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34-486: It is currently under nomination for Canadian Heritage River status. Forestry is the main economic activity in the sector; recreational tourism, second; agriculture activities in lower part, third. The surface of the Jacques-Cartier River (except the rapids areas) is usually frozen from the beginning of December to the end of March, however the safe circulation on the ice is generally done from end of December to

68-436: A Mary Anne , was a caravan of wagons pulled by four- or six-horse teams where roads followed the river to transport the tents, blankets, food, stoves, and tools needed by the log drivers. For log drives, the ideal river would have been straight and uniform, with sharp banks and a predictable flow of water. Wild rivers were not that, so men cut away the fallen trees that would snag logs, dynamited troublesome rocks, and built up

102-677: A designated or nominated river. The province withdrew its participation in the Canadian Heritage Rivers System in 2006. Quebec's lack of participation affects nominations and designations for rivers shared with other provinces. In 1998, the New Brunswick portion of the Restigouche River was designated (as "Upper Restigouche"), while the Quebec portion was not. The Ottawa River was nominated in 2007 and designated in 2016, but only

136-510: A map of Samson of Abbeville showed "R. J. Quartier" as the river's designation, probably so named according to the popular belief that Jacques Cartier had passed by the river's mouth. This natural highway was used among others by Jesuit missionaries to reach the Lac Saint-Jean area during the 17th century. Logging in the Laurentian highlands became an important economic activity during

170-415: A reintroduction program has been established for Atlantic salmon , which disappeared from the river in the 19th century. Download coordinates as: Canadian Heritage Rivers System The Canadian Heritage Rivers System ( CHRS ; French : Le réseau de rivières du patrimoine canadien ) is a joint program administered by the federal, provincial, and territorial governments to conserve and protect

204-526: A river, the logs might be bound together into timber rafts . In the smaller, wilder stretches of a river where rafts couldn't get through, masses of individual logs were driven down the river like huge herds of cattle. "Log floating" in Sweden ( timmerflottning ) had begun by the 16th century, and 17th century in Finland ( tukinuitto ). The total length of timber-floating routes in Finland was 40,000km. The log drive

238-410: Is typically mixed forest, consisting of yellow birch and sugar maple , whereas the surrounding areas show rather the boreal forest rich in conifers, in particular the black spruce . This distinction is clearly visible in the steeper sections of the valley where a milder microclimate prevails. The fauna therefore is typical of a Canadian mixed forest. One can find in the Jacques-Cartier River valley

272-452: The American black bear , bobcat , common raccoon , gray wolf , river otter , porcupine , moose , white-tailed deer , and caribou ; in all 23 species of mammals . There are 104 species of birds, including birds of prey such as the barred owl , American kestrel , and osprey . Finally, there are 16 species of fish, of which brook trout in particular can be found frequently. In addition,

306-429: The "jam" crew or "beat" crew. They watched the spots where logs were likely to jam, and when a jam started, tried to get to it quickly and dislodge the key logs before many logs stacked up. If they didn't, the river would keep piling on more logs, forming a partial dam which could raise the water level. Millions of board feet of lumber could back up for miles upriver, requiring weeks to break up, with some timber lost if it

340-441: The 1970s. In 1972, a proposed Hydro-Québec project would have flooded the Jacques-Cartier River valley, but the project was strongly opposed by the population. The government reversed its decision and in 1981 Jacques-Cartier Park was created out of the wildlife reserve as a 671 km (259 sq mi) conservation park, accessible to the public for nature interpretation and nature friendly recreation activities. The river bank

374-616: The Canadian Heritage Rivers System has been a 718-kilometre segment of the North Saskatchewan River in Alberta, which was originally nominated by Smoky Lake County in 2021, and finally designated in 2024 and extends the 49-kilometre portion within Banff National Park which was originally recognized in 1989. The rivers currently designated as a Canadian Heritage River are: Quebec is the only province or territory to not have

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408-585: The Grand Remous sector). The reports that according to surveyor John Adams, in 1829, the river was known by the Hurons as Lahdaweoole , meaning "coming from far". They and the Montagnais used its shores for fishing and trapping. It is estimated that this region has been used by First Nations for over 7,000 years. Explorer Samuel de Champlain mentioned this river in 1632 as the "Sturgeon and Salmon River". In 1656,

442-596: The Heritage River Award and the Canadian River Stewardship Award. Previous recipients of the Heritage River Award include: Log driving Log driving is a means of moving logs (sawn tree trunks ) from a forest to sawmills and pulp mills downstream using the current of a river. It was the main transportation method of the early logging industry in Europe and North America . When

476-483: The Jacques-Cartier river (downstream from Valcartier) (segment of 21.4 kilometres (13.3 mi)) The main flood zones of the Jacques-Cartier river are in the cities of Sainte-Catherine-de-la Jacques-Cartier, Shannon, Saint-Gabriel-de-Valcartier, Stoneham-et-Tewkesbury, Donnacona (Parc familial des Berges, south of route 138) and Pont-Rouge (upstream from rue Dupont, east of boulevard NotreDame, and on rue Auclair, in

510-549: The Laurentian Wildlife Reserve was created to provide fishing, hunting, and recreation opportunities for the people. From 1918 on, the construction of fishing camps made fishing more and more popular. The end of the First World War and the construction of nearby roads to Lac Saint-Jean also contributed to this popularity. Then hydro-electric dams started to be built, taking advantage of the river's geography up until

544-555: The Ontario portion of the river was included. The federal government says it's working with Quebec "to establish recognition of the heritage value of Quebec's stretch of the Outaouais River". Changes to the program's Principles, Procedures and Operational Guidelines, and the latest Strategic Plan have aimed to modernize the system. Specifically, the 2020-2030 Strategic Plan identifies four priorities: The organization has two awards,

578-517: The banks in places. To control the flow of water, they built "flash dams" or "driving dams" on smaller streams, so they could release water to push the logs down when they wanted. Each timber firm had its own mark which was placed on the logs, called an "end mark". Obliterating or altering a timber mark was a crime. At the mill the logs were captured by a log boom , and the logs were sorted for ownership before being sawn. Log drives were often in conflict with navigation , as logs would sometimes fill

612-615: The beginning of March. The Jacques-Cartier River drains an area of 2,515 square kilometres (971 sq mi), starting in and flowing for nearly 160 kilometres (99 mi) through the Laurentian mountains in the geological region of Grenville (one of the youngest sections of the Canadian Shield , formed 955 million years ago), then flows through the sedimentary rocks of the St. Lawrence Lowlands for approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi), from

646-589: The best examples of Canada 's river heritage, to give them national recognition, and to encourage the public to enjoy and appreciate them. It is a cooperative program of the governments of Canada, nine provinces, and the three territories. A 14-member national board, created under the Parks Canada Agency Act, administers the program and approves the designation of specific rivers. Individual jurisdictions can co-nominate and co-designate their respective rivers or river segments in accordance with guidance from

680-424: The entire river and make boat travel dangerous or impossible. Floating logs down a river worked well for the most desirable pine timber, because it floated well. But hardwoods were more dense, and weren't buoyant enough to be easily driven, and some pines weren't near drivable streams. Log driving became increasingly unnecessary with the development of railroads and the use of trucks on logging roads . However,

714-402: The first sawmills were established, they were usually small water-powered facilities located near the source of timber, which might be converted to grist mills after farming became established when the forests had been cleared. Later, bigger circular sawmills were developed in the lower reaches of a river, with the logs floated down to them by log drivers. In the broader, slower stretches of

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748-445: The log drive. A wannigan was a kitchen built on a raft which followed the drivers down the river. The wannigan served four meals a day to fuel the men working in cold water. It also provided tents and blankets for the night if no better accommodations were available. A commissary wagon carrying clothing, plug tobacco and patent medicines for purchase by the log drivers was also called a wangan. The logging company wangan train, called

782-448: The logs. Each crew was accompanied by an experienced boss often selected for his fighting skills to control the strong and reckless men of his team. The overall drive was controlled by the "walking boss" who moved from place to place to coordinate the various teams to keep logs moving past problem spots. Stalling a drive near a saloon often created a cascade of drunken personnel problems. A larger group of less experienced men brought up

816-555: The mouth of Nadreau Lake , the Jacques-Cartier river flows towards the northwest in the county of Montmorency to reach Jacques-Cartier Lake . In this course, the river descends on: Intermediate course of the Jacques-Cartier river (downstream of Jacques-Cartier Lake) (segment of 22.3 kilometres (13.9 mi)) Intermediate course of the Jacques-Cartier river (downstream of the Jacques-Cartier North-West river) (segment of 38.8 kilometres (24.1 mi)) Lower course of

850-540: The municipality of Pont-Rouge to its mouth. The area covered by the drainage basin is for the most part undeveloped or protected, especially its source. In fact, 77% of its length is protected by the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve and the Jacques-Cartier National Park where one finds a steep glaciated valley formed during the last glaciation . Nevertheless, about 25,000 people live on

884-511: The practice survived in some remote locations where such infrastructure did not exist. Most log driving in the US and Canada ended with changes in environmental legislation in the 1970s. Some places, like the Catalan Pyrenees , still retain the practice as a popular holiday celebration once a year. In Sweden legal exemptions for log driving were eliminated in 1983. "The last float in southern Sweden

918-702: The program Charter, and Strategic Plan, and the Principles, Procedures and Operational Guidelines (PPOG). The Canadian Heritage Rivers System was established in 1984. The first Canadian Heritage River was the French River in Ontario , designated in 1986. By 1996 there were 29 designated rivers. Quebec withdrew its participation in 2006. There are currently 42 designated, and one nominated river or river segments; with rivers designated in every province and territory except for Quebec. The most recent designation under

952-470: The rear, pushing along the straggler logs that were stuck on the banks and in trees. They spent more time wading in icy water than balancing on moving logs. They were called the "rear crew." Other men worked with them from the bank, pushing logs away with pike poles . Others worked with horses and oxen to pull in the logs that had strayed furthest out into the flats. Bateaux ferried log drivers using pike poles to dislodge stranded logs while maneuvering with

986-491: The second half of the 18th century. The Jacques-Cartier River was used for log drives to transport the logs to the Saint-Lawrence River and to the mills downstream. This practice was only stopped in 1975. With the settlement of French immigrants near the river's mouth came the formation of townships (modelled after English townships after their conquest of 1759 ) and new industries appeared such as flour mills. In 1895

1020-439: The shores of this river close to its mouth, where it crosses the regional municipality of Portneuf and the municipalities of Tewkesbury, Saint-Gabriel-de-Valcartier, Shannon, Sainte-Catherine-de-la-Jacques-Cartier, Pont-Rouge and Donnacona. Important tributaries of Jacques-Cartier river are: The Nadreau Lake (elevation: 842 metres (2,762 ft)) constitutes the head water body of the Jacques-Cartier river. This lake receives

1054-499: The trunks into 5-metre (16 ft) lengths, and hauling the logs with oxen or horses over iced trails to the riverbank. There the logs were decked onto "rollways." In spring when snow thawed and water levels rose, the logs were rolled into the river, and the drive commenced. To ensure that logs drifted freely along the river, men called "log drivers" or "river pigs" were needed to guide the logs. The drivers typically divided into two groups. The more experienced and nimble men comprised

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1088-476: The waters on the west side of two small lakes: Plamondon lake (elevation: 844 metres (2,769 ft)) and an unnamed lake (elevation: 862 metres (2,828 ft)). The mouth is located on the north bank. From the mouth of Nadreau Lake , the Jacques-Cartier river flows on 110.1 kilometres (68.4 mi) with a drop of 858 metres (2,815 ft) according to the following segments: Upper course of Jacques-Cartier River (segment of 27.6 kilometres (17.1 mi)) From

1122-399: Was one step in a larger process of lumber-making in remote places. In a location with snowy winters, the yearly process typically began in autumn when a small team of men hauled tools upstream into the timbered area, chopped out a clearing, and constructed crude buildings for a logging camp . In the winter when things froze, a larger crew moved into the camp and proceeded to cut trees, cutting

1156-441: Was shoved far enough into the shallows. When the jam crew saw a jam begin, they rushed to it and tried to break it up, using peaveys and possibly dynamite . This job required some understanding of physics, strong muscles, and extreme agility. The jam crew was an exceedingly dangerous occupation, with the drivers standing on the moving logs and running from one to another. Many drivers lost their lives by falling and being crushed by

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