Generals Smolin and Sakharov alarmed the leadership of the Far Eastern Republic, and by the beginning of 1922
119-534: The Far Eastern Army, which were previously part of the armies of General Vladimir Kappel and Ataman Grigory Semyonov . The United States of America and Japan provided comprehensive support to the new state formation, while the latter also provided military assistance at the expense of the Japanese troops stationed in Primorye during the intervention . General Grigory Verzhbitsky was appointed commander–in–chief of
136-689: The Far Eastern Republic, withdrew most of the troops to Primorye. However, after the crushing defeat of the White Rebel Army near Volochaevka (the irrecoverable losses of the White Rebels exceeded 1,000 people), inflicted by the Eastern Front of the Red Army under the command of Blucher, by February 1922 it will be completely occupied by the Red Army. The most difficult battles, in which the White Rebel Army participated, took place near Olgokhta and In in December 1921:
153-675: The Far Eastern Republic. By the end of October 1922, after the failed battles on the Ussuri River and at Chalcedon, Mikhail Konstantinovich Dieterikhs said that further resistance was considered impossible. On October 17, the voivode gave an order to retreat and prepare for the evacuation. On October 25, the Amur Zemsky Territory, and with it the "Zemsky Troops" ceased to exist. Provisional Priamurye Government The Provisional Priamurye Government or Provisional Priamur Government ( Russian : Приамурский земский край ) existed in
170-513: The Priamurye Zemsky Sobor ( Russian : Приамурский Земский Собор ) and replaced by one of Admiral Alexander Kolchak 's generals, Mikhail Diterikhs . In July 1922, a Zemsky Sobor (Приамурский Земский Собор) was convened in the territory. This sobor called all Russian people to repent for the overthrow of the Tsar and proclaimed a new Tsar, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich . Patriarch Tikhon
187-472: The Volzhsky and Kamsky Regiments lost up to 85% of their personnel, from 60 to 80 people remained in the ranks of 470 fighters. By the beginning of spring 1922, the position of the White Guards and Japanese interventionists in the Far East became critical. The Whites were on the verge of total defeat, and only the continued support from the Japanese side delayed their final destruction. After a series of defeats of
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#1732858561911204-427: The White Rebel Army and a sharp aggravation of the political situation in Primorye, as well as ideological disagreements between the former "Kappelists" and "Semyonovites", the former demanded the convocation of the "People's Assembly". To avoid bloodshed and armed clashes, the political and military elite of the occupation troops of the interventionists decided to convene the "Zemsky Sobor" in Vladivostok on July 7, 1922,
221-559: The armed forces on May 31, 1921. At that moment, for the first time in Russian historiography, the name White Rebel Army appeared, parts of which became the basis of the formed armed forces. Major General Viktorin Molchanov became the head of the army, partially assembled from the units of the Grodekov group of forces (later – the 2nd Corps of General Innokenty Smolin ). Officially, the existence of
238-465: The army was recognized only in November 1921. As of November 1921, the White Rebel Army of Viktorin Molchanov included: In the last Battle near Volochaevka on February 5–12, 1922, the White Rebel Army had in its composition: In 1921, the White Rebel Army waged active hostilities in the southern Primorye and Amur Regions. In November 1921, the White Guards began to clean up the territories controlled by
255-644: The region of Priamurye of the Russian Far East between May 27, 1921 and June 16, 1923. It was the last Russian State enclave during the Russian Civil War . The government had its origin in a 1921 White Army coup in Vladivostok and its environs. The coup aimed for the Priamurye region to break away from the Far Eastern Republic and to survive behind a cordon sanitaire of Japanese troops involved in
272-406: The result of which was the creation of the "Priamurskiy Zemsky Government" headed by General Dieterichs , who was simultaneously appointed Commander–in–Chief of Primorsky People's Militia, named – "Zemsky Army" in the rank of "Zemsky Voevoda". Already at the beginning of July, units of the White Rebel Army, led by General Molchanov, were regrouped into the so–called "Volga Group" and, becoming part of
289-617: Was named as the honorary chairman of the sobor. Neither the Grand Duke nor the Patriarch was present. The territory was renamed Priamursky Zemsky Krai and Diterikhs styled himself voyevoda . The army was renamed the Zemskaya Rat ("Territorial Rat'" - the archaic Slavic term rat' means "military force"). When the Japanese withdrew from the Priamurye (June to October 1922), the Soviet army of
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