64-674: Westfield Doncaster (formerly Doncaster Shoppingtown ) is a large shopping centre and public transport interchange in the eastern suburb of Doncaster in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . It was the first shopping centre built by the Westfield Group in Victoria. Located on the corner of Williamsons Road and Doncaster Road in Doncaster Hill , it forms a central component of strategic planning to develop housing and employment centres in
128-540: A May Company California . Two of the largest shopping centers at the time were both in the San Fernando Valley , a suburban area of Los Angeles . They each consisted of one core open-air center and surrounding retail properties with various other owners, which would later hasten their decline as there wasn't a single owner, but rather a merchants' association, which was unable to react quickly to competition in later decades. Valley Plaza opened August 12, 1951. In
192-486: A shopping mall with leisure amenities oriented towards upscale consumers. Theme or festival centers have distinct unifying themes that are followed by their individual shops as well as their architecture. They are usually located in urban areas and cater to tourists. They typically feature a retail area of 80,000 to 250,000 square feet (7,400 to 23,200 m ). An outlet centre (or outlet mall in North America)
256-517: A town centre ) is typically larger with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m ) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m ) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores and offers a wider selection of stores. Given their wider service area, these tend to have higher-end stores ( department stores ) that need a larger area in order for their services to be profitable. Regional centres have tourist attractions, education and hospitality areas. Indoor centres are commonly called Shopping Malls in
320-435: A "shopping center". By the 1940s, the term "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, a place sharing comprehensive design planning, including layout, signs, exterior lighting, and parking; and shared business planning that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix. The International Council of Shopping Centers classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into
384-792: A $ 5 billion budget for the public transport to make all train services run every 10 minutes and introduce a Doncaster rail line, branching off from Clifton Hill . Shopping center A shopping center in American English , shopping centre in Commonwealth English (see spelling differences ), shopping complex , shopping arcade , shopping plaza , or galleria , is a group of shops built together, sometimes under one roof. The first known collections of retailers under one roof are public markets , dating back to ancient times, and Middle Eastern covered markets, bazaars and souqs . In Paris, about 150 covered passages were built between
448-495: A multi-level car park with new cinemas to open above. The Westfield Shoppingtown Library was also demolished and moved temporarily to the Municipal Offices which has since become its permanent location. Westfield Doncaster also introduced a new service called Westfield Butler to assist those unable to physically shop at the centre and perform other tasks for customers, including planning events and functions. Another new service
512-519: A new food court known as the Drum located on the corner of Williamsons and Doncaster Roads and new restaurants on the rooftop level. A new bus interchange and over 1500 extra parking spaces were added in a new 6 level parking lot with an LED system indicating free spaces. A new red "wave wall" piece of public art was constructed on the corner of Williamsons Road and Doncaster Road and the Myer Building and
576-537: A number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleå , in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine ) and was named Shopping ; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe. The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex
640-560: A primary trade area of 5 to 10 miles (8 to 16 km). A retail park , in the United Kingdom and Europe, is a type of shopping centre found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in the United Kingdom, and some (but not all) other European countries. In Europe, any shopping center with mostly "retail warehouse units" (UK terminology; in the US the term is " big-box stores "/superstores), 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) or larger
704-485: A retail area of 100,000 to 350,000 square feet (9,300 to 32,500 m ) and serve a primary area of 3 to 6 miles (5 to 10 km). Local-scale shopping centres usually have a retail area of 30,000 to 150,000 square feet (2,800 to 13,900 m ), and serve a primary area in a 3-mile (5 km) radius. They typically have a supermarket as an anchor or a large convenience shop and commonly serve large villages or as secondary centres to towns. Car-dependent centres in
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#1733105919745768-569: A small shop owned by the Serpell family, well-known early European settlers in the area. In the 1930s it became known as 'White's Corner Store' after its operator changed hands. In the late 1960s, they sold the site to the Westfield Corporation who began construction of the new shopping centre. When Westfield Doncaster officially opened on 30 September 1969, it was Westfield's first venture in Victoria. The original $ 12-million complex consisted of
832-525: A total of 7,575 spaces), building a 14 storey "gateway tower" on a 2 storey podium, reconfigure the bus interchange and move the main vehicle entrance on Williamsons Road further north. This was approved on 20 May 2019 by the state government, with the Minister for Planning (see Second Andrews Ministry ) Richard Wynne claiming 2,000 jobs will be created during construction, and 2,900 full and part time positions will be created upon completion. Kmart returned to
896-455: Is Strøget in Copenhagen, Denmark . In the U.S. chiefly in the 1960s, some cities converted a main shopping street (usually several blocks of one street only) to pedestrian zones known at the time as shopping malls (i.e. the original meaning of "mall": a "promenade"), but now referred to as pedestrian malls . A shopping arcade is a type of shopping precinct that developed earlier and in which
960-469: Is a retail park, according to the leading real estate company Cushman & Wakefield. This would be considered in North America either a power center or a neighborhood shopping center , depending on the size. A lifestyle center ( American English ), or lifestyle centre ( Commonwealth English ), is a shopping center or mixed-used commercial development that combines the traditional retail functions of
1024-820: Is a type of shopping center, a North American term originally meaning a pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s began to be used as a generic term for large shopping centers anchored by department stores, especially enclosed centers. Many malls in the United States are currently in severe decline (" dead malls ") or have closed. Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added big-box stores as anchor tenants, or are specialized formats: power centers , lifestyle centers , factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces . Smaller types of shopping centers in North America include neighborhood shopping centers , and even smaller, strip malls . Pedestrian malls (shopping streets) in
1088-495: Is a type of shopping centre in which manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in outlet centres are operated by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily reduced prices. Outlet stores were found as early as 1936, but the first multi-store outlet centre, Vanity Fair , located in Reading, Pennsylvania , did not open until 1974. Belz Enterprises opened
1152-615: Is not used in the U.K. The term "mall" is used for those types of centers in some markets beyond North America such as India and the United Arab Emirates . In other developing countries such as Namibia and Zambia , "Mall" is found in the names of many small centers that qualify as neighborhood shopping centers or strip malls according to the ICSC. The suburban shopping center concept evolved further with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores. The first
1216-481: Is over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m ) of gross leasable area. These have three or more anchors, mass and varied merchant trade and serves as the dominant venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located. Note that ICSC defines indoor centers above 800,000 square feet (74,000 m ) net leasable area in Asia-Pacific as mega-malls . A regional-scale shopping centre (commonly known as
1280-526: Is serviced by a number of bus routes. These routes utilise the major bus interchange on the Williamsons Road side of the shopping centre, serving as a major hub for transport activity in the Doncaster region. The 907 SmartBus , which provides a frequent, direct route to the city, doesn't enter the interchange, using stops next to the centre on Doncaster Road instead. Throughout the 1970s the Doncaster line
1344-473: The City of Manningham and to the Minister for Planning (see First Andrews Ministry ) for approval to expand by nearly a third with substantial car parking, and build a 14 story tower taller than the existing office tower that may stand out over the skyline. The plan would add 43,000 sqm of retail floor space and 18,000 sqm of office floor space (north of the existing building), add 2,793 more car parking spaces (to make
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#17331059197451408-457: The High Street (street – pedestrianized or not – with a high concentration of retail shops), and retail parks (usually out of the city centre, 5000 sq.m. or larger and anchored by big-box stores or supermarkets, rather than department stores). Most English-speakers follow a mix of the United Kingdom's and United States's naming conventions. In the U.K. a "centre for shopping" is commonly
1472-787: The 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage and accommodation for traders on various levels. Different rows specialized in different goods, such as 'Bakers Row' or 'Fleshmongers Row'. Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg , which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of the first purposely-built mall-type shopping complexes, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering an area of over 53,000 m (570,000 sq ft). The Marché des Enfants Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today. The Oxford Covered Market in Oxford , England opened in 1774 and still runs today. The Passage du Caire
1536-602: The 1890s. Historic and/or monumental buildings are sometimes converted into shopping centers, often forming part of a larger city center shopping district that otherwise consists mostly of on-street stores. Examples are the former main post office of Amsterdam, now Magna Plaza ; the Stadsfeestzaal [ nl ] in Antwerp , Belgium, a former exhibition "palace"; the former Sears warehouse, now Ponce City Market in Atlanta ;
1600-533: The 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus , Syria , might also be considered as precursors to the present-day large shopping centers. Isfahan 's Grand Bazaar , which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered Tehran's Grand Bazaar also has a lengthy history. The oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the Chester Rows . Dating back at least to
1664-872: The Office Tower were repainted. A number of new and upgraded building and carpark entrances were also included as part of the works. The number of retail shops doubled to 400, which made it one of the largest shopping centres in Australia . It was finished on 16 October 2008. During construction, Kmart shut down temporarily and was replaced by two new discount department stores – Big W and Target . Coles and Woolworths both closed in January 2007 and both supermarkets re-opened on Thursday 10 April 2008. The Village Twin Cinemas on Williamsons Road were demolished in September 2006 to make way for
1728-544: The Shopping Centre Council of Australia Identified Australia has had 1,630 existing shopping centres, being defined as a major Integrated retail centre with at least 1,000 m (11,000 sq ft) of lettable retail floor-space, with over 65,000 specialty shops. Of the 1,630 shopping centres, 78 are defined as regional centres, 96 as central business district centres, 291 as sub-regional centres (being those that include at least one discount department store as
1792-600: The U.K. and Europe, if larger than 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) can be termed a small retail park , while in the U.S. and some other countries it is known as a neighborhood shopping center . Convenience-scale centers, independent of other centers are known as strip malls or as shopping parades. These centers are less than 30,000 square feet (2,800 m ) of gross leasable space and commonly serve villages or as parts of larger centers commonly called small squares, plazas or indoor markets. They are also called strip centers or convenience centers. Strip Malls, despite
1856-568: The U.S. or Shopping Centres in Commonwealth English . Community-scale shopping centres are commonly called Main Streets , High Streets or town squares in wider centres or in English-speaking Europe as retail parks for certain centres. These offer a wider range of goods and has two anchor supermarkets or discount department stores. They may also follow a parallel configuration, or may be L- or U-shaped. Community centers usually feature
1920-541: The United States have been less common and less successful than in Europe. In Canada, underground passages in Montreal and Toronto link large adjacent downtown retail spaces. In Europe shopping malls/centers continue to grow and thrive. In the region distinction is made between shopping centers (shops under one roof), shopping precincts ( pedestrianized zones of a town or city where many retail stores are located),
1984-466: The addition of a greengrocer . Other changes included renovations to the existing Myer department store and additions of new anchor tenants Big W , Target new David Jones and a Borders bookshop (now closed). New shops were added into the greatly expanded retail space such as JB Hi-Fi , Dick Smith (now closed), a larger 9 screen Village Cinemas , a gym which replaced the Doncaster Library,
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2048-464: The area by Manningham City Council . It is located 12 kilometres east of the CBD and is one of the biggest shopping centres in Victoria. Today it is one of the largest shopping centres in Australia with a gross leasable floor area of 123,126 square metres. It is 50% owned by Scentre Group , 25% by ISPT, and 25% by Asia Property Fund. The site of the present-day buildings was formerly occupied by orchards and
2112-399: The centre entrance and an upgraded bus interchange which opened with upgraded shelters and other facilities. Myer David Jones Woolworths Coles Kmart Big W Village 9 Cinemas Rebel Sport JB Hi-Fi TK Maxx Baby Bunting In July 2016, Westfield submitted a $ 500 million expansion masterplan, aimed at competing against other shopping centres such as Eastland Shopping Centre to
2176-533: The centre expand further. A second level of shops was added to the south end including Franklins and a fresh food court above Coles and Kmart. However, as the 21st century arrived, time had dulled the looks of the centre following redevelopments of other Westfield centres such as Westfield Southland , Fountain Gate and even Sydney 's Bondi Junction . The centre was further redeveloped in 1995. The fourth group of changes began in 2007 and involved significant changes to
2240-413: The centre for a settlement. More recent shopping dedicated areas outside the main centre are known as "shopping centres" (with understanding of the synonym shopping mall) "shopping villages" or "retail parks". According to author Richard Longstreth, before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applied to any group of adjacent retail businesses. A city's downtown might be called
2304-435: The centre in mid 2021, replacing Target which closed permanently on 20 March 2021. The new Westfield Doncaster now features more than 200 new retailers for a total around 400, a Village Cinemas complex and dining areas that take advantage of the site's elevated views towards the city skyline. The works required the closure of around 100 stores during 2007 and early 2008, with Myer the only major store remaining open throughout
2368-578: The complex. The process commenced with planning approval in May 2004, preliminary works taking place at the centre from September to December 2006, which provided a platform for the main construction works that commenced on 15 January 2007. Doncaster Hill developers met several times with City Council over the next twelve months to discuss creating more sustainable buildings for the community but these plans did not progress. The refurbishment included renovations to anchor tenants Coles and Woolworths supermarkets, and
2432-688: The connecting walkways are not owned by a single proprietor and may be in the open air or covered by a ground-floor loggia . Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, and numerous arcades in Paris are famous and still functioning as shopping centres, while many others have been demolished. In Russia , centuries-old shopping centres
2496-529: The dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl. List of Shopping Centres in Australia by size There are many different types of shopping centres in Australia. In 2018,
2560-661: The design and business plan, a place built according to an overall program that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix, signs, exterior lighting, and parking. In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtown . Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square , Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza , Kansas City, Missouri , 55 acres (220,000 m ), opened 1923. The Bank Block in Grandview Heights, Ohio (1928)
2624-558: The earliest public shopping centers is Trajan's Market in Rome located in Trajan's Forum. Trajan's Market was probably built around 100–110 AD by Apollodorus of Damascus , and it is thought to be the world's oldest shopping center. The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as
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2688-481: The first enclosed factory outlet center in 1979, in Lakeland, Tennessee , a suburb of Memphis . A shopping precinct (U.K. term) or pedestrian mall (U.S. term) is an area of city centre streets which have been pedestrianized, where there is a concentration of " high street shops" such as department stores, clothing and home furnishings stores, and so forth. They may be part of a larger city-centre pedestrian zone , as
2752-470: The following types: Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area , AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America does not apply to Europe a.k.a. large neighborhood shopping center in US, Can A superregional-scale center is commonly called a city centre. According to the International Council of Shopping Centers it
2816-555: The former Emporium-Capwell department store in San Francisco , now San Francisco Centre ; Georgetown Park in Washington, D.C. , and the Abasto de Buenos Aires , formerly the city's wholesale produce market. Shopping centers are not a recent innovation. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome , in forums where shopping markets were located. One of
2880-435: The four-storey Myer department store at the north end, two levels of shops running along the west side to the, then white, eight-storey office tower. On the east side the two layers of shops merged into one layer, then finished at a Coles New World supermarket. In 1979, the centre was extended south with two single-storey rows of shops; Kmart , Coles and Village Twin Cinemas. A major redevelopment completed in 1992 saw
2944-566: The late 18th century and 1850, and a wealth of shopping arcades were built across Europe in the 19th century. In the United States, the widespread use of the automobile in the 1920s led to the first shopping centers of a few dozen shops that included parking for cars. Starting in 1946, larger, open air centers anchored by department stores were built (sometimes as a collection of adjacent retail properties with different owners), then enclosed shopping malls starting with Victor Gruen 's Southdale Center near Minneapolis in 1956. A shopping mall
3008-530: The late 19th century and early 20th century, including the Cleveland Arcade , and Moscow 's GUM , which opened in 1890. When the Cleveland Arcade opened in 1890, it was among the first indoor shopping arcades in the US, and like its European counterparts, was an architectural triumph. Two sides of the arcade had 1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing and is a prime example of Victorian architecture . Sydney's Queen Victoria Markets Building , opened in 1898,
3072-614: The mid-1950s, it claimed to be the largest shopping center on the West Coast of the United States and the third-largest in the country. The first part of the Panorama City Shopping Center opened as on October 10, 1955, and would grow until the mid-1960s, it claimed to be the first shopping center with four major department store anchors, even though the "center" was in fact a marketing association for multiple adjacent properties. Northland Center near Detroit , built 1954,
3136-437: The name, are not considered "malls" in North America. Power centers , in North America, are open-air single-level shopping centers that almost exclusively feature several big-box retailers as their anchors (although newer urban power centers have adopted enclosed and/or vertical formats while retaining the strong big-box emphasis). They usually have a retail area of 250,000 to 600,000 square feet (23,000 to 56,000 m ) and
3200-665: The project, except for a short period when the store itself was refurbished. In November 2020, a new rooftop dining precinct, Doncaster Dining, was opened during Victoria's second COVID-19 lockdown . At a cost of $ 30 million, the existing second floor (in the southern section of the shopping centre, near Doncaster Road) and a section of the car park near Village Cinemas was renovated to include 12 new shops and remake 2 existing shops. The stores include TGI Fridays , an American grill; Dohtonbori, named in reference to Dōtonbori with its second Australian restaurant; Lanzhou Noodle House; and Little Bangkok Thai amongst others. The shopping centre
3264-526: The size of regional malls still operate, consisting of multiple arcades. They developed from previous so-called "trading rows", which were essentially markets where traders could obtain space to sell their goods. Great Gostiny Dvor in Saint Petersburg in its present buildings dates back to the 1760s. With a total area of 800,000 square feet (74,000 m ), GUM in Moscow, opened in its present buildings in
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#17331059197453328-756: The twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell . The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's Bergen Mall . The center, which opened with an open-air format in 1957, was enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center , significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois. Other early malls moved retailing away from
3392-664: The word "mall", that is, a pedestrian promenade (in U.K. usage a "shopping precinct"). Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the Kalamazoo Mall (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in Toledo , Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach , Santa Monica Mall (1965), and malls in Fort Worth and in Canada's capital, Ottawa . The downtown Urbana, Illinois mall , converted from a city street,
3456-400: Was 'Westfield Gizmo' that offered customers a technology installation, upgrade or maintenance service. Staff are titled "gizmotechs", and can arrange both home visits or to assist shoppers choosing technology in the centre at a fixed price. Both of these services no longer exist. In February 2008, a temporary bus interchange opened closer to Willamsons Road. This was to make way for changes to
3520-558: Was a center in Ardmore, Pennsylvania later named Suburban Square , when the Philadelphia department store Strawbridge & Clothier opened a four-story, 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m ) branch there on May 12, 1930. A much larger example would be the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m ) Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles built in 1947, anchored by a five-story Broadway and
3584-459: Was a collection of stores under one roof aimed at the workers in the company town of Morgan Park , in Duluth, Minnesota . Before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applies to a collection of retail businesses. A city's Downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, comprehensive planning in
3648-603: Was also an ambitious architectural project. Shopping Centers built before the 20th century ; Notes: *based on current ICSC shopping center type definitions, **center opened in 1926 without department store, which was added in 1930 Early examples of "stores under one roof" include the nine-building shopping arcade Dayton Arcade in Dayton, Ohio (1902–1904), primarily built to rehouse the public food markets in more sanitary conditions, but which added retail clothing and household goods stores. The Lake View Store , opened July 1916,
3712-509: Was an early strip mall or neighborhood center of 30 shops built along Grandview Avenue, with parking in the back for 400 cars. Uniquely for the time, it had multiple national grocery store tenants Kroger , Piggly Wiggly , and the A&P Tea Company. The Park and Shop (1930) in Cleveland Park, Washington, D.C. was an early strip mall or neighborhood center with parking in the front. It
3776-498: Was anchored by Piggly Wiggly and built in an L shape. Other notable, large early centers with strips of independent stores, adjacent parking lots, but no department store anchors, include Highland Park Village (1931) in Dallas ; and River Oaks Shopping Center (1937) in Houston . In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of
3840-399: Was enclosed, designed by Victor Gruen . Although Bergen Mall (opened 1957) led other suburban shopping centers in using "mall" in their names, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s, when the term "shopping mall" started to be used generically for large suburban shopping centers. The term "mall" for regional enclosed shopping centers
3904-624: Was mooted to run down the middle of the Eastern Freeway , with a station at Westfield Doncaster. By 1984 land for the line once it left the freeway had been sold, and by 1991 an independent report investigating construction of the line recommended against it due to the high cost of underground construction. Various plans have also been made for extension of tram route 48 north from Balwyn North to Doncaster. A 2008 report released by pt4me2 (a local group pushing for rail transit in Manningham) suggests
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#17331059197453968-541: Was opened in Paris in 1798. The Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island introduced the retail arcade concept to the United States in 1828 and is arguably the oldest "shopping center" in the country. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan , Italy followed in the 1870s and is closer to large modern malls in spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and shopping centers in
4032-661: Was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen . This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed Southdale Center , which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota , United States in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of
4096-591: Was the first of 4 centers that Victor Gruen built for Hudson's ( Eastland Center , Southland Center , and Westland Center were the others) At launch, Northland Center was the world's largest shopping center. The enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin , which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured
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