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77-609: In December 2012, the Western Virginia Land Trust changed its name to the Blue Ridge Land Conservancy. Since 1996, BRLC has been credited with protecting more than 56,000 acres (230 km) of land. In 2009, Roanoke, Virginia donated the second of two conservation easements on the 11,300 acres (46 km) Carvins Cove Natural Reserve to BRLC and the Virginia Outdoors Foundation , making

154-401: A plant in 1917 that by a decade later employed 5,000 and was reportedly the largest rayon producing mill in the world. The city leased land for an airfield beginning in 1929. Still, its development into the region's primary airport did not begin until its designation as a defense project provided federal funding in 1940. That same year, N&W donated the fairground, Maher Field, to

231-434: A research facility in what was formerly an industrial brownfield area, but has since been termed the city's "innovation corridor". These developments, along with the city's decision to improve its parks and recreation amenities and market itself as an outdoor tourism hotspot, have helped reverse its decades-long loss of young adults, and in 2020 Roanoke's population passed 100,000 for the first time since 1980. Roanoke

308-515: A Scenic Viewshed" award for preservation work along the Blue Ridge Parkway. In 2006, Scenic Virginia presented WVLT and a group of partners the same award for their efforts in preserving Tinker Mountain. Scenic Virginia also recognized BRLC in 2008 with its Scenic Water Corridor Preservation Award. In 2009, BRLC received a Governor’s Environmental Excellence Award along with the City of Roanoke, VA, and

385-710: A division called the Roanoke Outside Foundation that seeks to recruit businesses and talent based on the strength of the region's natural amenities. The organization also puts on annual events such as the Blue Ridge Marathon and the GO Outside Festival. Other areas of strength in the region's economy include manufacturing and retail, each comprising over ten percent of the valley's industry. Transportation manufacturers such as Yokohama Tire , Volvo , Mack Trucks , Metalsa, and Altec contribute to

462-489: A female householder with no spouse or partner present. In total, 42.3% were non-families. 38.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. 24.0% of the population were under the age of 20, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.1 years. According to the unofficial American Community Survey , the median household income in Roanoke

539-415: A law stating that the city must set aside 1% of its capital improvements budget for the purchasing of public art – stands before the theater. Dedicated in 2008 to celebrate the city's 150th anniversary, the 30-foot (9.1 m) stainless steel sculpture, "In My Hands", is one of over 160 public works of art in Roanoke. The Jefferson Center is a former city high school that saw extensive renovation during

616-598: A local furniture showroom, restaurant, and boutique hotel . Two blocks west on the same street is Texas Tavern , an "iconic" ten-seat greasy spoon restaurant that the same family has operated since its establishment in 1930. Roanoke features several annual festivals and events of various types. A parade for St. Patrick's Day occurs every March, and Pride in the Park is an LGBTQ+ community celebration that draws thousands of visitors every April. Several events occur in May, including

693-467: A popular entertainment locale for early residents; an observation tower and the Rockledge Inn each opened atop the mountain in 1892. Mountain Park, an early amusement center complete with a casino and roller coaster , opened at the foot of the mountain in 1903, and beginning in 1910 visitors could pay a quarter to ride an incline railway to the top of Mill Mountain and back. Another mainstay at

770-535: A smaller black box theatre called Waldron Stage, which hosts both newer and more experimental plays along with other live events. Roanoke has been home to the Showtimers Community Theatre since 1951, and since 2008, the Virginia Children's Theatre has presented shows aimed at a younger audience, often based on children's literature. Originally formed as Roanoke Children's Theatre and housed in

847-587: Is divided into 49 separate neighborhoods. The city has incorporated into its comprehensive plan the goal of developing these neighborhoods into "villages", each with their own village center , and with the Downtown neighborhood acting as the village center for the city as a whole. The Raleigh Court neighborhood has been cited as a model for such development, consisting of a variety of residential settings located around Grandin Village , an active commercial hub anchored by

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924-605: Is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The former Norfolk and Western Passenger Station hosts two museums: the O. Winston Link Museum , dedicated to the late steam-era railroad photography of O. Winston Link , and the History Museum of Western Virginia. Originally built in 1905, the station underwent a 1949 renovation in the Moderne style by designer Raymond Loewy , and is one of four contributing structures to

1001-483: Is located in USDA hardiness zone 7b, with the suburbs falling in zone 7a. Extremes in temperature have ranged from 105 °F (41 °C) (as recently as August 21, 1983) down to −12 °F (−24 °C) on December 30, 1917. However, neither 100 °F (38 °C) nor 0 °F (−18 °C) are reached in most years; the most recent occurrence of each is July 20, 2020, and February 20, 2015, respectively. More typically,

1078-592: Is the largest city in Virginia west of Richmond and is located in the Blue Ridge Mountains , a range which is part of the greater Appalachian Mountains . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 42.9 square miles (111.1 km ), of which 42.5 square miles (110.1 km ) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km ) (0.8%) is water. It is located in the center of

1155-404: The 1218 and 611 steam engines. A 2013 fundraising campaign led to the engine's refurbishment, and it now does tourist excursion runs when not home at the museum. In addition to its rail exhibits, the museum also displays a US Army Jupiter rocket and houses exhibits covering aviation as well as automobiles . The museum is located in the former Norfolk and Western freight depot which

1232-647: The Carvins Cove Natural Reserve the largest tract of land protected with a conservation easement in Virginia. The easement was designed to protect 14 miles (23 km) of the viewshed from the Appalachian Trail as well as a major source of the drinking water supply for the Roanoke Valley . Carvins Cove Natural Reserve is the second-largest city park in the United States and the largest east of

1309-691: The Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is located in Southwest Virginia along the Roanoke River , in the Blue Ridge range of the greater Appalachian Mountains . Roanoke is approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of the Virginia– North Carolina border and 250 miles (400 km) southwest of Washington, D.C. , along Interstate 81 . At the 2020 census , Roanoke's population

1386-776: The Mill Mountain Theatre . It has since expanded to five buildings, providing rent-free space to twelve institutions, including the Science Museum of Western Virginia and Hopkins Planetarium , the Harrison Museum of African American Culture, and the Roanoke Pinball Museum. One of the original tenants of Center in the Square, the Art Museum of Western Virginia, moved to a downtown Salem Avenue facility in 2008. The move

1463-460: The Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W). The two companies also relocated their respective headquarters to the town (the two lines would officially merge in 1890). Big Lick's relatively small size compared to the nearby county seat, Salem , worked in its favor as a draw for the companies. Big Lick's ample farmland and nearby water sources were well suited to the railroads' goal of building much of

1540-531: The Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Berglund Performing Arts Theatre is a 2,150-seat venue within the larger Berglund Center complex. It regularly hosts concerts, touring Broadway theatre performances, stand-up comedy shows, and the Miss Virginia pageant. The city's first permanent artwork funded by the Percent for Art ordinance –

1617-595: The Poor Mountain Natural Area Preserve in neighboring Roanoke County protects the world's largest collection of piratebush , an exceedingly rare parasitic plant endemic to the Appalachians. Roanoke is the largest city along both the Appalachian Trail , which runs through Roanoke County just north of the city, and the Blue Ridge Parkway , which runs just south of the city. Carvins Cove ,

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1694-526: The Taubman Museum of Art , designed by architect Randall Stout , and the city's farmer's market , the oldest continuously operating open-air market in the state. The Roanoke Valley features 26 miles of greenways with bicycle and pedestrian trails, and the city's location in the Blue Ridge Mountains provides access to numerous outdoor recreation opportunities. The current site of Roanoke lies near

1771-542: The 1990s, turning it into a mixed-use building including office space for non-profits and city departments, event space for meetings and receptions, and the Shaftman Performance Hall, a 925-seat theatre created from the original high school's auditorium. In 2006, the former Dumas Hotel was reopened as the Dumas Center for Artistic and Cultural Development. The center is located on Henry Street, which served as

1848-509: The 2000s, which ended in December 2009 when 17 inches (43 cm) of snow fell on Roanoke in a single storm . Winter snowfall has ranged from trace amounts in 1918–19 and 1919–20 to 62.7 inches (159 cm) in 1959–60; unofficially, the largest single storm dumped approximately three feet (0.9 m) from December 16−18, 1890. Historically, flooding has been the primary weather-related hazard faced by Roanoke. Heavy rains, most frequently from

1925-411: The 20th century, Roanoke's boundaries expanded through multiple annexations from the surrounding Roanoke County , and it became Southwest Virginia's economic and cultural hub. The 1982 decision by N&W to relocate their headquarters out of the city, combined with other manufacturing closures, led Roanoke to pivot to a primarily service economy . In the 21st century, a robust healthcare industry and

2002-485: The 69-room Hotel Roanoke – designed originally in the Queen Anne style before numerous rebuilds and expansions gave it its current Tudor Revival appearance – opened its doors in 1882. With the rapid influx of railroad employees and others in associated industries, Roanoke's population soared and, by the end of 1883, had passed 5,000. That milestone made the town eligible for a city charter , and on January 31, 1884,

2079-614: The Atlantic Ocean near Roanoke Island . The Roanoke Valley itself was originally home to members of the Tutelo tribe, a Siouan -speaking people who were gradually pushed out of the area by advancing European settlers. Many of those settlers were Scotch-Irish who arrived in the region during the 18th and early 19th centuries following the Plantation of Ulster . They were followed by significant numbers of Germans from Pennsylvania via

2156-562: The Grandin Theatre, the city's only surviving historic theater. That commercial district is one of the city's eight neighborhoods (or portions thereof) that have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Though located along the Blue Ridge Mountains at elevations exceeding 900 ft (270 m), Roanoke lies in the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen Cfa ), with four distinct, but generally mild, seasons. It

2233-526: The Great Wagon Road. By 1838, the area was populated enough that Roanoke County was created out of parts of Botetourt and Montgomery Counties, and the area's first railroad, the Virginia and Tennessee , arrived in 1852. The railroad built its new depot just south of a small town named Gainesborough, but named the depot after Big Lick, another small community located just to the east, which itself

2310-900: The Juniata Locomotive Shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania . With Norfolk Southern's departure, Roanoke's economy has since the mid-1990s shifted to become dominated by the healthcare industry. As of 2023 the city's top employer – and the largest private employer west of Richmond – is Carilion Clinic, which developed from the 1987 merger of two of the area's largest hospitals. The non-profit group employs over 13,000 people. It operates nine hospitals in Western Virginia, along with public-private partnerships with Virginia Tech (Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute) and Radford University (Radford University Carilion). The clinic's expansions have spurred considerable development in

2387-662: The Local Colors festival celebrating the cultures of the area's diverse ethnicities, the city's Strawberry Festival, the Down by Downtown music festival which coincides with the Blue Ridge Marathon, and Memorial Day weekend's Festival in the Park, which brings music and vendors to downtown Elmwood Park. Municipal annexation Municipal annexation is the legal process by which a city or other municipality acquires land as its jurisdictional territory (as opposed to simply owning

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2464-672: The Mississippi. In August 2008, BRLC worked to preserve more than a mile of a Chesapeake Bay tributary stream and a wetland the size of 16 football fields in Botetourt County, VA. In April 2008, BRLC donated 145 acres (0.59 km) adjacent to the Grassy Hill Natural Area Preserve to the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation . In 2004, Scenic Virginia honored BRLC with its "Best Preservation of

2541-555: The Roanoke Civic Center (now Berglund Center ) as well as an interstate spur into downtown Roanoke . Much of the land for these projects was in Northeast Roanoke, a community of primarily African American citizens who had been largely redlined from the rest of the city. City officials gained the land through eminent domain and proceeded to clear over 1,000 buildings, often through widescale burning. Later projects in

2618-607: The Roanoke Star, an 88.5-foot-tall (27.0 m) illuminated star sitting atop a mountain inside the city's limits. Also on the mountain's summit is Mill Mountain Zoo, a Zoological Association of America -accredited facility housing over 170 animals. The Basilica of St. Andrew rests on a hill overlooking downtown and has been called "one of Virginia’s foremost examples of the High Victorian Gothic". The church dates to 1900, and

2695-492: The South. The local press, for its part, stoked the white population's fears and anxiety with near-constant reports of African American "savagery". In September 1893, tensions boiled over when a white woman was allegedly robbed and beaten by an African-American man, Thomas Smith, near the city's market. Smith was held in the city jail; a mob of hundreds surrounded the building and demanded " lynch justice ". A shootout between

2772-703: The Taubman Museum at that building's opening, the theatre expanded into the Dumas Center in 2013, and in 2016 moved to its current home in the Jefferson Center. Opera Roanoke is Southwest Virginia's only professional opera company, established in 1976 as the Southwest Virginia Opera Society. It has performed under its current name since 1991, and its official orchestra since 2004 has been the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra . That group

2849-502: The Town of Roanoke on February 3, 1882. The new charter also annexed nearly two and a half square miles of additional land, including the Town of Gainesborough (later shortened to Gainsboro ), which by that point had already become the center of the area's African American community. Kimball chose a wheat field north of the railroad tracks and east of Gainsboro for the N&;W's new hotel, and

2926-561: The United States, incorporated cities and towns often expand their boundaries by annexing unincorporated land adjacent to them. Municipalities can also entirely annex and be entirely annexed by other municipalities, though this is less common in the United States. Laws governing the ability and the extent municipalities can expand in this fashion are defined by the individual states' constitutions . Annexation of neighbouring communities occurs in Canada. The City of Calgary , for example, has in

3003-481: The Virginia Outdoors Foundation for the preservation of Carvins Cove Natural Reserve. In 2009, BRLC presented Virginia Governor Tim Kaine with the A. Victor Thomas Environmental Stewardship Award in recognition of the governor's conservation efforts during his term in office. Roanoke, Virginia Roanoke ( / ˈ r oʊ . ə ˌ n oʊ k / ROH -ə-nohk ) is an independent city in

3080-475: The area as the American frontier pressed westward. In 1882, the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W) chose the small town of Big Lick as the site of its corporate headquarters and railroad shops . Within two years, the town had become the City of Roanoke. With a 2,300% population growth rate in the decade from 1880 to 1890, the young city experienced the advantages and disadvantages of its boomtown status. During

3157-508: The area records an average of 6.1 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing and 30.5 days with 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs annually. The monthly mean temperature ranges from 37.9 °F (3.3 °C) in January to 77.8 °F (25.4 °C) in July. Based on the 1991−2020 period, the city averages 14.8 inches (38 cm) of snow per winter. Roanoke experienced a mild snow drought in

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3234-471: The area. Ten people drowned in the Roanoke Valley and others were saved by rescue personnel. That incident prompted a major flood reduction effort completed in 2012 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , which has limited the damage caused by subsequent storms. At the 2020 census , there were 100,011 people residing in 44,411 households in the city, 21,199 of which housed families. The population density

3311-594: The base of the mountain was Roanoke Memorial Hospital. Completed in 1900 as Roanoke Hospital, the building has undergone many expansions and today is the flagship of the Carilion Clinic healthcare group. The hospital joined some manufacturing operations that were established along the banks of the Roanoke River in the early 20th century, including the American Viscose Corporation . That company built

3388-612: The building is a contributing structure to the Henry Street Historic District , listed in 2004 to the National Register of Historic Places. Since 1964, the Roanoke Valley has hosted performances by the Mill Mountain Theatre, a regional theatre that has been located in Center in the Square since its original home atop Mill Mountain burned down in 1976. The theatre has both a main stage for mainstream performances and

3465-464: The city of Toronto annexed the adjacent town of Parkdale . Within areas that are subdivided noncontiguously, annexation can take place whereby a lower-tier municipality can annex territory under the jurisdiction of a higher-tier municipality, or tiers do not exist a local municipality can annex territory from another local municipality. The rules that govern municipal annexations in absorption of neighbouring territory vary by country. For example, in

3542-474: The city to build a stadium and armory . Victory Stadium – optimistically named upon its completion in 1942 – played host to the annual Thanksgiving Day football game between Virginia Tech and Virginia Military Institute for years afterward. By the mid-20th century, Roanoke was increasingly losing population and businesses to a Roanoke County that had become less rural and more suburban in nature and consequently more resistant to annexation attempts by

3619-415: The city's historic market building and farmers' market, the latter of which dates to 1882 and is the oldest continuously operating open-air market in Virginia. Near the terminus of the market is Fire Station No. 1 , which for a time was the oldest continuously operating station in the state. The Georgian Revival structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and currently houses

3696-547: The city, as the African American community – roughly 30 percent of Roanoke's population in 1891 – opposed the measures because the money would only be used to improve white neighborhoods. Black neighborhoods in Roanoke typically received public amenities such as running water and paved roads only after their white counterparts, and Roanoke was among the first to adopt the Jim Crow laws that were becoming increasingly popular in

3773-459: The city. The city was nevertheless successful in annexing additional land in 1943, 1949, three small acquisitions in 1965, 1967, and 1968, and once more in 1976. The county won immunity from further annexations in 1980, but by then, the city had grown from its original size of 0.5 square miles (1.3 km ) to 42.9 square miles (111.1 km ). In 1949, the local merchants association erected an 88.5-foot-tall (27.0 m) illuminated star at

3850-438: The commercial and cultural center of Roanoke's African-American community before a mid-20th century urban renewal project that saw much of the historic Gainsboro neighborhood razed or relocated. The Dumas Hotel hosted such guests as Louis Armstrong , Ethel Waters , Count Basie , Duke Ellington and Nat King Cole when they performed in Roanoke. The renovated Dumas Center features an auditorium with more than 200 seats, and

3927-553: The development and increased marketing of its outdoor amenities have helped reverse prior declining population trends . Roanoke is known for the Roanoke Star , an 88.5-foot-tall (27.0 m) illuminated star that sits atop a mountain within the city's limits and is the origin of its nickname, "The Star City of the South". Other points of interest include the Hotel Roanoke , a 330-room Tudor Revival structure built by N&W in 1882,

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4004-414: The first enclosed shopping center in Virginia, and Towers Mall, at the time one of the largest shopping centers in the state, were each completed in 1961. In later years, Tanglewood Mall (1973) and Valley View Mall (1985) contributed to Roanoke's status as the region's retail hub. Mid-century change to the city came in the form of a massive " urban renewal " effort that saw the construction of both

4081-425: The former brownfields located south of Roanoke's downtown, turning the once-abandoned industrial sites into an area called the "innovation corridor" by the city. Another driving factor in the region's economy has been a push during the 21st century to market the area's outdoor recreation potential. The Roanoke Regional Partnership, an economic development group representing the area's municipalities, has created

4158-447: The greater Roanoke Valley and is bisected by the Roanoke River, which flows west-to-east through the city. Within the city limits is Mill Mountain, a 1,700-foot-tall (520 m) mountain and 500-acre municipal park which stands detached from the surrounding ranges. Roanoke's location in the Blue Ridge Mountains makes it proximate to hundreds of species of plants and wildlife. The area is home to at least 43 species of salamander , and

4235-451: The host of several festivals, many centering around Elmwood Park in downtown Roanoke. Center in the Square, an arts and culture organization located near downtown's historic market building and farmers' market , was developed alongside the city's "Design '79" downtown revitalization effort and opened in 1983. The center, located in a converted warehouse, originally housed the city's arts council and museum, history and science museums, and

4312-567: The intersection of the Great Wagon Road and the Carolina Road , two branches of a network of early colonial roads that developed from Native American trails in the Appalachian region. While the name Roanoke is said to have originated from a Native American word for shell beads used as currency , that word was first used 300 miles (480 km) away, where the Roanoke River empties into

4389-402: The land the way individuals do). The annexed land is typically not part of any other municipality. In the United States and Canada, however, annexation may also involve one polity absorbing another, usually an adjacent and smaller one, and usually by vote of the residents of both polities. For example, in 1872, the city Zanesville , Ohio annexed the adjacent community of Putnam , and in 1889,

4466-717: The largely black Gainsboro neighborhood removed hundreds of homes and businesses there as well, and late-20th and early-21st century revitalization efforts by the city's government have been met with distrust and varied success. The second half of the 20th century ushered in a change of identity for Roanoke. In 1982, the N&W completed a merger with the Southern Railway to form the Norfolk Southern Railway , which then relocated their headquarters from Roanoke to Norfolk, Virginia . The company closed their regional headquarters in Roanoke in 2015, and in 2020 shuttered

4543-426: The locomotive shops. The railroad's departure and a string of manufacturing plant closures left a hole in the city's economic base. In 1987, however, the merger of two of the area's largest hospitals created the forerunner of Carilion Clinic, a medical group that is the largest employer in the state west of Richmond . The group's partnerships with Virginia Tech and Radford University have created two colleges and

4620-490: The mob and an undermanned militia ensued, leaving eight dead and thirty-one more injured. Included among the wounded was the city's mayor, the previously widely admired Henry S. Trout , who had vowed protection of the prisoner. The rioting mob was eventually successful in gaining control of Smith. They proceeded to hang him and mutilate his body, which was eventually burned when the mob was deterred from its initial plan to bury it in Mayor Trout's front yard. The mayor himself

4697-449: The region's growth. After the N&W's merger with the Southern Railway created the Norfolk Southern Railway in 1982, Norfolk Southern continued to operate maintenance facilities and a rail yard in Roanoke but moved its headquarters to Norfolk, Virginia, and in 2015 moved out of its downtown Roanoke office building. On May 18, 2020, after 139 years of production, Norfolk Southern shut down its locomotive shops and moved all operations to

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4774-426: The region's recovery during Reconstruction . Within a decade of the war's end, there were no fewer than six tobacco factories near the Big Lick Depot. In 1874, the community surrounding the depot applied for and received a town charter, and the Town of Big Lick was formally established. Eight years later, efforts by town boosters succeeded in securing Big Lick as the junction of the Shenandoah Valley Railroad and

4851-400: The remnants of a hurricane , drain from surrounding areas to the narrow Roanoke Valley. The most recent significant flood was in the fall of 2018, when the remains of Hurricane Michael dumped over five inches of rain on the area in the span of only a few hours. The most severe flooding in the city's history occurred on November 4, 1985, when heavy storms from Hurricane Juan stalled over

4928-429: The third-largest municipal park in America at 12,700 acres (51 km ), lies in northeast Roanoke County and southwest Botetourt County . Smith Mountain Lake is several miles southeast of the city, and the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests are nearby. Outdoor pursuits in the region include hiking, mountain biking , cross-country running, canoeing, kayaking , fly fishing, and disc golf . Roanoke

5005-457: The thousands of people employed in that field regionally. Night-vision device makers Elbit Systems and the fiber optics company Luna Innovations are among the advanced manufacturers in the area. According to Roanoke's 2023 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: Serving as a hub for arts and culture in Southwest Virginia, Roanoke is home to several museums and cultural institutions in addition to being

5082-466: The top of Mill Mountain in celebration of the upcoming Christmas shopping season. The star was an immediate hit among the city's population, leading to its illumination year-round and earning the city its nickname of "Star City of the South". Despite the popularity boost for the merchants association, shopping habits in Roanoke were becoming more fractured as suburban shopping centers drew patrons away from an increasingly vacant downtown. Crossroads Mall,

5159-566: The town became the City of Roanoke. With a population that ballooned from under 700 residents in 1880 to over 16,000 in 1890 – and earning itself the nickname "The Magic City" in the process – Roanoke suffered many of the same difficulties that affected other 19th century boomtowns . Its infrastructure was essentially nonexistent, and a lack of sewers combined with the area's marshy terrain contributed to regular outbreaks of diphtheria and cholera . Bond initiatives designed to alleviate these and other issues highlighted racial tensions in

5236-463: The town from scratch, including railroad shops, offices, a hotel, and suitable housing for their many employees. In the early 1880s, Big Lick's residents voted to rename the town "Kimball" after Frederick J. Kimball , an executive for the two railroad companies who played a significant role in their new location. Kimball turned down the honor, saying, "On the Roanoke River in Roanoke County – name it Roanoke." The town obliged, officially becoming

5313-412: Was $ 45,664, and the median family income was $ 55,345. The per capita income was $ 29,585. About 20.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.2% of those under age 18 and 12.3% of those age 65 or over. Roanoke's economy was long closely linked to its status as the headquarters for the Norfolk and Western Railway . As time progressed, manufacturing and mining businesses contributed to

5390-459: Was 100,011, making it the most-populous city in Virginia west of the state capital Richmond . It is the primary population center of the Roanoke metropolitan area , which had a population of 315,251 in 2020. The Roanoke Valley was originally home to members of the Siouan -speaking Tutelo tribe. However, in the 17th and early-to-mid 18th centuries, Scotch-Irish and later German American farmers gradually drove those Native Americans out of

5467-469: Was 2,352.0 inhabitants per square mile (908.1/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 55.94% White , 27.07% African American , 0.21% Native American , 2.46% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 0.52% from other races , and 5.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.48% of the population. Among the city's households, 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 30.4% were married couples living together, while 37.4% had

5544-521: Was designed by Los Angeles-based architect Randall Stout , who earlier in his career worked under Frank Gehry . Though the building's avant-garde design was controversial, it has since won international praise for its architecture. Also located downtown is the Virginia Museum of Transportation , which houses many locomotives that were built in Roanoke by the Norfolk & Western Railway, including

5621-586: Was established in 1953. The orchestra performs out of the Berglund Performing Arts Theatre, Salem Civic Center, and Shaftman Performance Hall at Jefferson Center. Roanoke is the largest metropolitan area on the Blue Ridge Parkway, a 469-mile-long scenic road that is the most-visited element of the National Park System . The Mill Mountain Parkway exit off of the Blue Ridge Parkway leads to

5698-504: Was forced to flee the city out of fear for his life and only returned a week later after the national press condemned the riot and praised Trout's courage during the event. Despite these and other setbacks, the city grew through the early 20th century, both in area and population. In addition to the land gained in its 1882 town charter, relatively unopposed annexations occurred five more times by 1926, though Roanoke County would become less agreeable to later attempts. Mill Mountain became

5775-472: Was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Just below the church lies the Hotel Roanoke, a historic 330-room Tudor Revival hotel originally built by the Norfolk and Western Railway in 1882 and rebuilt and expanded many times since. Nicknamed the "Grand Old Lady", the hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. A pedestrian bridge leads from the Hotel Roanoke to

5852-404: Was made with the help of a $ 15.2 million donation from Nicholas and Jenny Taubman , whose family had established Advance Auto Parts in Roanoke in the 1930s. As a result, the museum was renamed the Taubman Museum of Art . The art museum features 19th and 20th century American art, contemporary and modern art, decorative arts, and works on paper. The 75,000-square-foot (7,000 m ) facility

5929-467: Was named after the salt deposits that had drawn game to the area for years. Gainesborough increasingly became referred to as Big Lick (and later as Old Lick) once development drifted farther south towards the depot. Growth in the area was stalled by the Civil War ; Roanoke County voted 850–0 in favor of secession and lost many of its men in the subsequent fighting. The burgeoning tobacco trade helped

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