165-779: The West Norfolk Militia was an auxiliary military regiment in the English county of Norfolk in East Anglia . First organised during the Seven Years' War it carried out internal security and home defence duties in all of Britain's major wars. It later became a battalion of the Norfolk Regiment , served in South Africa during the Second Boer War , and supplied thousands of recruits to the fighting battalions during World War I . After 1921
330-517: A Gross Domestic Product of £ 9,319 million, which represents 1.5% of England's economy and 1.25% of the United Kingdom's economy. The GDP per head was £11,825, compared to £13,635 for East Anglia, £12,845 for England and £12,438 for the United Kingdom. In 1999–2000 the county had an unemployment rate of 5.6%, compared to 5.8% for England and 6.0% for the UK. Data from 2017 provided a useful update on
495-567: A saffron grower. Over 20% of employment in the county is in the agricultural and food industries. Well-known companies in Norfolk are Aviva (formerly Norwich Union ), Colman's (part of Unilever ), Lotus Cars and Bernard Matthews Farms . The Construction Industry Training Board is based on the former airfield of RAF Bircham Newton . Brewer Greene King, food producer Cranswick and feed supplier ForFarmers [ nl ] were seeing growth in 2016–2017. A local enterprise partnership
660-567: A column of approximately 1,500 regular troops, 200 cavalry, and a group of New French militia—some 3,000 men in all—upriver to Cap-Rouge to monitor the British ships upstream. He further strengthened his defences of the Beauport shore following the abandonment of the British camp at Montmorency, which he regarded as preparations for a descent (amphibious attack) on Beauport. In spite of warnings from local commanders, he did not view an upstream landing as
825-589: A deciding moment in the conflict between France and Britain over the fate of New France , influencing the later creation of Canada . The culmination of a three-month siege by the British, the battle lasted about an hour. British troops commanded by General James Wolfe successfully resisted the column advance of French troops and Canadian militia under General Louis-Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm , employing new tactics that proved extremely effective against standard military formations used in most large European conflicts. Both generals were mortally wounded during
990-465: A disciplined soldiery, painstakingly drilled for as long as 18 months on the parade ground, trained to march in time, change formation at a word, and retain cohesion in the face of bayonet charges and musket volleys. Though his regular regiments (the "troupes de terre" or "metropolitans") were adept at such formal warfare, in the course of the campaign their ranks had been replenished by less professional militiamen, whose talents at forest warfare emphasised
1155-502: A disorganised pursuit of the retreating French troops. The 78th Fraser Highlanders were ordered by Brigadier-General James Murray to pursue the French with their swords , but were met near the city by a heavy fire from a floating battery covering the bridge over the St. Charles River as well as militia that remained in the trees. The 78th took the highest number of casualties of all British units in
1320-663: A drill manual, A Plan of Discipline, Composed for the Use of the Militia of the County of Norfolk , probably drawing on Townshend's knowledge, and which Townshend revised in 1768 after Windham's death. This is said to have become one of the most important drill manuals employed during the American Revolution. However, a report on the West Norfolks said that the officers were not well chosen, and
1485-597: A fifth generation crabman, who sells Cromer Crabs to eateries such as M Restaurants and the Blueprint Café. The problem that he has found is attracting young people to this small industry which calls for working many hours per week during the season. Lobster trapping also continued in North Norfolk, around Sheringham and Cromer , for example. Norfolk's low-lying land and easily eroded cliffs, many of which are composed of chalk and clay, make it vulnerable to weathering by
1650-574: A formidable barrier. In addition, a screen of trees along the Montmorency River made an approach on that route dangerous. On 31 July, the first serious attempt by Wolfe's troops to land on the northern shore led to the Battle of Beauport , also known as the Battle of Montmorency. Approximately 3,500 troops, supported by a heavy bombardment, attempted to land but were fired upon in the river shallows. Members of
1815-439: A landing would force Montcalm to fight, as a British force on the north shore of the St. Lawrence would cut his supply lines to Montreal. Initial suggestions for landing sites ranged as far as 32 km (20 mi) up the St. Lawrence, which would have given the French troops one or two days to prepare for the attack. Following the failed British assault on Montmorency , Montcalm altered his deployment, sending Bougainville and
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#17328553406261980-537: A large cadre of permanent staff (about 30) and a number of the officers were former Regulars. Around a third of the recruits and many young officers went on to join the Regular Army. The Militia Reserve introduced in 1867 consisted of present and former militiamen who undertook to serve overseas in case of war. They were called out in 1878 during the international crisis caused by the Russo-Turkish War . Following
2145-408: A large amount. The results were good by 18th Century standards of musketry: on one occasion in 1780 130 shots out of 600 hit the target. One company that consistently won the shooting competitions was accused of loading with two balls instead of one, so Orford carried out experiments to see if this was a good idea. A frequent task for the militia was chasing smugglers. While camped at Aldeburgh in 1779
2310-450: A large portion of the river, including a dangerous channel known as The Traverse. Cook's ship was one of the first ships up the river, sounding the channel and guiding the fleet as it moved up; Wolfe and his men landed on the Île d'Orléans on 28 June. The French attempted to attack the fleet by sending seven fire ships downriver to disrupt the landing, but the ships were set afire too early and British sailors in longboats were able to pull
2475-597: A large scale. By the 5th century the Angles had established control of the region and later became the "north folk" and the "south folk"; hence "Norfolk" and " Suffolk ". Norfolk, Suffolk and several adjacent areas became the kingdom of East Anglia (one of the heptarchy ), which later merged with Mercia and then with Wessex . The influence of the early English settlers can be seen in the many place names ending in "-ham", "-ingham" and "-ton". Endings such as "-by" and "-thorpe" are also fairly common, indicating Danish toponyms: in
2640-577: A letter giving details of the next run. Again, a detachment was sent to camp at the landing point, to deter a cutter that was hovering offshore. Orford remarked that the clergy, lawyers and doctors of the area were all smugglers, and in Aldeburgh itself every inhabitant was one except the Parson . The government always took the precaution of stationing the militia outside their own counties, so that they would not be called upon to fight their friends and relations. When
2805-438: A new attack was needed by the end of September, or Britain's opportunity would be lost. In addition, his frustration with Montcalm's defensive stance continued to grow. In a letter to his mother, Wolfe wrote, "The Marquis of Montcalm is at the head of a great number of bad soldiers, and I am at the head of a small number of good ones that wish for nothing so much as to fight him; but the wary old fellow avoids an action, doubtful of
2970-651: A rapid and fatiguing march. The East and West Norfolks with the Royal Buckinghamshire Militia formed Maj-Gen Baird's Brigade. Large numbers of militia were recruited into the Regulars during 1805, and recourse was made to the ballot to make up the numbers, when large amounts were paid for substitutes, though the establishments of the Norfolk regiments were reduced to the numbers before the Supplementaries were added (98 NCOs and drummers, 786 privates). During
3135-416: A serious possibility. The British, meanwhile, prepared for their risky deployment upstream. Troops had already been aboard landing ships and drifting up and down the river for several days when Wolfe on 12 September, made a final decision on the British landing site, selecting L' Anse-au-Foulon . L'Anse-au-Foulon is a cove situated west of the city, three kilometres upstream from Cap Diamant . It lies at
3300-488: A shallow horseshoe formation that stretched across the width of the Plains, the main firing line being roughly one kilometre long. Two battalions were deployed, facing north, to cover the left flank and a further two formed a reserve. In order to cover the entire plain, Wolfe was forced to array his soldiers two ranks deep, rather than the more conventional three ranks. On the left wing, regiments under Townshend exchanged fire with
3465-407: A slope. A group of 24 volunteers led by Colonel William Howe with fixed bayonets were sent to clear the picket along the road, and climbed the slope, a manoeuvre that allowed them to come up behind Vergor's camp and capture it quickly. Wolfe followed an hour later when he could use an easy access road to climb to the plain. Thus, by the time the sun rose over the Plains of Abraham, Wolfe's army had
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#17328553406263630-409: A solid foothold at the top of the cliffs of the promontory of Quebec . The plateau was undefended save for Vergor's camp, as Vaudreuil had ordered one of the French regiments to relocate to the east of the city not long before the landing. Had the immediate defenders been more numerous, the British might have been unable to deploy or even been pushed back. An officer who would normally have patrolled
3795-562: A strength of 22 officers and 503 other ranks (ORs) under the command of Col F.H. Custance. It arrived at Cape Town and then sailed on to East London where it disembarked on 21 March 1900. On 4 April it concentrated at Bethulie in the Orange Free State and then went to Springfontein and Edenburg , dropping off small detachments to guard bridges and culverts along the way. On 13 July the battalion moved to Kaffir River, between Edenburg and Bloemfontein , battalion HQ remaining there for
3960-547: A whole generation, and became regiments of full-time professional soldiers (though restricted to service in the British Isles ), which the Regular Army increasingly saw as a prime source of recruits. They served in coast defences, manned garrisons, guarded prisoners of war, and carried out internal security duties, while their traditional local defence duties were taken over by the Volunteers and mounted Yeomanry . In August 1793
4125-460: A wonderful escape all day, we suffered great loss both in Officers and men but at last drove them under the cover of their cannon which likeways did us considerable loss. Townshend took charge of the British forces and realised that Bougainville's column was approaching from the British rear, having taken some time to arrive from Cap Rouge. He quickly formed up two battalions from the confused troops on
4290-570: A year while the blockhouse line was established, with Col Custance appointed commandant of the 50 miles (80 km) section. The line was often attacked, the Kaffir River being a favourite spot for Boer despatch riders to try to cross the line. On 13 July 1901 the battalion proceeded to Norvalspont where the main line railway crossed the Orange River , and occupied the blockhouse line for 12 miles (19 km) south and 18 miles (29 km) north of
4455-402: A yeoman farmer, who was joined by recruits from Norwich and the surrounding countryside. His group numbered some 16,000 by the time the rebels stormed Norwich on 29 July 1549 and took the city. Kett's rebellion ended on 27 August when the rebels were defeated by an army under the leadership of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland at the Battle of Dussindale. Some 3,000 rebels were killed. Kett
4620-504: Is a non-metropolitan county with seven districts. The west of Norfolk is part of the Fens , an extremely flat former marsh. The centre of the county is gently undulating lowland; its northern coast is an area of outstanding natural beauty , and in the south is part of Thetford Forest . In the east are the Broads , a network of rivers and lakes which extend into Suffolk. The area is protected by
4785-532: Is administered by Norfolk County Council, which is the top tier local government authority, based at County Hall in Norwich. For details of the authority click on the link Norfolk County Council . Below Norfolk County Council the county is divided into seven second tier district councils: Breckland District , Broadland District , Great Yarmouth Borough , King's Lynn and West Norfolk Borough , North Norfolk District , Norwich City and South Norfolk District . Below
4950-596: Is controlled by the Labour Party and North Norfolk District by the Liberal Democrats . Norfolk County Council has been under Conservative control since 2017. There have been two periods when the council has not been run by the Conservative Party, both when no party had overall control, these were 1993–2001 and 2013–2017. For the full County Council election results for 2017 and previous elections click on
5115-574: Is largely based on agriculture and tourism. The area that was to become Norfolk was settled in pre-Roman times (there were Palaeolithic settlers as early as 950,000 years ago), with camps along the higher land in the west, where flints could be quarried. A Brittonic tribe, the Iceni , emerged in the 1st century BC . The Iceni revolted against the Roman invasion in AD 47, and again in 60 led by Boudica . The crushing of
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5280-492: Is served by these local newspapers: Before 2011, Norfolk had a completely comprehensive state education or "maintained" system managed by Norfolk County Council , with secondary school age from 11 to 16 or in some schools with sixth forms , 18 years old. Since then, a number of schools formerly in the "maintained" system have left it to become academies , or members of academy groups. Others have become free schools . Both academies and free schools are still publicly funded by
5445-476: The 28th Foot and the Louisbourg Grenadiers, had moved to a rise to observe the battle; he had been struck in the wrist early in the fight, but had wrapped the injury and continued on. Volunteer James Henderson, with the Louisbourg Grenadiers, had been tasked with holding the hill, and reported afterwards that within moments of the command to fire, Wolfe was struck with two shots, one low in the stomach and
5610-502: The 3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Norfolk Regiment , on 31 May 1908. On the outbreak of World War I on 4 August 1914 the battalion was embodied at Norwich under the command of Lt-Col W. Corrie Tonge, DSO . The first task of the permanent staff was to assist the depot staff at Britannia Barrack to call up, clothe and equip the Army Reservists: 800 had been processed by midnight on 6 August, of which 700 had been despatched in two drafts to
5775-658: The Articles of Capitulation of Quebec and the city was turned over to British control. The remaining French forces positioned themselves on the Jacques-Cartier River west of the city. The British Navy was forced to leave the St. Lawrence shortly after the capture of Quebec, lest pack ice close the mouth of the river. The next April, before the ice left the rivers, the Chevalier de Lévis, Montcalm's successor as French commander, marched his 7,000 troops to Quebec. James Murray,
5940-654: The Battle of Carillon , the British took Louisbourg in August, causing Atlantic Canada to fall into their hands, and opening the sea route to attack Quebec. The British also captured Fort Frontenac in the same month, costing the French supplies for the Ohio Valley campaign. When some of the Indian supporters of the French made peace with the British, France was forced to draw its troops back. The French leaders, specifically Governor de Vaudreuil and General Montcalm , were unsettled by
6105-634: The Beauport Shore . Montcalm and his staff, Major-General François de Gaston, Chevalier de Lévis , Colonel Louis Antoine de Bougainville , and Lieutenant-Colonel de Sennezergue, distributed some 12,000 troops in a nine-kilometre-long collection of fortified redoubts and batteries from the Saint-Charles River to the Montmorency Falls , along the shallows of the river in areas that had previously been targeted by British attempts to land. Before
6270-517: The Broads Authority and has similar status to a national park . The geology of the county includes clay and chalk deposits, which make its coast susceptible to erosion. There is evidence of Prehistoric settlement in Norfolk. In the Roman era the region was home to the Iceni , whose leader Boudica led a major revolt in AD60. The Angles settled the area in the fifth century, and it became part of
6435-468: The Conservative Party win the 2010 general election , they would reverse the decision. Following the 2010 general election , Eric Pickles was appointed Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government on 12 May 2010 in a Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government . According to press reports, he instructed his department to take urgent steps to reverse the decision and maintain
6600-509: The High Court , and on 21 June 2010 the court ( Mr. Justice Ouseley , judge) ruled it unlawful, and revoked it. The city has therefore failed to attain unitary status, and the two-tier arrangement of County and District Councils (with Norwich City Council counted among the latter) remains as of 2017. Norfolk's county town and only city is Norwich , one of the largest settlements in England during
6765-885: The Irish Rebellion , but their offer was not accepted. With the signing of the Treaty of Amiens the war ended and the militia were disembodied in 1802. However, the Peace of Amiens was short-lived and Britain declared war on France once more on 18 May 1803, the West and East Norfolk regiments having already been re-embodied at Yarmouth, East Dereham and Swaffham on 21 March. In June 1804 the West and East Norfolks, with other militia regiments, were stationed at Colchester , using Lexden Heath for parades. On 25 July 1804 both regiments marched from Colchester barracks and arrived at Coxheath Camp in Kent on 27 July after
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6930-575: The Kingdom of East Anglia . During the later Middle Ages the county was very prosperous and heavily involved in the wool trade ; this allowed the construction of many large churches . In 1549 Norfolk was the scene of Kett's Rebellion , which unsuccessfully protested the enclosure of land. The county was not heavily industrialised during the Industrial Revolution , and Norwich lost its status as one of England's largest cities. The contemporary economy
7095-727: The Louisbourg Grenadiers , who reached the beach, attempted a generally undisciplined charge on the French positions, but came under heavy fire; a thunderstorm ended the fight and allowed Wolfe to pull his troops back after taking some 450 casualties to Montcalm's 60. Some French officers felt the Montmorency defeat would be the last British attack; Vaudreuil wrote afterwards that "I have no more anxiety about Quebec. Wolfe, I assure you, will make no progress... He contented himself with losing about five hundred of his best soldiers." He predicted another attack would come within days. Others in
7260-548: The Norman era . Norwich is home to the University of East Anglia , and is the county's main business and culture centre. Other principal towns include the port town of King's Lynn and the seaside resort and Broads gateway town of Great Yarmouth . Battle of the Plains of Abraham The Battle of the Plains of Abraham , also known as the Battle of Quebec ( French : Bataille des Plaines d'Abraham, Première bataille de Québec ),
7425-770: The Plains of Abraham . British Army Main Line under Major General James Wolfe Right Wing under Brigadier General Robert Monckton Centre under Brigadier General James Murray Left Flank under Brigadier General George Townshend Colonials French forces engaged in the battle were commanded by Major General Louis Joseph de Saint Véran, Marquis de Montcalm commanding appx. 1,900 regulars, 1,500 militia and natives, and 4 field guns. Right Wing commanded by General Dumas Centre under Major General Louis Joseph de Saint Véran, Marquis de Montcalm Left Wing under General Senezergues Bougainville, tasked with
7590-841: The Tacolneston TV transmitter. However, northwestern parts of Norfolk including King's Lynn , Hunstanton and Wells-next-the-Sea are covered by BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire , broadcasting from Hull , and ITV Yorkshire , which broadcast from Leeds . The area receives its television signals from the Belmont TV transmitter. BBC Local Radio for the county is served by BBC Radio Norfolk . County-wide commercial radio stations are Heart East , Greatest Hits Radio East , Amber Radio , and Kiss . Community based stations are Future Radio (serving Norwich), Harbour Radio (for Great Yarmouth ), KL1 Radio (covering North West Norfolk ) and Poppyland Community Radio (serving North Norfolk ). Norfolk
7755-645: The Territorial Force battalions in the Harwich Defences. The first task for the SR brigade was to dig entrenchments and erect barbed wire to supplement the defences, after which intensive training began. As well as defence tasks, the battalion's role was to equip Special Reservists, new recruits and returning wounded and send them as reinforcement drafts to the regular battalions of the Norfolks serving overseas. At times
7920-518: The Tower of London on 7 October 1758 and paraded at Fakenham in November. Orford appointed Townshend as colonel of the 1st or Western Battalion and Sir Armine Wodehouse, 5th Baronet , of the 2nd or Eastern Battalion . The two battalions were embodied for fulltime service on 24 June 1759 and on 4 July marched by four 'divisions' (half battalions) to Portsmouth to do duty under Major General Holmes. Due to
8085-769: The invasion crisis of 1805 , while Napoleon assembled an expeditionary force across the English Channel at Boulogne , the Norfolk Militia were stationed in the Southern District (Sussex), the most vulnerable sector. Together with the Nottinghamshire Militia the East and West Norfolks formed a brigade under Maj Gen Alexander Mackenzie Fraser , defending Dungeness , with headquarters (HQ) in Winchelsea . On 1 September
8250-603: The 1st Battalion mobilising at Holywood in Northern Ireland, before proceeding to the Western Front . On 8 August the SR battalion was mobilised with a strength of about 600 and next day it went to its war station at Felixstowe where together with the SR battalions of the Suffolk Regiment , Bedfordshire Regiment , Essex Regiment and Loyal North Lancashire Regiment , the 3rd Bn Norfolks formed an SR brigade to relieve
8415-481: The 2017 General Election the 2015 result was repeated. In the 2024 General Election, Norfolk became the only county in the United Kingdom to be represented by MPs from five different parties. In October 2006, the Department for Communities and Local Government produced a Local Government White Paper inviting councils to submit proposals for unitary restructuring. In January 2007 Norwich submitted its proposal, but this
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#17328553406268580-474: The 2nd Dorset Regiment to form a 'Composite English Battalion' in 21st Indian Brigade of 7th (Meerut) Division . This battalion was nicknamed the 'Norsets' and fought in the desperate attempts to break through to Kut. After the fall of Kut the Norsets continued in service until further reinforcements arrived and the 2nd Norfolks and 2nd Dorsets were reconstituted. Under War Office Instruction 106 of 10 November 1915
8745-720: The 3rd (Reserve) Bn in the Harwich defences formed the 10th (Service) Bn, Norfolk Regiment at Walton-on-the-Naze in October. It became part of 94th Brigade in 31st Division. In April 1915 the War Office decided to convert the K4 battalions into 2nd Reserve units, providing drafts for the K1–K3 battalions in the same way that the SR was doing for the Regular battalions. 94th Brigade became 6th Reserve Brigade and
8910-476: The 3rd Bn was moved to Ireland, where it was quartered in Victoria Barracks, Belfast . Its role was peacekeeping between the different religious communities during the crisis preceding the Partition of Ireland . Between March and July the 3rd Bn was progressively turned into the peacetime Regular 1st Bn, after which battalion HQ was absorbed by the 1st Bn and returned to England to be disembodied. After Lord Kitchener issued his call for volunteers in August 1914,
9075-509: The 3rd Bn was ordered to send a draft of 109 men to the new Machine Gun Training Centre at Grantham where they were to form the basis of a brigade machine-gun company of the new Machine Gun Corps . In addition, 10 men at a time were to undergo training at Grantham as battalion machine gunners. The order stated that 'Great care should be taken in the selection of men for training as machine gunners as only well educated and intelligent men are suitable for this work'. No invasion force ever threatened
9240-507: The 9th century the region again came under attack, this time from Danes who killed the king, Edmund the Martyr . Several place names around the Fenland area contain Celtic elements; this has been taken by some scholars to represent a possibly significant concentration of Britons in the area. In the centuries before the Norman Conquest the wetlands of the east of the county began to be converted to farmland, and settlements grew in these areas. Migration into East Anglia must have been high: by
9405-485: The Beauport shore. He arrayed his approximately 3,500 soldiers into place, his best regulars three deep, others six deep and his poorest regiment in column. At approximately 10 a.m., Montcalm, riding his dark horse and waving his sword to encourage his men, ordered a general advance on the British line. As a European-trained military leader, Montcalm's instinct was for large, set-piece battles in which regiments and soldiers moved in precise order. Such actions required
9570-426: The Boundary Committee recommended a single unitary authority covering all of Norfolk, including Norwich. However, on 10 February 2010, it was announced that, contrary to the December 2009 recommendation of the Boundary Committee, Norwich would be given separate unitary status. The proposed change was strongly resisted, principally by Norfolk County Council and the Conservative opposition in Parliament. Reacting to
9735-438: The British commander, had experienced a terrible winter, in which scurvy had reduced his garrison to only 4,000. On 28 April, Lévis' forces met and defeated the British at the Battle of Sainte-Foy , immediately west of the city (near the site of Université Laval today). This battle proved bloodier than that of the Plains of Abraham, with about 850 casualties on the French side and 1,100 on the British side. The French had defeated
9900-440: The British successes. However, Quebec was still able to protect itself as the British prepared a three-pronged attack for 1759. James Wolfe expected to lead 12,000 men, but was greeted by only approximately 7,000 regular troops, 400 officers , and 300 gunners. He was supported by a fleet of 49 ships and 140 smaller craft led by Admiral Charles Saunders . In preparation for the fleet's approach to Quebec, James Cook surveyed
10065-402: The British suffered 658 killed or wounded, of these, 61 were killed and 597 were wounded. The French casualties was between 644 to 716 killed or wounded, among those thirteen officers, and a further 350 men were taken prisoner. In the wake of the battle, a state of confusion spread through the French troops. Governor de Vaudreuil , who later wrote to his government and put the full blame for
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#173285534062610230-403: The British, a small fleet of supply ships had arrived in Quebec with much-needed supplies. Those supplies, along with 500 reinforcements, likely aided French resistance during the lengthy siege. Wolfe, on surveying the town of Beauport, found that the houses there had been barricaded and organized to allow for musket fire from within; they were built in an unbroken line along the road, providing
10395-442: The British, but the British were able to withdraw within the walls of Quebec, to which the French laid siege . A lack of artillery and ammunition, combined with British improvements to the fortifications, meant that the French were unable to take the city by storm. Both sides awaited reinforcements from Europe. The first ships to arrive, in mid-May, were part of a British fleet which had defeated Levis' support ships . The success of
10560-523: The Cardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the Army List from December 1875. This assigned Regular and Militia units to places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The West and East Norfolk Militia were both assigned to 1st Brigade of 2nd Division, VII Corps . The brigade would have mustered at Northampton in time of war. The Childers Reforms of 1881 completed
10725-405: The Cardwell process by converting the Regular regiments into county regiments and incorporating the militia battalions into them. The 9th Foot became the Norfolk Regiment with the following organisation: Britannia Barracks , which took its name from the regimental badge, was built between 1885 and 1887 on Mousehold Heath at the edge of Norwich as a depot for the Norfolk Regiment and this became
10890-438: The Department of Education but are not with county council management. In many of the rural areas, there is no nearby sixth form, and so sixth form colleges are found in larger towns. There are twelve private , or private schools, including Gresham's School in Holt in the north of the county, Thetford Grammar School in Thetford , which is Britain's fifth oldest extant school , Langley School in Loddon , and several in
11055-611: The French failed to take the city and in 1763, following defeat in the Montreal campaign , France ceded most of its possessions in eastern North America to Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris . The decisive success of the British forces on the Plains of Abraham and the subsequent capture of Quebec became part of what was known in Great Britain as the " Annus Mirabilis " of 1759. As the Seven Years' War entered its later stages through 1758 and 1759, French forces and colonies in northeastern North America came under renewed attack from British armies. In 1758 after their defeat in July at
11220-449: The French camp felt the campaign was over. For the remainder of the summer, Wolfe's focus changed, possibly due to frustration with Montcalm's tactics. Wolfe's troops, along with American Rangers , attacked and destroyed small French settlements along the St. Lawrence. An estimated 1,400 stone houses and manors were destroyed, and many colonists killed. The effort was likely an attempt to force Montcalm's army out of its fortifications, but
11385-507: The French rout on the deceased Montcalm, decided to abandon Quebec and the Beauport shore, ordering all of his forces to march west and eventually join up with Bougainville, leaving the garrison in Quebec under the command of Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Roch de Ramezay . Meanwhile, the British, first under the command of Townshend and later with Murray in charge, settled in to besiege the city in conjunction with Saunders' fleet. Within days, on 18 September, de Ramezay, Townshend and Saunders signed
11550-469: The General had, he has changed his mind as to the place he intended to land". In his final letter, dated HMS Sutherland , 8:30 p.m. 12 September, Wolfe wrote: I had the honour to inform you today that it is my duty to attack the French army. To the best of my knowledge and ability, I have fixed upon that spot where we can act with most force and are most likely to succeed. If I am mistaken I am sorry for it and must be answerable to His Majesty and
11715-405: The Harwich Defences during the war, but from January 1915 German airships and later aircraft were sometimes seen passing over the coast. On 4 July and 22 July 1917 squadrons of aircraft bombed the Felixstowe area, causing numerous casualties among the garrison and civilians, though the Norfolks escaped unscathed. Hostilities ended with the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, but in March 1919
11880-526: The Militia Ballot might be used if the counties failed to meet their quotas). Training was for 56 days on enlistment, then for 21–28 days per year, during which the men received full army pay. Under the Act, Militia units could be embodied by Royal Proclamation for full-time home defence service in three circumstances: The West and East Norfolk Militia regiments were reformed in 1853, and a Norfolk Artillery Militia
12045-520: The Norfolk Chamber of Commerce made this comment: "At a time when Norfolk firms face steep up-front costs, the apprenticeship system is in crisis, roads are being allowed to crumble, mobile phone and broadband 'not-spots' are multiplying, it's obvious that the key to improved productivity and competitiveness lies in getting the basics right". The solution was seen as a need for the UK government to provide "a far stronger domestic economic agenda ... to fix
12210-499: The Norfolk battalion became 10th (Reserve) Battalion , at Colchester , where it trained drafts for the 7th, 8th and 9th (Service) Bns of the regiment. In March 1916 it returned to Parkeston , Harwich. On 1 September 1916 the 2nd Reserve battalions were transferred to the Training Reserve (TR) and the battalion was redesignated 25th Training Reserve Bn , still in 6th Reserve Bde. The training staff retained their Norfolks badges. It
12375-487: The St. Charles River. While the regular French forces were approaching from Beauport and Quebec, the Canadian militia and native sharpshooters engaged the British left flank, sheltering in the trees and scrub; the militia held these positions throughout the battle and fell back on this line during the general retreat, eventually holding the bridge over the St. Charles River. Of the British troops, approximately 3,300 formed into
12540-903: The West Norfolk Militia, Sgt Major Frederick Cassell and Sgt Robert Ward, are recorded to have been killed in the Thorpe rail accident whilst returning from a fishing trip. Their bodies were recovered and they were buried with full military honours. Ward had previously been in the Coldstream Guards . Under the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, militia regiments were brigaded with their local Regular and Volunteer battalions. Sub-District No 31 (County of Norfolk) set up its depot at Gorleston Barracks at Great Yarmouth. It comprised: Militia battalions now had
12705-753: The West Norfolk regiment, with 8 companies, was at Lexden Camp in Essex , along with the East Kent and South Lincolnshire Militia. In May 1794 the regiment was in camp at Danbury, Essex , in June 1795 at a large camp at Warley , Essex, under Lt-Gen Cornwallis, and it was at Shorncliffe Army Camp in Kent in October 1796. In September 1798 the officers and most of the men of the West Norfolk Militia volunteered for service in Ireland during
12870-408: The West Norfolks sent a party 4 miles (6.4 km) up the coast to intercept a cutter that was landing contraband. They were too late to intercept the boat, but found casks of spirits hidden in a cave. A party was left to prevent more landings. A little later a landing was made at Dunwich, and 20 militiamen mounted on baggage horses chased the smugglers for 40 miles (64 km) in 4 hours, capturing
13035-573: The West Norfolks had 712 men under Lt Col George Nelthorpe at Clifford Camp, together with five companies of the East Norfolks. The West Norfolks were inspected at Canterbury by the Commander-in-Chief , the Duke of York , in August 1806. On 16 August 1809 the West Norfolk Militia, under the command of Col Walpole (now the 2nd Earl of Orford of the third creation), marched from Colchester into Norwich,
13200-499: The adjutant had been incapacitated by a stroke. Hilsea Barracks proved to be infected with Smallpox , Dysentery and Typhus , and the men from isolated Norfolk villages with little immunity succumbed in large numbers. Casualties were severe, and those who did not die suffered long convalescences. In October the Norfolks were relieved by the Warwickshire Militia, but only after the barracks had been thoroughly cleaned. During
13365-608: The announcement, Norfolk County Council issued a statement that it would seek leave to challenge the decision in the courts. A letter was leaked to the local media in which the Permanent Secretary for the Department for Communities and Local Government noted that the decision did not meet all the criteria and that the risk of it "being successfully challenged in judicial review proceedings is very high". The Shadow Local Government and Planning Minister, Bob Neill , stated that should
13530-465: The army until daylight, remarking, "It is not to be supposed that the enemies have wings so that they can in the same night cross the river, disembark, climb the obstructed acclivity, and scale the walls, for which last operation they would have to carry ladders." Sentries did detect boats moving along the river that morning, but they were expecting a French supply convoy to pass that night—a plan that had been changed without Vergor being notified. When
13695-472: The army was sent to quell the Indian Mutiny . It was embodied on 10 November 1857, about 700 strong. On 23 December Battalion HQ and three companies under Lt-Col Custance went by rail to Chester , three companies under Maj Bedingfield to Liverpool and the other two under Capt Marsham to Stockport . In April 1858 the regiment returned to Norwich and was disembodied shortly afterwards. Two serving members of
13860-471: The autumn of 1759–60 the Norfolk companies were first dispersed in billets across Hampshire and Surrey , and then in November they were marched to Cirencester in Gloucestershire , where they were joined by a recruiting party and recruits from Norwich. Thereafter the battalions were posted to various towns for garrison duty and to guard prisoners. On 28 May 1761 King George granted Regimental colours to
14025-549: The base for the 3rd Bn. The 3rd and 4th Battalions Norfolks, the Norfolk Artillery Militia, and the 3rd (West Suffolk Militia) Battalion, Suffolk Regiment , were brigaded together at Great Yarmouth for annual training in 1899. With the bulk of the Regular Army serving in South Africa during the Second Boer War , the Militia were called out. The 3rd Battalion was embodied on 25 January 1900 The battalion volunteered for overseas service and on 25 February embarked with
14190-720: The battalion. The battalion was awarded the Battle Honour South Africa 1900–02 and the men received the Queen's South Africa Medal with the clasps for 'Cape Colony' and 'Orange Free State', and the King's South Africa Medal with clasps for '1901' and '1902'. After the Boer War, the future of the militia was called into question. There were moves to reform the Auxiliary Forces (Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteers) to take their place in
14355-436: The battalions of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd New Armies ('K1', 'K2' and 'K3' of ' Kitchener's Army ') were quickly formed at the regimental depots, which struggled to cope with the influx of volunteers. The SR battalions also swelled with new recruits and were soon well above their establishment strength. On 8 October 1914 each SR battalion was ordered to use the surplus to form a service battalion of the 4th New Army ('K4'). Accordingly,
14520-420: The battle. An eyewitness with the 78th Highlanders (Dr Robert Macpherson) wrote three days after the battle: The Highlanders pursued them to the very Sally Port of the town. The Highlanders returned towards the main body. When the highlanders were gathered together, they lay'd on a separate attack against a large body of Canadians on our flank that were posted in a small village and a Bush of woods. Here, after
14685-401: The battle; Wolfe died of gunshot wounds just as the French began to retreat and Montcalm died the next morning after receiving a musket ball wound just below his ribs. In the wake of the battle, the French evacuated the city. The French forces would attempt to recapture Quebec the following spring, and in the Battle of Sainte-Foy , they forced the British to retreat within the walls. However,
14850-403: The behaviour of his army." Montcalm also expressed frustration over the long siege, relating that he and his troops slept clothed and booted, and his horse was always saddled in preparation for an attack. After considering and rejecting a number of plans for landings on the north shore, a decision was made in late August by Wolfe and his brigadiers to land upriver of the city. If successful, such
15015-512: The boats, loaded with the first wave of British troops, were challenged, a French-speaking officer, either a Captain Fraser or Captain Donald McDonald of the 78th Fraser Highlanders , was able to answer the challenge in excellent French, allaying suspicion. The boats, however, had drifted slightly off course: instead of landing at the base of the road, many soldiers found themselves at the base of
15180-449: The bottom of a 53 m (174 ft) high cliff leading to the plateau above, and was protected by a battery of guns. It is not known why Wolfe selected Foulon, as the original landing site was to be further up the river, in a position where the British would be able to develop a foothold and strike at Bougainville's force to draw Montcalm out of Quebec and onto the plains. Brigadier-General George Townshend wrote that "by some intelligence
15345-471: The camp and in escorting prisoners there from Yarmouth. Lieutenant Thomas Borrow of the West Norfolk Militia, father of the author George Borrow , was quartered at Norman Cross from July 1811 to April 1813 and George spent his ninth and tenth years in the barracks there. He later dramatised the prison in his book Lavengro . By April 1813 the regiment was stationed at Berwick-upon-Tweed , and from there it went to Edinburgh Castle . The West Norfolk Militia
15510-591: The city centre, next to the River Wensum . The City College Norwich and the College of West Anglia are colleges covering Norwich and King's Lynn as well as Norfolk as a whole. Easton & Otley College , 7 mi (11 km) west of Norwich, provides agriculture-based courses for the county, parts of Suffolk , and nationally. The University of Suffolk also runs higher education courses in Norfolk, from multiple locations including Great Yarmouth College . Norfolk
15675-463: The city of Norwich, including Norwich School and Norwich High School for Girls . The King's Lynn district has the largest school population. Norfolk is also home to Wymondham College , the UK's largest remaining state boarding school . The University of East Anglia is located on the outskirts of Norwich, and Norwich University of the Arts is based in seven buildings in and around St George's Street in
15840-534: The city to Wolfe, he instead elected to confront Wolfe's force directly. Had he waited, the British would have been entirely cut off—they had nowhere to go but back down the Foulon, and would have been under fire the entire way. To an artillery officer named Montbelliard, Montcalm explained his decision thus: "We cannot avoid action; the enemy is entrenching, he already has two pieces of cannon. If we give him time to establish himself, we shall never be able to attack him with
16005-428: The cliffs regularly through the night was unable to on the night of the 12th because one of his horses had been stolen and his two others were lame. The first notice of the landing came from a runner who had fled from Vergor's camp, but one of Montcalm's aides felt the man was mad and sent him away, then went back to bed. Saunders had staged a diversionary action off Montmorency, firing on the shore emplacements through
16170-538: The command from July 1917 to July 1919. 3rd Norfolks spent the whole war in the Harwich Garrison, sending drafts to the fighting battalions: 724 officers passed through the battalion, 13,029 ORs were sent to battalions of the Norfolks, and 5854 to other units, many to the Essex Regiment. In June–July 1915 a draft of 300 volunteers from the battalion for the 1st Essex was aboard HM Transport Royal Edward when she
16335-597: The country was threatened with invasion by the Americans' allies, France and Spain. Orford ordered the Norfolk Militia to assemble on 13 April 1778 and he took personal command of the Western battalion. On its first assembly, Orford dismissed 20 'misshapen, underlimbed, distempered men' and told his deputies to send only 'sizeable, able-bodied men'. The battalion was reviewed on Mousehold Heath outside Norwich by Lt-Gen Sir Richard Pierson in mid-May. It became normal policy to gather
16500-500: The county's economy. The median hourly gross pay was £12.17 and the median weekly pay was £496.80; on a per year basis, the median gross income was £25,458. The employment rate among persons aged 16 to 64 was 74.2% while the unemployment rate was 4.6%. The Norfolk economy was "treading water with manufacturing sales and recruitment remaining static in the first quarter of the year" according to research published in April 2018. A spokesperson for
16665-474: The death of his father. His lt-col was George Nelthorpe, who had been appointed in 1799, and both retained these positions until after the 1852 reforms. The Militia of the United Kingdom was revived by the Militia Act 1852 , enacted during a renewed period of international tension. As before, units were raised and administered on a county basis, and filled by voluntary enlistment (although conscription by means of
16830-466: The defence of the large area between Cap Diamant and Cap Rouge , was upstream with his troops at Cap Rouge on the night of 12 September, and missed seeing numerous British ships moving downstream. A camp of approximately 100 militia led by Captain Louis Du Pont Duchambon de Vergor , who had unsuccessfully faced the British four years previously at Fort Beauséjour , had been assigned to watch
16995-591: The departure of the Romans. Soon afterward, Germanic peoples from the North Sea area settled in the region. Though they became known as Angles , they were likely not affiliated to any tribe in particular at the time of their migration. It is thought that the settlement here was early (possibly beginning at the start of the fifth century, thereby preceding the alleged date of Hengist and Horsa 's arrival in Kent) and that it occurred on
17160-501: The engagement. Captain John Knox , serving with the 43rd Foot, wrote in his journal that as the French came within range, the regiments "gave them, with great calmness, as remarkable a close and heavy discharge as I ever saw". After the first volley, the British lines marched forward a few paces towards the shocked French force and fired a second general volley that shattered the attackers and sent them into retreat. Wolfe, positioned with
17325-420: The field and turned them to meet the oncoming French, a day-saving manoeuvre; instead of attacking with a well rested and ready force, Bougainville retreated while the rest of Montcalm's army slipped back across the St. Charles. During the retreat, Montcalm, still mounted, was struck by either canister shot from the British artillery or repeated musket fire, suffering injuries to the lower abdomen and thigh. He
17490-411: The first boat to board. At the end of the camp the inspecting officer observed that 'they must have been a great deal manoeuvred and likely to be ready and attentive to orders in the noise and confusion of service', though he complained that they were not so good on parade. Orford was keen on marksmanship, and his 600-strong regiment used some 14,000 rounds of ammunition each camping season, then considered
17655-423: The first landing party succeeded in their mission and the army was able to follow, such a deployment would still leave his forces inside the French line of defence with no immediate retreat but the river. It is possible that Wolfe's decision to change the landing site was owing less to a desire for secrecy and more to his general disdain for his brigadiers (a feeling that was reciprocated); it is also possible that he
17820-558: The first of the reformed militia regiments 'which offered to march wherever they might be most serviceable to the public defence', and the King ordered that they 'should be distinguished by the title of Militia Royal', but this was never done. The Prince of Wales (soon to be King George III) also showed the Norfolk Militia favour. By August the divisions of the two battalions were alternately guarding prisoners of war and undergoing training. While at Hilsea Barracks , Portsmouth, Windham published
17985-454: The first time the regiment had been stationed in the city for nearly 30 years. In May 1811 they were at King's Lynn and in December that year they were at Woodbridge, Suffolk , from where they went to Harwich . A purpose-built Prisoner-of-war camp , the first of its type, was provided at Norman Cross , near Peterborough . Detachments of the Norfolk Militia became heavily involved in operating
18150-444: The flaming craft clear of the fleet. The following day, Wolfe's troops landed on the south bank of the river at Point Levis , nearly directly across the river from Quebec; an artillery battery was established there in early July that nearly levelled the lower town by bombardment . Despite an air of defeatism among the leadership, the French troops and New French militia defenders focused their preparations for British attacks on
18315-650: The fundamentals needed for business to thrive here..." In 2017, tourism was adding £3.25 billion to the economy per year and supported some 65,000 jobs, being the fifth most important employment in Norfolk. The visitor economy had increased in value by more than £500 million since 2012. Important business sectors also include energy (oil, gas and renewables), advanced engineering and manufacturing, and food and farming. Much of Norfolk's fairly flat and fertile land has been drained for use as arable land . The principal arable crops are sugar beet , wheat, barley (for brewing) and oil seed rape . The county also boasts
18480-474: The greatest concentration in the world. The economy was in decline by the time of the Black Death , which dramatically reduced the population in 1349. Kett's Rebellion occurred in Norfolk during the reign of Edward VI , largely in response to the enclosure of land by landlords, leaving peasants with nowhere to graze their animals, and to the general abuses of power by the nobility. It was led by Robert Kett ,
18645-837: The growth of the Royal Air Force and the influx of the American USAAF 8th Air Force which operated from many Norfolk airfields . The local British Army regiments included the Royal Norfolk Regiment (now the Royal Anglian Regiment ) and the Norfolk Yeomanry . During the Second World War agriculture rapidly intensified, and it has remained very intensive since, with the establishment of large fields for growing cereals and oilseed rape . In 1998 Norfolk had
18810-470: The heat, they set off soon after midnight, but were described as being in good spirits. The Western Battalion would have been under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel William Windham , because Townshend was serving as a brigadier in Wolfe's expedition to Quebec . En route the two battalions passed through London and under Orford's command were reviewed by King George II in front of Kensington Palace . They were
18975-547: The impacts on the environment of various realignment options. The draft report of their research was leaked to the press, who created great anxiety by reporting that Natural England plan to abandon a large section of the Norfolk Broads, villages and farmland to the sea to save the rest of the Norfolk coastline from the impact of any adverse climate change . The county is covered by BBC East and ITV Anglia , which both broadcast from Norwich. Television signals are received from
19140-713: The individual: they tended to fire early and then drop to the ground to reload, thus reducing the effect of concentrated fire at close range. As the French approached, the British lines held their fire. Wolfe had devised a firing method for stopping French column advances in 1755 that called for the centre—in this case, the 43rd and 47th Foot regiments—to hold fire while waiting for the advancing force to approach within 30 yd (27 m), then open fire at close range. The French held their fire and both armies waited for two or three minutes. The French finally fired two disorganized volleys. Wolfe had ordered his soldiers to charge their muskets with two balls each in preparation for
19305-563: The link Norfolk County Council elections . The county is divided into ten parliamentary constituencies, with Waveney Valley straddling the border with Suffolk: In the 1945 United Kingdom general election , all seats in Norfolk were won by the Labour Party and the National Liberal Party . In the 2010 General Election seven seats were held by the Conservatives and two by the Liberal Democrats . The Labour Party no longer held
19470-476: The militia had only a shadowy existence until its final abolition in 1953. The universal obligation to military service in the Shire levy was long established in England and its legal basis was updated by two Acts of 1557 , which placed selected men, the ' Trained Bands ', under the command of Lords Lieutenant appointed by the monarch. This is seen as the starting date for the organised county militia in England . It
19635-407: The militia in the scrub and captured a small collection of houses and gristmill to anchor the line. The defenders pushed the British from one house, but were repelled and, in retreat, lit several houses on fire to keep them out of enemy hands. Smoke from these fires wound up masking the British left, and may have confused Montcalm as to the width of the lines. As Wolfe's men waited for the defenders,
19800-450: The militia regiments into encampments during the summer months where they could be exercised in larger formations, but the West Norfolks spent most of their embodied service camped by themselves on coast defence duties. The regiment benefited from the training opportunities of these camps even though isolated from other units, and despite Orford's bouts of mental illness he was enthusiastic and enterprising. He had instruction cards printed, and
19965-472: The militia were inexperienced; the Acadian, Canadian, and indigenous irregulars were more used to guerrilla warfare. By contrast, the British 7,700 troops were almost all regulars . On the morning of 13 September, Wolfe's army formed a line first with their backs to the river, then spread out across the Plains with its right anchored by the bluff along the St. Lawrence and its left by a bluff and thick wood above
20130-464: The narrow road at L'Anse-au-Foulon which followed a streambank , the Coulée Saint-Denis. On the night of 12 September and morning of 13 September, however, the camp may have contained as few as 40 men, as others were off harvesting. Vaudreuil and others had expressed their concern at the possibility of L'Anse-au-Foulon being vulnerable, but Montcalm dismissed them, saying 100 men would hold off
20295-435: The night and loading boats with troops, many of them taken from field hospitals ; this preoccupied Montcalm. Montcalm was taken aback to learn of the British deployment, and his response has been regarded as precipitate. Though he might have awaited reinforcement by Bougainville's column (allowing simultaneous frontal and rear attacks on the British position) or avoided battle while he concentrated his forces, or even yielded
20460-461: The public for the consequences. Wolfe's plan of attack depended on secrecy and surprise. His plan required that a small party of men should land by night on the north shore, climb the Promontory of Quebec , seize a small road, and overpower the garrison that protected it, allowing the bulk of his army (5,000 men) to ascend the cliff by the small road and then deploy for battle on the plateau. Even if
20625-551: The regiment camped by itself in 1779 and 1780, Orford took upon himself the role of food contractor, supplying the cattle and sheep rather than relying on the retail market. In February 1780 the battalion was billeted at Ipswich . In August it was camped on Tenpenny Common, and on 18 August it was reviewed by its former CO, now Lt-Gen Viscount Townshend , Master-General of the Ordnance , on his way to Landguard Fort . It went into winter quarters at Hull in November 1780. In May 1782 it
20790-460: The regiment was put through every manoeuvre in Lord Amherst 's instructions. At Aldeburgh in 1778 the regiment carried out a mock sea battle, practising forming orderly lines and columns of boats directed by flag signal, and in volley firing from the boats. The culmination was to row out out and surround a ship moored offshore, fire two volleys and then board it with fixed bayonets, with a prize for
20955-463: The regiment) replied to her speech, and the colours were then trooped and the regiment marched past. Early next month the West Norfolk Militia went to Aldershot Camp and then to Fermoy Barracks in Ireland. With the ending of the war the regiment returned to Norwich in June 1856, where it was disembodied the following month. The West Norfolk Militia was called out again for garrison duty when much of
21120-464: The regiment, 800 strong, marched to Harwich, where it embarked. It was stationed at Clonmel and Templemore until it returned to England in April 1816. Once again, George Borrow accompanied his father (now a captain) on this service and dramatised it in Lavengro . The regiment returned to Norwich on 11 May 1816 and so was on hand to help put down the riots that broke out in the city in June. The regiment
21285-665: The region declined somewhat. During the Industrial Revolution Norfolk developed little industry, except in Norwich, which was a late addition to the railway network. Early military units included the Norfolk Militia . In the 20th century the county developed a role in aviation. The first development in airfields came with the First World War ; there was then a massive expansion during the Second World War with
21450-460: The river. The line was often attacked, but the barbed wire , trenches parallel to the railway line, and telephone communication made it an almost impassable barrier to the Boers. Early in 1902 the battalion embarked for the UK where it was disembodied on 11 April 1902. One officer of the battalion was killed while attached to 2nd Bn Norfolks; 11 ORs were killed or died of disease during their service with
21615-666: The sea. The most recent major erosion event occurred during the North Sea flood of 1953 . The low-lying section of coast between Kelling and Lowestoft Ness in Suffolk is currently managed by the British Environment Agency to protect the Broads from sea flooding. Management policy for the North Norfolk coastline is described in the "North Norfolk Shoreline Management Plan" published in 2006, but has yet to be accepted by local authorities. The Shoreline Management Plan states that
21780-603: The second rebellion opened the area to the Romans. During the Roman era roads and ports were constructed throughout the area and farming was widespread. Situated on the east coast, the homelands of the Iceni were vulnerable to attacks from continental Europe and other parts of Britain, and forts were built to defend against raids by the Saxons and the Picts . A period of depopulation, which may have been due to these threats, seems to have followed
21945-443: The second tier councils the majority of the county is divided into parish and town councils, the lowest tier of local government (the only exceptions being parts of Norwich and King's Lynn urban areas). Currently the Conservative Party control five of the seven district councils: Breckland District , Broadland District , King's Lynn and West Norfolk Borough , Great Yarmouth Borough and South Norfolk District while Norwich City
22110-432: The second, a mortal wound in the chest. Knox wrote that one of the soldiers near Wolfe shouted "They run, see how they run." Wolfe, on the ground, opened his eyes and asked who was running. Upon being told that the French had broken, he gave several orders, then turned on his side and said "Now, God be praised, I will die in peace", and died. With Wolfe dead and several other key officers injured, British troops fell into
22275-535: The six Army Corps proposed by the Secretary of State for War , St John Brodrick . However, little of Brodrick's scheme was carried out. Under the more sweeping Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Militia was replaced by the Special Reserve (SR), a semi-professional force whose role was to provide reinforcement drafts for regular units serving overseas in wartime, rather like the earlier Militia Reserve. The battalion became
22440-407: The south. The largest settlement is the city of Norwich . The county has an area of 2,074 sq mi (5,370 km ) and a population of 859,400. It is largely rural with few large towns: after Norwich (147,895), the largest settlements are King's Lynn (42,800) in the north-west, Great Yarmouth (38,693) in the east, and Thetford (24,340) in the south. For local government purposes Norfolk
22605-561: The status quo in line with the Conservative Party manifesto. However, the unitary plans were supported by the Liberal Democrat group on the city council, and by Simon Wright , LibDem MP for Norwich South , who intended to lobby the party leadership to allow the changes to go ahead. The Local Government Act 2010 to reverse the unitary decision for Norwich (and Exeter and Suffolk) received Royal Assent on 16 December 2010. The disputed award of unitary status had meanwhile been referred to
22770-453: The steady fire became intense enough that Wolfe ordered his men to lie down amid the high grass and brush. As French troops arrived from Beauport, Montcalm, one of few mounted men on the field, decided that a swift assault was the only way to dislodge the British from their position. Accordingly, he deployed the forces immediately available in and near Quebec City and prepared an immediate attack, without waiting for further reinforcements from
22935-412: The strength of the 3rd Bn reached 100 officers and 3000 ORs. The 10th (Reserve) Bn ( see below ) was formed alongside it in the Harwich Garrison in October to supply drafts to the ' Kitchener's Army ' battalions of the Norfolks that were being raised. Lieutenant-Col Tonge was succeeded in command by Col Sir Kenneth Kemp, 12th Baronet , returning from retirement, and finally by Lt-Col C.M. Jickling, who held
23100-466: The stretch of coast will be protected for at least another 50 years, but that in the event of sea level rise and post-glacial lowering of land levels in the South East, there may a need for further research to inform future management decisions, including the possibility that the sea defences may have to be realigned to a more sustainable position. Natural England have contributed some research into
23265-530: The time of the Domesday Book survey it was one of the most densely populated parts of the British Isles . During the high and late Middle Ages the county developed arable agriculture and woollen industries. Norfolk's prosperity at that time is evident from the county's large number of medieval churches: out of an original total of over one thousand some 659 have survived, more than in any other county in Britain and
23430-516: The troops we have." In total, Montcalm had 13,390 regular troops, Troupes de la Marine , and militia available in Quebec City and along the Beauport shore, as well as 200 cavalry , 200 artillery (including the guns of Quebec), 400 native warriors (including many Odawa under Charles de Langlade ), and 140 Acadian volunteers , but most of these troops did not participate in the action. Many of
23595-525: The two battalions of the Norfolk Militia. With the Seven Years War drawing to an end orders to disembody the two Norfolk battalions were issued on 15 December 1762. Annual training continued thereafter – the West Norfolks usually at East Dereham – ballots were held regularly, and officers were commissioned to fill vacancies. The militia was called out after the outbreak of the War of American Independence when
23760-458: The urban constituencies they once held in Norwich North and Great Yarmouth, leaving them with no MP's in the whole of East Anglia ; the former Labour Home Secretary Charles Clarke was a high level casualty of that election. In the 2015 General Election seven seats were won by the Conservative Party , with Labour winning Norwich South and the Liberal Democrats winning North Norfolk. In
23925-475: The war was now being negotiated, and the militia could be stood down. The West Norfolks were disembodied at King's Lynn in March 1783. From 1784 to 1792 the militia were supposed to assemble for 28 days' annual training, even though to save money only two-thirds of the men were actually called out each year. In 1786 the number of permanent non-commissioned officers (NCOs) was reduced. The Earl of Orford died in 1791 and
24090-459: The way the 1852 Act had been drafted, a number of men enlisted before April 1854 had to be released, reducing the effective strength of the West Norfolks by 200 to only 460. However, an increased bounty induced many of them to re-enlist. In June 1855 the West Norfolk Militia was presented with new Colours by the Countess of Albemarle. The Earl of Orford (now fulfilling the role of Honorary Colonel of
24255-689: Was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War (referred to as the French and Indian War to describe the North American theatre ). The battle, which began on 13 September 1759, was fought on a plateau by the British Army and Royal Navy against the French Army, just outside the walls of Quebec City on land that was originally owned by a farmer named Abraham Martin, hence the name of the battle. The battle involved fewer than 10,000 troops in total, but proved to be
24420-576: Was a property qualification for officers, who were commissioned by the lord lieutenant. An adjutant and drill sergeants were to be provided to each regiment from the Regular Army , and arms and accoutrements would be supplied when the county had secured 60 per cent of its quota of recruits. Norfolk's quota was set at 960 men in two battalions, the City of Norwich contributing 151 of the men. The Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk , George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford ,
24585-534: Was able to make it back into the city, but his wounds were mortal and he died at the wee hours the next morning. A few moments before he drew his last breath, Montcalm asked his surgeon how much time he had to live. "A few hours," he was answered. "All the better," he said, "I will not see the British in Quebec." He was buried in a shell crater left in the floor of the Ursuline chapel by a British shell. In terms of casualties
24750-418: Was also formed, partly by transfers from the two infantry regiments. The West Norfolks were called out for 28 days' training on 25 April 1854. War having broken out with Russia in 1854 and an expeditionary force sent to the Crimea , the militia began to be called out for home defence. All three Norfolk regiments were embodied on 27 December 1854, the West Norfolks commanded by Lt-Col H.F.C. Custance. Because of
24915-426: Was an enthusiast for the militia, and made rapid progress with the assistance of the Townshend family, particularly Colonel George Townshend , MP for Norfolk , a Regular soldier who promoted the militia legislation in parliament. A number of old soldiers were recruited as sergeants to train the balloted men, and a number of volunteers to the ranks were appointed as corporals. Both battalions received their arms from
25080-417: Was an important element in the country's defence at the time of the Spanish Armada in the 1580s, and control of the militia was one of the areas of dispute between King Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War . Although hardly employed during the civil wars, the Norfolk Trained Bands were active in controlling the country under the Commonwealth and Protectorate . The English militia
25245-452: Was at Swaffham and Dereham on its way to camp at Caister near Yarmouth . At Caister the Earl of Orford erected a battery for four cannon between the camp and the sea. The battalion was reviewed at Herringfleet by Gen Henry Conway in September. The camp at Caister broke up in mid-November and the battalion marched back through Norwich to winter quarters in Dereham, Swaffham, King's Lynn and Downham Market . The Treaty of Paris to end
25410-506: Was being established by business leaders to help grow jobs across Norfolk and Suffolk. They secured an enterprise zone to help grow businesses in the energy sector, and established the two counties as a centre for growing services and products for the green economy . To help local industry in Norwich, the local council offered a wireless internet service, but this was subsequently withdrawn as funding had ceased. The fishery business still continued in 2018, with individuals such as John Lee,
25575-459: Was captured, held in the Tower of London, tried for treason, and hanged from the walls of Norwich Castle. By the late 16th century Norwich had grown to become the second-largest city in England, but over one-third of its population died in the plague epidemic of 1579, and in 1665 the Great Plague again killed around one-third of the population. During the English Civil War Norfolk was largely Parliamentarian . The economy and agriculture of
25740-418: Was disbanded in July 1919 and the battalion returned to the UK and was finally disbanded on 27 March 1920 at Catterick Camp . Norfolk Norfolk ( / ˈ n ɔːr f ə k / NOR -fək ) is a ceremonial county in the East of England and East Anglia . It borders Lincolnshire and The Wash to the north-west, the North Sea to the north and east, Cambridgeshire to the west, and Suffolk to
25905-436: Was disembodied in 1814, following Napoleon's defeat and abdication. However, on his escape from Elba , the West Norfolks were assembled by beat of drum in April 1815, preparatory to being re-embodied in June during the Hundred Days campaign. After Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo the bulk of the British Army was engaged in occupation duties in France, and the West Norfolks volunteered for service in Ireland. On 15 September
26070-432: Was finally disembodied on 27 June. After Waterloo there was another long peace. Although officers continued to be commissioned into the militia and ballots were still held, the regiments were rarely assembled for training and the permanent staffs of sergeants and drummers were progressively reduced. Horatio Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford (of the third creation) was appointed colonel of the West Norfolks on 26 June 1822 after
26235-552: Was re-established under local control in 1662 after the Restoration of the monarchy , and Norfolk supported five regiments of foot and one of horse. However, after the Peace of Utrecht in 1715 the militia was allowed to decline. Under threat of French invasion during the Seven Years' War a series of Militia Acts from 1757 reorganised the county militia regiments , the men being conscripted by means of parish ballots (paid substitutes were permitted) to serve for three years. In peacetime they assembled for 28 days' annual training. There
26400-415: Was redesignated 249th (Infantry) Bn, TR on 4 July 1917, then on 24 October 1917 it was transferred to the Bedfordshire Regiment as 51st (Graduated) Bn and continued training reinforcements until the end of the war. On 8 February 1919 it was converted into a service battalion and in March went to Germany where it joined 102nd Brigade in Eastern Division of the British Army of the Rhine . The division
26565-420: Was rejected in December 2007 as it did not meet the criteria for acceptance. In February 2008, the Boundary Committee for England (from 1 April 2010 incorporated in the Local Government Boundary Commission for England ) was asked to consider alternative proposals for the whole or part of Norfolk, including whether Norwich should become a unitary authority , separate from Norfolk County Council. In December 2009,
26730-465: Was still suffering the effects of his illness and the opiates he used as painkillers. Some revisionist historians believe Wolfe ordered the attack believing the advanced guard would be repulsed, and anticipated dying gallantly with his men rather than returning home in disgrace. British forces engaged in the battle were commanded by Major General James Wolfe who commanded appx. 8,000 troops, of which only 4,500 men and 1 artillery gun were taken to
26895-440: Was succeeded on 31 March 1792 by his kinsman, the Hon Horatio Walpole , MP for King's Lynn. The militia had already been called out before Revolutionary France declared war on Britain on 1 February 1793. George Townshend, now 1st Marquess Townshend and Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk, was ordered on 19 December to embody the Norfolk Militia. The French Revolutionary Wars saw a new phase for the English militia: they were embodied for
27060-411: Was torpedoed and sunk in the Aegean Sea on the way to Gallipoli . Only 18 of the 300 Norfolk men were picked up; afterwards the 3rd Bn Norfolks despatched another 150-man draft to the Essex Regiment. When the 2nd Norfolks was besieged at Kut al Amara from December 1915 the relieving force included a large draft for the battalion, which had arrived from the UK. This was combined with a similar draft for
27225-516: Was unsuccessful. However, the attacks did reduce the number of suppliers available to the French, especially as the British navy, unable to control the St. Lawrence entirely, was successful in blockading the ports in France. Through the summer siege, illness spread through the British camps. In August, Wolfe himself was bedridden, causing already low morale to slump even further among the British troops. With many men in camp hospitals, British fighting numbers were thinned, and Wolfe personally felt that
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