Misplaced Pages

#555444

94-571: From the 1970s, welfare systems came under greater scrutiny around the world. Demographic changes such as the post-war " baby boom " and the subsequent "baby bust", coupled with economic shifts such as the 1970 oil shocks, led to aging populations, a dwindling workforce, and increased dependency on social welfare systems, which inevitably brought up the issue of welfare reform. U.S. systems primarily focused on reducing poor single parents' need for welfare assistance through employment incentives. The U.K. focused primarily on reducing general unemployment through

188-421: A Missouri representative and then House Majority Leader ; Al Gore , then a senator from Tennessee ; and Jay Rockefeller , a senator from West Virginia . But each bowed out early; neither Bradley nor Rockefeller considered themselves ready to run, Gephardt seemed to accept Bush's re-election as a sure thing, and Gore had opted to spend more time with his family in the wake of a tragic accident that threatened

282-433: A bipartisan keynote address to the convention delegates. Also speaking was the vice-presidential nominee Al Gore who appealed to the center as he was, at the time, a Southern moderate Democrat from Tennessee . However, on the last day the convention convened on July 16, 1992, Ross Perot dropped out of the presidential race and left a gap for both Bush and Clinton to scramble for newly undecided voters. This greatly led to

376-503: A 118-year high in 2009 when the economy experienced its worst year on record. The number of births had remained stable with 74,650 babies born in 2012, higher than the 65,600 average during the Celtic Tiger (1995–2007), despite the struggle to emerge from financial crisis. The number of births in Ireland rose by more than 3,000 in 2021 after being in decline for more than a decade, implying

470-642: A Universal Basic Income (UBI), the 2017 Economic Survey claimed that income transfers have the ability to reduce bureaucratic layers by transferring money directly into beneficiary accounts. This will minimise corruption by reducing discretion and simplifying monitoring. Recent research, however, show that having the DBT architecture correct necessitates substantial bureaucratic interference, rather than reducing it. Local bureaucrats are important to DBT, from opening accounts to fostering financial literacy and facilitating bank transactions. Recent research, however, show that having

564-488: A baby boom after the war ends, with the fertility rate projecting to reach 1.60 births per women by 2030. However, the millions of refugees and emigrants fleeing since the Russian Invasion will keep the overall population falling short of what it was before the war for at least a few decades, despite the baby boom. The term "baby boom" is often used to refer specifically to the post–World War II (1946–1964) baby boom in

658-429: A bank account, insurance coverage, and overdraft facility over the next two years, would finally give the government the opportunity to implement a universal basic income transfer to all people, reshaping the country's leaky affluent economy and even the dysfunctional welfare system. Until now, the scheme hasn't proved much beneficial in organising the welfare system of India and the country still awaits it advantages. For

752-453: A basic income support programme using the DBT architecture. However, putting too much emphasis on technology to enforce DBT has revealed three major flaws in the system: the last-mile challenge, a lack of reliable data to identify beneficiaries, and citizen alienation. The desire to reduce payment leakage and increase performance is a key reason for scaling DBT and shifting toward direct cash transfers by income support programmes. In arguing for

846-493: A campaign issue in this year's election. Temer's critics believe that the reason for the postponed reform is its vast public disapproval. India has taken substantial strides toward dramatically reforming its welfare architecture over the last five years especially, ranging from direct benefit transfers (DBT), Ayushman Bharat, income support (PM-Kisan), and the implementation of the 14th Finance Commission recommendations. However, crucial unanswered and hotly debated concerns regarding

940-485: A cash transfer, and the total was allocated on an equal per capita basis". Following the adoption of this plan, many provinces adopted workfare policies which placed pressure on those who were deemed employable to find employment and leave welfare. This included single parents and people with addictions. In keeping with the trend of this decade, the federal government also raised the requirements for unemployment insurance to require 30% more hours worked to qualify. In 1997,

1034-503: A constant baby boom since independence, with the highest fertility rate in the OECD at 3.1 children per woman. In addition to having the highest fertility rate among developed nations, it is the only developed country to have never had a sub-replacement fertility rate. Israel's baby boom began in 1947, a year before independence, when the fertility rate among the Yishuv , or Jewish population of what

SECTION 10

#1732858361556

1128-619: A day daycare for families in Canada. In 2023, the Future Pensions Act came into effect revising the Dutch pension system . Baby boom A baby boom is a period marked by a significant increase of births . This demographic phenomenon is usually ascribed within certain geographical bounds of defined national and cultural populations. The cause of baby booms involves various fertility factors . The best-known baby boom occurred in

1222-428: A federal cost-sharing mechanism for social service such as a national healthcare system. The provinces became responsible for administering the new national healthcare systems within their own jurisdictions. In 1971, under the government of Pierre Elliott Trudeau , Unemployment Insurance coverage was expanded to an extent that it became almost universal. At this point, the only people who were excluded from coverage were

1316-450: A long-term effect on the success of small-scale industries and agriculture. It has also resulted in increased bank penetration in rural India. Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched this financial inclusion programme in the year 2014 as his welcome move. It aims at laying the groundwork for the construction of the infrastructure needed to implement direct cash transfers across the region. The Jan Dhan Yojana, which pledges each Indian household

1410-817: A major strategy of the Bush campaign to paint Clinton and Gore as 'Northern liberals' in the mold of previous candidates George McGovern , Walter Mondale , Michael Dukakis , and, to a lesser extent, Hubert Humphrey . Additionally, Gore's prior military record removed much of the criticism Clinton had received earlier. Besides Gore, several names were rumored to be in contention for the second spot, including Florida senator and former governor of Florida Bob Graham , Indiana congressman Lee H. Hamilton , Nebraska senator and former governor Bob Kerrey , Iowa senator Tom Harkin , and newly elected Pennsylvania senator Harris Wofford . According to Princeton politics professor Paul Frymer, Clinton's campaign successfully exploited

1504-443: A perception that Indian banks are unwilling to lend money especially to agriculture sector.  Furthermore, since private banks were controlled by large industrialists, they often ended up lending to themselves. The top bank directors have held directorships in a variety of other sectors, creating a conflict of interest. Aside from political and economic considerations, there were also banking considerations. Some included, examining

1598-523: A population boom. Aid money used for contraception has been diverted since the start of the AIDS crisis in Africa into fighting HIV, which has led to far more births than AIDS has killed. Africa accounted for one out of every nine births in the world in 1950. It is predicted that they will account for approximately one in every three global births by the year 2030. Africa would account for almost half of all births by

1692-656: A summit conference of Jesse Jackson 's Rainbow Coalition. During Clinton's speech, Clinton strongly criticized Jackson, who was sitting next to Clinton, for hosting Sister Souljah at the event. Clinton claimed that the comments Sister Souljah made were anti-white. The shocking denunciation was carried extensively by the media and gave Clinton's campaign a boost at a time when he was trailing Bush and Perot. Mary Matalin , Bush's campaign director, called Clinton's speech "a stroke of genius" by dealing with "the Jesse Jackson factor" by "publicly humilat[ing] him." For most of 1991,

1786-524: A transfer rate of failure of less than 1%. The study attributes the difference to a lack of beneficiary awareness and knowledge of transactions, as well as administrative problems such as amount paid into bank accounts that recipients may not have access to, or processing errors. However, once a new welfare reform system in inculcated into the system, it faces a lot of challenges and as by its very nature, technology produces centralised networks that are distant and perplexing for average people, in ways similar to

1880-537: A widely publicized event that may have been influenced by Clinton's desire to not be painted "soft on crime," as failed Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis had been by the notorious Willie Horton ad . Clinton also visited the Stone Mountain Correctional Facility in Georgia shortly before Super Tuesday to promote his "tough on crime" message. The location of the prison, Stone Mountain, Georgia

1974-479: Is based on American demographic trends which saw a surge in births post Second World War that was sustained into the 1960s. In the UK, the post Second World War surge in births was confined to a sharp spike in 1946, after which the number of births dropped again. Then the post-World War babies started having their babies, giving rise to the births that can be seen across the 1960s. Due to the different demographic profile seen in

SECTION 20

#1732858361556

2068-546: Is notable for its ties to white supremacist movements. Stone Mountain was the birthplace of the second rendition of the KKK and was a "white supremacist mecca." It is home to Stone Mountain Park which features a massive monument to the Confederacy carved onto the face of Stone Mountain. Clinton's press conference at the prison was organized to have a group of inmates, mostly black, present in

2162-429: Is predicted to account for about 55% of all births in the world, 40% of all children under the age of five, and 37% of all children worldwide (under 18). Africa will become more crowded as its population continues to grow, considering the continent is predicted to grow from 8 people per square kilometer in 1950 to 39 in 2015, and to around 80 by the middle of the century. The HIV/AIDS crisis in Africa has contributed to

2256-510: The 1992 Los Angeles riots . Clinton was a guest on The Arsenio Hall Show on Wednesday June 3, 1992, the day after he secured the Democratic Party nomination. He played " Heartbreak Hotel " on the saxophone . The appearance is often considered an important moment in Clinton's political career, helping build his popularity amongst minority and young voters. Clinton's appearance on

2350-550: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a baby boom in Ireland. Health Service Executive figures show 59,874 babies were born in maternity hospitals and units in 2021, up from 56,858 the previous year, which could continue into the early 2020s. It is the first time that there has been an annual increase since 2009, when there were 75,554 births registered. In Japan, the first baby boom occurred between 1947 and 1949. The number of births in this period exceeded 2.5 million every year, bringing

2444-671: The Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), an organization created by southern conservative Democrats with the intent to bring white voters back to the Democratic party after the failure of the Mondale campaign in 1984. To that end, the DLC adopted Republican positions on race-related issues like crime, welfare, and affirmative action. Clinton served as the DLC national chairman from 1990 to 1991, and he aligned his rhetoric closely with that of

2538-550: The Social Union Framework Agreement was signed by the Federal government and every province except Québec. This agreement helped to increase funds once again in the areas of health care, social assistance, and social services under a neo- liberalt approach. Prime Minister Stephen Harper focused his welfare policies mainly on reducing the public service and supporting families. To achieve this, in 2006 Harper passed

2632-601: The U.S. Army Reserve to avoid service in the Vietnam War . Bill and Hillary Rodham Clinton addressed the sexual misconduct allegations in an interview by Steve Kroft on an episode of 60 Minutes aired after the Super Bowl XXVI . Although at that time the Clintons denied an affair, they admitted to have known Flowers and Bill admitted that he had caused problems in their marriage. Although Clinton lost to Paul Tsongas in

2726-447: The War on Poverty in response to a persistently high poverty rate of approximately 20%. This initiative funded welfare programs such as Social Security , Food Stamps , Job Corps , and Head Start . The War on Poverty included new federal programs such as Medicare and Medicaid , which provided seniors, low-income individuals, and other disadvantaged groups with health insurance. Furthermore,

2820-530: The "Democratic capture" of African American votes to the detriment of African Americans. Frymer argues that the open hostility of the Republican Party towards minorities allowed Clinton to pursue the votes of white " Reagan Democrats " with sub-textually racist messages without losing support among the African American community. One way in which Clinton courted white votes was by associating closely with

2914-512: The "baby boom echo". The fertility rate of the generations after the baby boomers dropped as a result of demographic changes such as increasing divorce and separation rates, female labour force participation, and rapid technological change. The echo generation's children, known as Generation Z, are people born after 1994, or after the invention of the Internet, making up over 7.3 million people in Canada born between 1993 and 2011. Israel has been in

Welfare reform - Misplaced Pages Continue

3008-692: The Aid to Families with Dependent Children program and allowed states to require welfare recipients to participate in workfare programs. Charles Murray's book Losing Ground : American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (1984) argued that the welfare state actually harms the poor, especially single-parent families, by making them increasingly dependent on the government, and discouraging them from working. Murray proposed that current welfare programs be replaced by short-term local programs. In his 1992 campaign , Bill Clinton promised to “end welfare as we have come to know it.” The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act

3102-691: The All India Congress Committee in 1948. Nationalization of banks is perhaps the most significant systemic change in the financial sector in India's post-independence period. Bank nationalisation, according to the second volume of the Reserve Bank of India's official history, after 1947, was the single most critical economic policy decision made by any government. After 1967, banks were not lending to agriculture nor lending enough to industries making these sectors face heavy crisis. There has long been

3196-555: The Arkansas State Mansion at Little Rock . During the 1992 Democratic Convention, the convention hall was plagued by the fact that independent candidate Ross Perot was tied with or beating Clinton in opinion research polls. This caused a moderate turn of events at the convention to win back Perot voters from the Perot campaign. This led to the selection of such speakers such as Representative Barbara Jordan from Texas to deliver

3290-670: The DBT architecture correct necessitates substantial bureaucratic interference, rather than reducing it. Local bureaucrats are important to DBT, from opening accounts to fostering financial literacy and facilitating bank transactions. Muralidharan et al. recently completed a Niti Aayog-commissioned process monitoring exercise by using DBT to access the Public Distribution System scheme in three Union Territories (Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, and Puducherry). Muralidharan et al. discovered that 20% of beneficiaries acknowledged not receiving payment, despite official records indicating

3384-400: The DLC during his campaign. For example, he advocated to "end welfare as we know it" and failed to mention race at all in his campaign book Putting People First , except while denouncing racial quotas. Clinton, while serving as governor of Arkansas, refused to pardon a brain-damaged black man on death row named Rickey Ray Rector who had been convicted of killing a police officer. This was

3478-515: The Jobseeker's allowance, to encourage employment. It also encouraged increased parental responsibility by amending child support laws, and requiring births be registered jointly by both parents. This welfare reform proposed changes to the Housing Benefit , which reduced the benefit paid to recipients depending on the size of their living space. This act got the nickname of the “ Bedroom Tax .” from

3572-568: The New Hampshire primary and suffered from persistent criticism over his character for the rest of the election, he won the Super Tuesday primaries. He ultimately secured the Democratic nomination after winning primaries in Illinois and Michigan , earning him the nickname "The Comeback Kid." At the same time, Bush's lead waned due to his administration's handling of the early 1990s recession and

3666-478: The Soviet Union and the 1998 financial crisis . However, the following years saw the birth rate rise rapidly. By 2012, the number of births outnumbered deaths for the first time since the Soviet Union. To many Russians, this was not only a sign of economic prosperity , but also a recovery from the poverty and social decline following the downfall of the Soviet Union. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991,

3760-604: The U.K. New Deal introduced by the Labour Government in the 1990s. The Netherlands emphasized reforming disability programs, and Latin America focused primarily on pension reforms. Classical liberals , libertarians , and conservatives generally argue that welfare and other tax-funded services reduce incentives to work, exacerbate the free-rider problem , and intensify poverty. On the other hand, social democrats and socialists generally criticize welfare reforms that minimize

3854-462: The U.S. Government began providing direct assistance to school districts, passed sweeping environmental protections, instituted urban renewal projects, furthered civil rights protections, and expanded funding for the arts and humanities. President Richard Nixon 's administration proposed the 1969 Family Assistance Plan , which instituted a work requirement for all welfare recipients except mothers with children under three years of age. This requirement

Welfare reform - Misplaced Pages Continue

3948-639: The UK compared to America, British people usually define as those born between 1960 and 1969 (inclusive) as baby boomers. As of 2021, baby boomers make up about 20% of the British population, which is about 14 million people. Baby boomers today are certainly one of the most powerful and wealthy generations in the United Kingdom. For example, in 2020, growth in online shopping was led by baby boomers. Bill Clinton presidential campaign, 1992 [REDACTED] The 1992 presidential campaign of Bill Clinton ,

4042-718: The Ukrainian birth rate reached a low of 1.14 births per women in 2003. Following the Orange Revolution , the total fertility rate gradually elevated, eventually to a peak of 1.49 births per women in 2014. However, this did not last, as the birth rate rapidly diminished following the Invasion of Crimea in 2014. Probably due to the ongoing Russian Invasion of Ukraine , the birth rate in Ukraine has declined significantly in 2022, down to 1.2-1.3 per woman. Despite this, there could very well be

4136-606: The United States and Europe. In the US the number of annual births exceeded 2 per 100 women (or approximately 1% of the total population size). An estimated 78.3 million Americans were born during this period. Since the beginning of the 20th century there were several baby booms: The baby boomers are commonly defined as the generation born after the Second World War, generally from 1946 to 1964. However, this definition of baby boomers

4230-763: The United States, the Great Depression led to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's introduction of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program and the Social Security Program through the Social Security Act , which created a public welfare system to provide assistance to various dependent persons in need. This eventually evolved into the system we know today. In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson introduced pieces of legislation collectively known as

4324-569: The Universal Child Care Benefit. This benefit provided $ 100 a month per child to households caring for a child under the age of six. This program is similar to the previous Family Allowance that was terminated. In 2022, under the current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau , the federal government finalized an agreement with all the provinces and one territory for a publicly funded, Canada-wide system of childcare. Trudeau promised to deliver $ 10

4418-492: The Welfare Reform Act of 2007 were to increase the employment rate to 80% from 75%, to assist 300,000 single parents find employment, to increase the number of workers over 50 by 1 million, and to reduce the number of people claiming incapacity benefits by 2 million. This welfare reform proposed an increase of personal responsibility within the welfare system. The reform eliminated Income support, and allocated funds over to

4512-555: The White Paper on Employment and Income was introduced by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King . At this time, King had already begun to change and remove many of the previous policies for state intervention that were established during the world war periods. This paper focused on a new Keynesian approach to economic management, such as full employment and high income. Full employment was to be mainly achieved through assistance to private enterprises. In this regard, King deviated from

4606-498: The adoption of Richard Nixon 's Southern strategy was the increasing Republican lock on the electoral votes of the Southern United States . Clinton's home of Arkansas gave Democrats hope that they could carry some Southern states and ultimately win the election. Clinton then made what even his opponents acknowledged was a master stroke by choosing Al Gore , a senator from Tennessee, as his running mate. This choice blunted

4700-515: The advantage of Bill Clinton who gave his nomination acceptance speech that night. Throughout election night, Clinton over performed in rural areas of the country such as in the mountain west, winning Montana , Colorado , and New Mexico (16 electoral votes). Clinton also won rural voters in the south and mid-west, carrying states such as Missouri , Arkansas , Tennessee , Kentucky , West Virginia , Louisiana , Georgia , and Iowa (57 electoral votes). A source of frustration for Democrats after

4794-485: The background. The image of "white political leaders in business suits in front of subjugated black male prisoners in jumpsuits" conveyed a message summed up by another contender for the Democratic nomination, former California governor Jerry Brown : "Two white men and forty black prisoners, what's he saying? He's saying we got 'em under control, folks, don't worry." After the Los Angeles riots of 1992 , Clinton attended

SECTION 50

#1732858361556

4888-417: The birth rate decline after the mid-20th century baby boom. Author Douglas Coupland, who coined the term Generation X, defined it as children born 1960 and after. High unemployment and uneven income distribution welcomed Generation X, giving them little opportunity to produce the next baby boom. In 2011, the children of baby boomers made up 27% of the total population; this category was called Generation Y, or

4982-563: The budget and spending on welfare also intensified with the growth of AFDC caseloads. Concerns about fraudulent welfare claims, dependency, and misuse by recipients created the stereotypical trope of the “ welfare queen .” Between the late 1980s and early 1990s, growing public concern about out-of-wedlock births and teen pregnancy also fueled concern towards AFDC. Despite the public and political concerns, “sociologists, poverty analysts, and ethnographers have demonstrated that AFDC itself had little impact on women’s marital or childbearing decisions and

5076-470: The decline of the Canadian welfare state. In 1989 the federal Family Allowance was terminated. As a result of similar measures such as reductions and terminations of welfare programs, the 1980s and 1990s saw a rise in charity based institutions such as food banks and emergency shelters . This was due to the lack of government-funded facilities, and the growth of unemployment and housing costs. In 1995, under

5170-470: The end of the century. Until the 1960s, the Aboriginal population rose steadily. The child mortality rate started to decline steadily in the 1960s, due to the increased access to health care. Throughout the 1960s, the fertility rate remained high, resulting in the Aboriginal baby boom peaking in 1967 – about ten years after the postwar baby boom in Canada. While Aboriginal fertility has remained higher than

5264-412: The escalating economic crisis that afflicted the 1960s. Removing the few's monopoly in the banking sector. Ensuring adequate credit for agriculture, small businesses, and exports. Professionalizing the banking sector's management. Encouraging new business owners and enhancing and developing India's rural areas. This action resulted in a significant rise in bank deposits and investment and this transition had

5358-453: The expectation for women to participate in the labor-market provide the context for the 1996 welfare reform act. The 1996 PRWORA ended AFDC and replaced it with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families . The most significant change from AFDC to TANF is the end to an individual entitlement for poor families to receive federal aid. In recent years reform of the welfare system in Britain began with

5452-410: The expectation that women receiving welfare should be required to do work outside the home. The economic and social context of the labor market had changed as well. Jobs that provided a steady and livable family wage had declined over the decades, the growth and expansion of the low-wage labor market had created jobs that provided little economic security or chance for upward economic mobility. The idea of

5546-405: The first boom, this increase in the number of births is an increase in the number of births not accompanied by an increase in the total fertility rate. The people born during this period are often called "baby boom juniors" (団塊ジュニア, dankai junia, means "the juniors of the generation of nodule "). The number of annual Russian births hit a low in the 1990s and early 2000s , following the collapse of

5640-432: The first time the tax system was also used to provide Canadians with a child tax credit. The 1970s in Canada saw economic stagnation and rising inflation . This led to a new conservative political approach that rejected the former Keynesian beliefs held by Prime Ministers such as Mackenzie King. This decade favoured politicians who promised decreasing government expenditure on social programs. During this time unemployment

5734-692: The first time. This permitted Indigenous people to collect cash benefits. However, these changes to the Indian Act also gave more powers to the provinces over the lives of Indigenous people. Under this amendment, the provinces were permitted to take Indigenous children under their care which facilitated the beginning of a period in the 1960s where many Indigenous children were forcibly taken from their homes and enrolled into residential schools, or placed with other families. Prime Minister St. Laurent also adopted universal old-age pensions for Canadians over 70, and means-test old age security for Canadians between 65 and 70 in

SECTION 60

#1732858361556

5828-542: The government of Jean Chrétien , the Canada Assistance Plan was terminated. It was a federal-provincial cost sharing agreement. In 1996 it was replaced by the Canada Health and Social Transfer which provided funds to provinces and territories to support health care, post-secondary education, social assistance and social services. The Canada Health and Social Transfer "was a combination of the 1977 tax transfer and

5922-564: The idea of expanding welfare measures and wanted to instead focus on liberal corporatism . However, despite this new approach, the King government did eventually go on to expand some social insurance and health measures. Between 1951 and 1952 there were several key welfare reforms in Canada. Under then Prime Minister, Louis St. Laurent , an amendment to the Indian Act was made in 1951, to allow Indigenous people to apply for provincial social welfare for

6016-526: The ideas of the Third Way . A former chairman of the DLC , he ran as a New Democrat . In the wake of President George H.W. Bush's sky-high approval ratings after Operation Desert Storm , American media gave the Democratic Party little chance of winning the presidency in 1992. Early Democratic front-runners included Bill Bradley , a New Jersey senator ; Jesse Jackson , who finished second in 1988; Dick Gephardt ,

6110-404: The incumbent vice president , seemed all but inevitable as the president, many turned to Clinton as the next Southern leader of the party. Clinton was seen as a potential candidate as he was a popular Democratic governor in a state that had voted for Republicans in four of the last five presidential elections. Breaking with the traditional left wing platform of the Democratic Party, Clinton espoused

6204-662: The incumbent president, George H.W. Bush , was extremely popular after the Persian Gulf War , with approval rating at times reaching as high as 90 percent. That war had helped erase the Vietnam Syndrome America had felt since the 1960s, restoring confidence in the country's ability to assert itself militarily abroad. But because of a growing public perception of an economic downturn, Bush's popularity began falling throughout late 1991, and by February 1992, his approval rating fell below 40%. Bush's approval would stay low for

6298-558: The introduction of the New Deal programme introduced by the Labour government in 1997. The aim of this programme was to increase employment through requiring that recipients make serious efforts to seek employment. The Labour Party also introduced a system of tax credits for low-income workers. The Welfare Reform Act 2007 provides for "an employment and support allowance, a contributory allowance, [and] an income-based allowance". The objectives of

6392-637: The last decade, technology has been at the forefront of the welfare reform project. When the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) first came to power in 2014, it adopted Aadhar (national document) and DBT (direct benefit transfers) systems (effort and rapid progress) and just 28 schemes used DBT to pass funds in March 2014 but by May 2019, it has risen to over 400. With the introduction of PM-Kisan in January 2019, India made its first national attempt to implement

6486-465: The life of his young son. The most notable front-runner, Mario Cuomo , decided not to run on December 20, 1991, the final day to apply to run in the New Hampshire primary . In the lead-up to the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic primary, the Clinton campaign was rocked by scandal when Gennifer Flowers accused Clinton of having a 12-year sexual affair. At the same time, Clinton was accused of misleading

6580-463: The media. It was stated that similarly to other welfare reforms, this act would reduce welfare dependency . Beginning in the mid-1970s, a deficit in the social insurance program began to appear. The deficit saw peaks at 27.75% of the social insurance budget in 1992. This led to a major push by the government to cut back spending in the welfare program. By the end of the 1990s the deficit had been almost completely eradicated. The often large deficits that

6674-581: The mid-twentieth century, sometimes considered to have started after the end of the Second World War , sometimes from the late 1945s, and ending in the 1960s. People born during this period are often called baby boomers . "According to the new UNICEF report, almost 2 billion babies will be born in Africa between 2015 and 2050 and the 2 main driving forces behind this surge in births and children are continued high fertility rates and rising numbers of women able to have children of their own." By 2050, Africa

6768-403: The overall Canadian birth rate, it has decreased from four times in the 1960s to one-and-a-half times today. According to Statistics Canada, demographic change was just a part of the reason for the increase in Aboriginal population in the last half of the century, with more complete census taking and increased numbers of people identifying as Aboriginal also playing a role. Generation X refers to

6862-587: The period of 1951 to 1952. In 1956, the Unemployment Assistance Act was also adopted under St. Laurent due to increasing pressure from the provinces over high unemployment rates. During the beginning of the 1960s, the country saw the introduction of three key pieces of legislation of the modern Canadian welfare state. In 1964, under Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson , the National Housing Act was amended significantly to allow for federal loans to

6956-417: The presidential election on November 3, 1992, and took office as the 42nd president and 45th vice president , respectively, on January 20, 1993. Bill Clinton was the governor of a traditionally conservative Southern state, Arkansas . He had been viewed as a viable presidential candidate before his actual bid in 1992. During the 1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries , where George H. W. Bush ,

7050-414: The program acted for most recipients as a supplement to earnings or as a temporary source of support between periods of employment.” In addition to public and political perception of welfare, also important to welfare reform is the drastic change in women's labor market participation since ADC was first enacted. By the 1990s it was more common for women to engage in waged work, and this change contributed to

7144-470: The program has endured has led to a tremendous amount of opposition to the program as it stands. In February 2020, a pension overhaul was adopted by decree using Article 49 of the French constitution . During the 2015–2018 Brazilian economic crisis , there has been both economic and political turmoil. President Dilma Rousseff , who was later impeached and replaced by President Michel Temer , strived to expand

7238-535: The provinces for the establishment of public housing, up to 90% of the cost of construction. Following this development, in 1965 the Canada Pension Plan and Quebec Pension Plan were established as a national compulsory contributory pension plan. In 1966, the Canada Assistance Plan was made to merge the Unemployment Assistance Act with other assistance plans such as those for the physically disabled and single parents. The Canadian Assistance plan also established

7332-589: The public safety net and strengthens the capitalist economic system. Many historians trace the beginnings of contemporary welfare in Europe and America to Germany's health insurance laws introduced in the late 19th century. German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced government healthcare and approved the 1883 Health Insurance Act which was the first to introduce compulsory government-monitored health insurance. The German legislation ensured contributory retirement and disability benefits. Participation became mandatory. In

7426-480: The rest of the campaign season. Clinton's charisma, combined with a talented campaign staff and skilled campaign strategy, led to victory. Organizational theorists have proposed that his campaign structure adopted an effective blend of informality with clear goal definition, which allowed for structured creativity. There was also the Ross Perot factor, as he took many votes from the angry base due to Bush's breaking of

7520-409: The retirement age in order to save money and fix the economy. Additionally, under his reform, companies have greater power to require longer work days and use part-time workers. In response to this reform, labor unions, rural workers, and government employees held protests all over Brazil. The vote to approve the pension reform was first suspended until February 2018, and now has been further postponed as

7614-446: The self-employed, people over the age of 70, and people who did not earn the minimum weekly earnings of 20% of the maximum weekly insurable earnings. One of the main goals was to "provide adequate income support for all persons experiencing temporary earnings interruptions". This new amendment liberalized the former system. The National Housing Act was also expanded under Trudeau to cover co-operative and non-profit assistance. In 1978, for

7708-494: The show and subsequent media coverage of it, catapulted him ahead of Bush in the polls. In June and July 1992, speculation grew about who Clinton was going to pick as his running mate. Possible candidates included Kerrey, Indiana congressman Lee Hamilton , Missouri congressman Dick Gephardt, Tennessee senator Al Gore, New Jersey senator Bill Bradley, Florida senator Bob Graham and Pennsylvania senator Harris Wofford . On July 9, 1992, Clinton selected Gore as his running mate in

7802-443: The social welfare program Bolsa Família instated by her predecessor Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . As a social-democrat, Rousseff pledged that "Brazil will continue to grow, with social inclusion and mobility." When Michel Temer took office, to cope with the severe economic recession, he proposed social welfare reforms to change labor rules and the social security pension system. Temer's plan included limiting pension benefits and raising

7896-598: The then- governor of Arkansas , was announced on October 3, 1991, at the Old State House in Little Rock, Arkansas . After winning a majority of delegates in the Democratic primaries of 1992 , the campaign announced that then-junior U.S. senator from Tennessee , Al Gore , would be Clinton's running mate . The Clinton–Gore ticket defeated Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle in

7990-435: The total number of births to about 8 million. The 2.69 million births in 1949 are the most ever in postwar statistics. The cohort born in this period is called the "baby boom generation" (団塊の世代, dankai no sedai, means "the generation of nodule "). A period of more than two million annual births from 1971 to 1974, with the number of births in 1973 peaking at 2.09 million, is referred to as the second baby boom. However, unlike

8084-634: The trend of introducing welfare reforms has not been introduced lately as some schemes were brought into action since the 1960s. Hence, giving an insight in India's historical background of welfare schemes is essential to form the base layer for further examples. Indira Gandhi, who was both Prime Minister and Finance Minister in charge, agreed to nationalise 14 of the country's largest private banks on July 19, 1969. In 1955, with Imperial Bank having already been nationalised and renamed State Bank of India, this decision in 1969, effectively placed 80 percent of banking assets under state control. Nationalization of banks

8178-488: The unpleasant daily interactions readers of this document have had with call centre agents. When citizens' rights are denied, digital welfare programmes run the risk of closing off spaces for citizens to petition, protest, and seek transparency and the point being made here is not to argue against efficiency of administration. Therefore, a balance must be struck between centralised power for performance and decentralised, citizen-centric governance for responsiveness . In 1945,

8272-454: The welfare state's architecture lie under these changes. The issues are concentrated on centralisation and the ability of different levels of government to deliver. The new government's welfare policy would inevitably have to address these issues, as well as the opportunities and threats they raise. The new government's ability to manage this complexity would decide its ability to provide high-quality public services to India's poorest citizens. But

8366-415: The “work-first” approach to work requirements prioritized getting recipients to quickly enter the job market, with the work programs offered focusing on job readiness and immediate job placement at the first available job. These concerns about the women receiving AFDC and the impact of the program on marriage and motherhood, as well as the increased demand for low-wage, low-skilled workers in the job market and

8460-585: Was crafted as a response to the perceived failings of AFDC Concerns about AFDC had started in the 1960s, at the same time when anti-poverty solutions and programs were being debated and created. Some of these concerns included that it: caused family dysfunction among the poor (especially among poor black families as a result of the Moynihan Report ), discouraged marriage and promoted single-motherhood, and discouraged poor women from seeking employment by encouraging dependency on government aid. The 1980s concerns about

8554-503: Was defined as the "single most significant economic decision taken by any government since 1947" in the third volume of the Reserve Bank of India's history. The aim of nationalising banks was to align the banking sector with the Indian government's post-independence socialist goals. According to the RBI's records, the proposal to nationalise banks and insurance companies was first proposed in a report by

8648-573: Was removed in 1972 amidst criticism from liberals that the plan provided too little support and having excessively stringent work requirements. Ultimately, the Nixon Administration presided over the continued expansion of welfare programs, however the Family Assistance Plan facilitated greater debate over the state of the welfare system and began the rhetoric for anti-welfare sentiment. In 1981, President Ronald Reagan cut spending for

8742-517: Was then Mandatory Palestine , began to rise dramatically as a result of the aftereffects of the Holocaust and expectations of Jewish independence. Ireland has a much younger population compared to Europe overall, with one in four people under age 15. This is likely due to the baby boom experienced in the late 2000s and early 2010s, after the Great Recession. The number of births in Ireland reached

8836-475: Was used strategically to reduce wage increases and inflation. In 1977, the Established Programs Financing and Fiscal Arrangements Act "replaced the previous federal–provincial cost-sharing arrangements, which were conditional grants, with a formula that increased federal contributions to provincial programs according to increases in gross national product". Arguably this decade saw the beginning of

#555444