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57-627: White Horse Hill National Game Preserve ( Dakota : Šúŋkawakháŋ Ská Pahá , formerly known as Sullys Hill National Game Preserve) is a National Wildlife Refuge and nature center located on the shore of Devils Lake in Benson County, North Dakota , within the Spirit Lake Tribe reservation. In 1904, Congress authorized a memorial park at the site, and President Theodore Roosevelt established it as Sullys Hill Park. Though not part of its official name, it would be called Sullys Hill National Park,

114-464: A language convergence instead. Another consideration when evaluating the above proposal is that some languages, which developed from agglutinative proto-languages, lost their agglutinative features. For example, contemporary Estonian has shifted towards the fusional type. (It has also lost other features typical of the Uralic families, such as vowel harmony .) Examples of agglutinative languages include

171-464: A colony of prairie dogs . An array of birds, insects, and plants have also been identified within the refuge. Open seasonally, the visitor center includes an exhibit hall of mounted North Dakota animals in prairie, wetland, forest, and agriculture habitats, education classrooms, and a book store. The center offer programs for school groups, public workshops, guided nature hikes, bird-watching walks, summer youth programs, and conservation programs throughout

228-469: A comparative table of the various writing systems conceived over time for the Dakota languages, cf. the specific section of the article Sioux language . Dakota has five oral vowels, /a e i o u/ , and three nasal vowels, /ã ĩ ũ/ . In respect to phonology, Eastern and Western Dakota differ particularly in consonant clusters. The table below gives the possible consonant clusters and shows the differences between

285-465: A concept. Abstract intransitive ; (wa-) Does not specify an object and is further generalized as a concept. Abstract possessive ; (wa- + -ki; & wa- + hd-) Specifies that the action is upon one’s own, and is further generalized as a concept. Abstract transitive ; (wa-) Requires an object, and is further generalized as a concept. Auxiliary ; Follows an unconjugated verb and modifies it. Benefactive ; Dative 2; (-kíči-) An action that

342-588: A dual Dakota/Lakota program, offering an Associate of Science degree in Dakhótiyapi. The Cankdeska Cikana Community College on the Spirit Lake reservation offers a Dakota Language Certification. A Dakota-English Dictionary by Stephen Return Riggs is a historic resource for referencing dialect and historic documents. The accuracy of the work is disputed, as Riggs left provisions in the English copy untranslated in

399-468: A noun, signifies the different parts of one's self. For example, the possessive natural article pronoun mi- , which means "my," can be added to nouns such as "eye," in miíšta , or "words," in mióie; for inalienable objects such as one's body or intellectual property, and in some cases for possessive form of relative terms such as "my little brother," misúŋ, or "my daughter," mičhúŋkši. (However most relative terms are in their base form possessive; or use

456-618: Is a morphological process in which words are formed by stringing together morphemes , each of which corresponds to a single syntactic feature. Languages that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages . For example, in the agglutinative language of Turkish , the word evlerinizden ("from your houses") consists of the morphemes ev-ler-i-n-iz-den . Agglutinative languages are often contrasted with isolating languages , in which words are monomorphemic, and fusional languages , in which words can be complex, but morphemes may correspond to multiple features. Although agglutination

513-485: Is a typical feature of agglutinative languages that there is a one-to-one correspondence between suffixes and syntactic categories. For example, a noun may have separate markers for number, case, possessive or conjunctive usage etc. The order of these affixes is fixed; so we may view any given noun or verb as a stem followed by several inflectional and derivational "slots", i.e. positions in which particular suffixes may occur, and/or preceded by several "slots" for prefixes. It

570-642: Is also an agglutinating language, like Korean, adding information such as negation , passive voice , past tense , honorific degree and causality in the verb form. Common examples would be hatarakaseraretara ( 働かせられたら ) , which combines causative, passive or potential, and conditional conjugations to arrive at two meanings depending on context "if (subject) had been made to work..." and "if (subject) could make (object) work", and tabetakunakatta ( 食べたくなかった ) , which combines desire, negation, and past tense conjugations to mean "I/he/she/they did not want to eat". Turkish , along with all other Turkic languages ,

627-566: Is another agglutinating language: as an extreme example, the expression Muvaffakiyetsizleştiriveremeyebileceklerimizdenmişsinizcesine is pronounced as one word in Turkish, but it can be translated into English as "as if you were of those we would not be able to turn into a maker of unsuccessful ones". The "-siniz" refers to plural form of you with "-sin" being the singular form, the same way "-im" being "I" ("-im" means "my" not "I". The original editor must have mistaken it for "-yim". This second suffix

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684-481: Is characteristic of certain language families, this does not mean that when several languages in a certain geographic area are all agglutinative they are necessarily related phylogenetically. In the past, this assumption led linguists to propose the so-called Ural–Altaic language family , which included the Uralic and Turkic languages, as well as Mongolian, Korean, and Japanese. Contemporary linguistics views this proposal as controversial, and some of whom refer to this as

741-446: Is commonly called reduplication. Examples are as such; waštéšte "good things", p’op’ó "it is very foggy", and šigšíčA "bad things, ugly things" In order to show possession in Dakota, a possessive pronoun may be prefixed whichever noun is being possessed. Two forms of possessive nouns occur, the natural class and the artificial or alienable class. Natural class pronouns express possession that cannot be alienated, and when prefixed to

798-448: Is done by adding different prefixes or suffixes to the root of the verb: dakartzat , which means "I bring them", is formed by da (indicates present tense), kar (root of the verb ekarri → bring), tza (indicates plural) and t (indicates subject, in this case, "I"). Another example would be the declension: Etxean = "In the house" where etxe = house. Agglutination is used very heavily in most Native American languages , such as

855-450: Is done in kind to one another. Reflexive ; (-ič’i- & -ihd-) An action done to or for one's self. Stative ; A verb describing a state of being. Transitive ; An action that requires an object or subject. In the Dakota language, affixes are used to change the meaning of words by attaching to the root word. Affixes can be added to both nouns and verbs, and they come in the form of prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes are added to

912-544: Is for someone else’s benefit or on their behalf. Causative ; (-ye, -ya & -yaŋ) An action that causes something or someone to change state or action. Dative 1; (-ki- & -khi-) An action that indicates an object or recipient. Ditransitive ; An action that requires two objects, whether the actor and another or two items. Intransitive ; An action that doesn’t need an object. Possessive ; (-ki-, & -hd-) An action that targets one's own. Reciprocal ; (-kičhi- +/- -pi) An action between two parties that

969-528: Is formed by adding active-voice, causative and benefactive affixes to the compound verb tanggung jawab , which means "to account for". In Tagalog (and its standardised register, Filipino ), nakakapágpabagabag ("that which is upsetting/disturbing") is formed from the root bagabag ("upsetting" or "disquieting"). In East Asia , Korean is an agglutinating language. Its uses of ' 조사 ', ' 접사 ', and ' 어미 ' makes Korean agglutinate. They represent tense , time , number , causality, and honorific forms. Japanese

1026-610: Is in fact lexically closer to the Lakota language than it is to Santee-Sisseton. The following table gives some examples: Yankton-Yanktonai has the same three ablaut grades as Lakota (a, e, iŋ), while in Santee-Sisseton there are only two (a, e). This significantly impacts word forms, especially in fast speech and it is another reason why Yankton-Yanktonai has better mutual intelligibility with Lakota than with Santee-Sisseton. Some examples: There are other grammatical differences between

1083-456: Is often the case that the most common instance of a given grammatical category is unmarked, i.e. the corresponding affix is empty. The number of slots for a given part of speech can be surprisingly high. For example, a finite Korean verb has seven slots (the inner round brackets indicate parts of morphemes which may be omitted in some phonological environments): Moreover, passive and causative verbal forms can be derived by adding suffixes to

1140-527: Is the work of Dr. Clifford Canku as well as Michael Simon. The Dakhóta Iápi Okhódakičhiye worked with Dakota language speakers, teachers, and linguists to create their Speak Dakota! textbooks, which are a fully illustrated series that is linguistically and pedagogically consistent. In 2023, the group released a free Dakota language app called, Dakhód Iápi Wičhóie Wówapi , containing more than 28,000 words and 40,000 audio files to aid in pronunciation. Agglutination In linguistics , agglutination

1197-488: Is used as such "Oraya gideyim" meaning "May I go there" or "When I get there") and "-imiz" making it become "we". Similarly, this suffix means "our" and not "we". Tamil is agglutinative. For example, in Tamil, the word " அதைப்பண்ணமுடியாதவர்களுக்காக " ( ataippaṇṇamuṭiyātavarkaḷukkāka ) means "for the sake of those who cannot do that", literally "that to do impossible he [plural marker] [dative marker] to become". Another example

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1254-446: Is verb conjugation. In all Dravidian languages, verbal markers are used to convey tense, person, and mood. For example, in Tamil, " சாப்பிடுகிறேன் " ( cāppiṭukiṟēṉ , "I eat") is formed from the verb root சாப்பிடு- ( cāppiṭu- , "to eat") + the present tense marker -கிற்- ( -kiṟ- ) + the first-person singular suffix -ஏன் ( -ēṉ ). Agglutination is also a notable feature of Basque . The conjugation of verbs, for example,

1311-524: The Bantu languages of eastern and southern Africa are known for a highly complex mixture of prefixes, suffixes and reduplication. A typical feature of this language family is that nouns fall into noun classes. For each noun class, there are specific singular and plural prefixes, which also serve as markers of agreement between the subject and the verb. Moreover, the noun determines prefixes of all words that modify it and subject determines prefixes of other elements in

1368-476: The Inuit languages , Nahuatl , Mapudungun , Quechua , Tz'utujil , Kaqchikel , Cha'palaachi and Kʼicheʼ , where one word can contain enough morphemes to convey the meaning of what would be a complex sentence in other languages. Conversely, Navajo contains affixes for some uses, but overlays them in such unpredictable and inseparable ways that it is often referred to as a fusional language. As noted above, it

1425-688: The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community funded a Dakota language training program called Voices of Our Ancestors, which provided four tribal communities with the resources to immerse 20 students in 40 hours a week of language. The tribal colleges which participated were Cankdeska Cikana Community College in North Dakota, Fort Peck Community College in Montana, the Nebraska Indian Community College Santee campus and

1482-626: The Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate college was established. They maintain a Dakota studies program, with Dakota language specialist trainings. The college has a dictionary and other materials available on their website, created through grants at their Kaksiza Caŋhdeṡka Center. These books and materials are hand crafted with the hard work and dedication of elder speakers of the Lake Traverse reservation community, with regular weekly meetings to create curriculum or work with learners; President Azure at

1539-641: The United States Congress transferred the park to be managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service as a wildlife refuge, where hunting is permitted with the Spirit Lake Tribe having both fishing and hunting rights. It is one of only seven National Parks to have been disbanded . Of these seven parks, only White Horse Hill and Mackinac National Park in Michigan , now Mackinac Island State Park , are no longer under

1596-529: The Uralic languages , such as Finnish , Estonian , and Hungarian . These have highly agglutinated expressions in daily usage, and most words are bisyllabic or longer. Grammatical information expressed by adpositions in Western Indo-European languages is typically found in suffixes. Hungarian uses extensive agglutination in almost every part of it. The suffixes follow each other in special order based on

1653-558: The Dakota Language Program collaborated to develop the Dakota Language House Living Learning Community in hopes of it becoming a full-immersion Dakota program. It is an opportunity for students to live with others who are speaking, or learning to speak, Dakota. Dakota language instructor Šišóka Dúta ( Sisithunwan-Wahpethunwan Dakhota ) noted, "To speak the language is to literally breathe life into

1710-512: The Dakota version and sometimes revised the meaning of Dakota words to fit a Eurocentric viewpoint. Dakota Prisoner of War Letters is a great historic resource as it highlights fluently written Dakota language letters from the time of the Camp Kearney prison camp located in Davenport, IA, in 1863–1866. These letters are to relatives back home or to their closest representative they could find. It

1767-690: The Sisseton Wahpeton College in South Dakota. The Fort Peck Culture Department create the Yanktonai Dakota Vocab Builder in the same year. In 2018, the Lower Sioux Indian Community launched their Dakota immersion Head Start and also maintains online language classes to support the learning of their children and their families. The Dakota Wicohan program on Lower Sioux works with older youth to immerse them in

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1824-502: The base, which could be seen as the null-th slot. Even though some combinations of suffixes are not possible (e.g. only one of the aspect slots may be filled with a non-empty suffix), over 400 verb forms may be formed from a single base. Here are a few examples formed from the word root ga 'to go'; the numbers indicate which slots contain non-empty suffixes: Although most agglutinative languages in Europe and Asia are predominantly suffixing,

1881-498: The beginning of a word, infixes inside of the word, and suffixes are added to the end of a word. For example, the verb wóyakA means "to tell a story" in Dakota. By adding the infixed " -ki- ", the word becomes wókiyakA , which means "to tell someone". On the other hand, by adding the suffix " -pi ," the word becomes " wóyakapi ", which can mean "a story, a narrative" or "they are all telling stories". Dakota being an agglutinative language means that affixes are added to

1938-458: The causative suffix -yA .) Meanwhile, artificial possessive pronouns are used to signify property and possessions that can be transferred or traded. For example, the artificial pronoun tha- , which may become thi- , and tho- , is equivalent to the verb tháwa , "his or hers," can be prefixed onto nouns such as "bow," in thinázipe , and "friend," in thakhódaku . Dakota is mainly a subject-object-verb (SOV) language, where nouns, whether they are

1995-606: The control of the National Park Service . In December 2019, the park was renamed through an act of Congress to its traditional Dakota name of White Horse Hill. In May 2019, the Spirit Lake Tribal council had requested the federal government change the name to White Horse Hill in cooperation with the governor's office and the North Dakota Department of Tourism stating, "The Spirit Lake Dakota people... believe

2052-602: The dialects. The University of Minnesota was the first American University to establish a Dakota language class in their American Indian studies department. In 1966 a small group petitioned the University's administration to "establish links between the University and Minnesota's eleven federally-recognized tribes to develop recruitment and retention efforts for American Indian students, and to create courses on issues of importance to American Indian communities". In 2022, University of Minnesota's American Indian Studies Department and

2109-582: The dialects: The two dialects also differ in the diminutive suffix ( -daŋ, -da in Santee, and -na in Yankton-Yanktonai and in Sisseton) and in a number of other phonetic issues that are harder to categorize. The following table gives examples of words that differ in their phonology. There are also numerous lexical differences between the two Dakota dialects as well as between the sub-dialects. Yankton-Yanktonai

2166-411: The first word: We can see its agglutinative nature and the fact that Persian is able to affix a given number of dependent morphemes to a root morpheme (in this example, car). Almost all Austronesian languages , such as Malay , and most Philippine languages , also belong to this category, thus enabling them to form new words from simple base forms. The Indonesian and Malay word mempertanggungjawabkan

2223-442: The first, the second, and the third. Person is indicated through the addition (first and second person) or subtraction (third person, the verb is used in its simplest form) of personal pronoun affixes. There are two forms of tense in the language, the aorist (as verbs, adjectives, and other nouns, sometimes called the indefinite) and the future . In order to express the future tense, the suffixes kta or kte are placed after

2280-478: The language and culture. Dakota Wicohan offers curriculum on Dakota values, language and customs through their website. In North Dakota, there are state and tribal colleges teaching Dakota. The University of North Dakota has an Indigenous Language Education program up through a Bachelor of Science degree. Sitting Bull College , which serves the Standing Rock Indian Reservation maintains

2337-428: The language because you're using the air to speak language, and so, in a metaphorical but in the literal way. So by speaking the language, we're breathing life into it and that's actually a phrase in our language". The University's classes currently include classes on teaching Dakota, alongside Dakota Linguistics, for years one through four. In 2023, the University introduced a Dakota language major program. In 1979,

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2394-515: The meaning of "national park" not yet standardized, as this site's small size and lack of a significant landmark was inconsistent with other national parks. It was first named after General Alfred Sully , son of the painter Thomas Sully who gained his reputation by carrying out several massacres of Dakota including at the Battle of Whitestone Hill . On March 3, 1931, during the Great Depression ,

2451-553: The name chosen, White Horse Hill, comes from historical happenings that are sacred as well as unique to the Dakota people. White Horse Hill (Sunka Wakan Ska Pa Ha) reflects a positive experience to the Dakota People rather than an individual who was destructive to the Dakota people and their culture". The park's 1,674 acres (6.8 km), a mixture of mixed grass prairie , marshes and wooded hills, includes wildlife as 20-30 American bison , 25-40 elk , 20-30 white-tailed deer , and

2508-466: The nouns, both subject and object, are always placed at the beginning of the clause. Dakota has two major dialects with two sub-dialects each: The two dialects differ phonologically, grammatically, and to a large extent, also lexically. They are mutually intelligible to a high extent, although Western Dakota appears lexically closer to the Lakota language with which it has high mutual intelligibility. For

2565-443: The other hand, are formed by the addition of affixes to words in other grammatical categories. Verbs in Dakota can appropriate, through agglutination and synthesis, many of the pronominal , prepositional , and adverbial or modal affixes of the language. There are many verbal roots, all of which are only used once certain causative prefixes are added, forming participles . Like in English, Dakota verbs also have three persons ,

2622-422: The prefix a- meaning "upon" AkáȟpA + -kiči + -čhiyA = Akáȟpekičičhiye . Overall, affixes in the Dakota language play an important role in creating new words and adding nuances to the meaning of existing words. They allow speakers to express complex ideas in a concise and efficient manner. Infixoids are morphemes that can occur either as infixes , circumfixes , or transfixes depending on

2679-531: The role of the suffix, and many can be heaped, one upon the other, resulting in words conveying complex meanings in compacted forms. An example is fiaiéi, where the root "fi(ú)-" means "son", the subsequent four vowels are all separate suffixes, and the whole word means "[plural properties] belong to his/her sons". The nested possessive structure and expression of plurals are quite remarkable (note that Hungarian uses no genders). Persian has some features of agglutination, making use of prefixes and suffixes attached to

2736-453: The root word without changing the form of the root word. This can result in long, complex words that can convey a lot of information in a single word. For example, the Dakota word akáȟpekičičhiyA , means "to cover up something for one; to pass by a matter, forgive, or cancel". This word is made up of the root word kaȟpÁ (meaning "to cover, knock down or take something down"), the suffix - kičičhiyA meaning "to or for, (causative)", and

2793-526: The specific context and meaning of the word being used. Locatives Abstract and indefinite object markers A duplifix is a morpheme that is a morphological process in which the root or part of a word (or even the whole word) is repeated exactly or with a slight change. Unlike other types of affixes, duplifixes can emphasize or intensify the meaning of the word rather than change its grammatical function, or can be used to indicate plurality or repetition, or to modify adjectives or verbs for emphasis. This

2850-425: The stems of verbs and nouns, thus making it a synthetic language rather than an analytic one. Persian is an SOV language, thus having a head-final phrase structure. Persian utilizes a noun root + plural suffix + case suffix + postposition suffix syntax similar to Turkish. For example, the phrase "mashinashuno nega mikardam" meaning 'I was looking at their cars' lit. '(cars their at) (look) (i was doing)'. Breaking down

2907-419: The subject or object, always come before the verb. And when two nouns are used in the same clause, where one is the subject and the other is the object, the subject is most usually placed first. Verbs are also usually placed after adjectives that are used to qualify either the subject or the object and adverbs that qualify the verb. When additional words are used within a clause that are not either nouns or verbs,

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2964-652: The time said, "Many of our graduates are now out in the community and k-12 schools teaching what they learned and how they learned it, and are continuing to succeed in language revitalization". They also have an online Dakota/English dictionary. The University of Minnesota and the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate College are working together to create the Dakota Language Audio Journal, which will be the first publicly available language journal, featuring recordings of conversations and stories. In 2017,

3021-459: The verb eyÁ "to say something" uses the same affix in an infixed position, so if you want to say "she says to you", you would add the same affix ki- as an infix instead, with ni- 2sT resulting in " eníčiye " ( ni- + ki- + eyÁ ). Similarly, the affix -uŋ- which can mean "you and I" (1d), and is shared with -uŋ-...-pi "we all, us all" (1p), can be found in both positions of prefix and infix, depending on

3078-406: The verb in use. The verb iyáyA "to leave or pass by" in 1s ibdábde (I leave), while in 1d uŋkíyaye (you and I leave). The same affix in the verb máni "to walk" is infixed as 1d maúŋni . This phenomenon of affixes functioning as both prefixes and infixes in Dakota language is an example of the complex morphological structure of the language, and it requires careful attention to

3135-407: The verb, much in contrast to expressing the aorist tense, which requires no marking, but is instead derived from the context of what is being said. Source: Abstract benefactive ; (wa- + -kíči-) An action that is for someone else's benefit and is further generalized as a concept. Abstract causative ; (wa- + -yA) An action that causes something to change state or action and is generalized as

3192-431: The word they are attached to. In the case of Dakota language, some affixes can function as both a prefix and an infix, depending on the specific instance of the word. For example, the Dakota verb " dá " means "to ask for something". If you want to say "I ask for something from you", you add the affixes ki- to indicate dative 1 case (to someone), and čhi- 1s-2s (I to you) resulting in " čhičída ". However,

3249-776: The year. This article related to a protected area in North Dakota is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dakota language Dakota, similar to many Native American languages, is a mainly polysynthetic language , meaning that different morphemes in the form of affixes can be combined to form a single word. Nouns in Dakota can be broken down into two classes, primitive and derivative. Primitive nouns are nouns whose origin cannot be deduced from any other word (for example makhá or earth, phéta or fire, and até or father), while derivative nouns are nouns that are formed in various ways from words of other grammatical categories. Primitive nouns stand on their own and are separate from other words. Derivative nouns, on

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