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112-456: Wei Yan was from Yiyang Commandery ( 義陽郡 ), which covered parts of present-day Nanyang in southern Henan and parts of northern Hubei . He started his career as a foot soldier under the warlord Liu Bei , probably sometime between 209 and 211 when Liu Bei was in southern Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan ). Around 212, he followed Liu Bei into Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing ) and served Liu Bei as

224-605: A yushi zhishu (御史治書; an auditor). The Jin Shu mentioned that Chen Shou took a leave of absence when his mother died, and he fulfilled her dying wish to be buried in Luoyang . However, he ended up being castigated and demoted because his act of burying his mother in Luoyang – instead of in his hometown in Anhan County – was a violation of the proprieties of his time. The Huayang Guozhi gave

336-570: A Gentleman Palace Writer (中書郎), the Ministry of Personnel appointed Chen Shou as the Administrator (太守) of Changguang Commandery (長廣郡) instead on the recommendation of Xun Xu . The Jin Shu mentioned that Xun Xu detested Zhang Hua and disliked Chen Shou for his association with Zhang Hua, so he urged the Ministry of Personnel to reassign Chen Shou to another position. Chen Shou declined the appointment on

448-558: A character in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong , which romanticises the historical events leading to, and during the Three Kingdoms period, such as Wei Yan participation in the fictional Battle of Changsha . Wei Yan surrendered to Liu Bei after killing his superior, Han Xuan. During a clash between Liu Bei against Ma Chao forces, Wei Yan defeat Ma Dai after they duelled for several bouts, causing

560-605: A continuation of the Han dynasty . While " Shu " was a geographical term for where their state was based in, it was also a derisive name used by the Wei and Jin dynasties to discredit their claim of continuing the Han. Chen Shou opted to use the name "Shu" in his works, which in Tang Geng's view, was a deliberate neglect of impartiality to appease his patrons and personal animosity. To contrast, he brought up

672-443: A good foundation for development. Nanyang is a great city of education. It has a fine tradition of respecting teachers and teaching and educating students. It has taken the lead in proposing a strategy of science and education in the country. In particular, in recent years, the municipal party committee and the municipal government have attached great importance to education. The education industry in our city has developed vigorously and

784-465: A heavy defeat to them. During the same year, he also assisted another Shu general Wu Yi in attacking Nan'an Commandery ( 南安郡 ; southeast of present-day Longxi County , Gansu ) where they scored another victory against a Wei army led by Fei Yao . During the fourth campaign in 231, Wei Yan was also involved in the Battle of Mount Qi when he, together with the Shu generals Gao Xiang and Wu Ban , scored

896-464: A historian for two reasons. The first one was about Chen Shou attempting to extort 1,000 hu of grain from the sons of Ding Yi (丁儀) and his younger brother Ding Yi (丁廙) – two officials in Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. He promised them that he would write biographies for their fathers in the Sanguozhi if they gave him the grain, but they refused, so he did not write the biographies. However,

1008-550: A historian was clearly justified if he decided to not write biographies for the Ding brothers, because, in his opinion, the Dings had committed grievous sins – instigating sibling rivalry and causing instability in the Wei imperial clan – which made them unworthy of having biographies in historical records. Pan further noted that there were also other notable persons in Wei (e.g. Chen Lin , Wu Zhi and Yang Xiu ) who did not have biographies in

1120-534: A large scale invasion of Shu's rival state, Cao Wei (or Wei) , where he put Wei Yan in charge of the vanguard division and appointed him as acting Major under the Imperial Chancellor ( 丞相司馬 ) and acting Inspector of Liang Province ( 涼州刺史 ). During this campaign , Wei Yan always requested to lead a separate detachment of 10,000 troops, take a different route through the Ziwu Valley ( 子午谷 ) and rendezvous with

1232-422: A major victory against the Wei army led by Sima Yi , during which they killed 3,000 Wei soldiers and seized 5,000 sets of armour and 3,100 crossbows. Sima Yi was forced to retreat back to his camp. Zhang He , a veteran Wei general, was also killed in battle during this conflict. As a reward for his contributions, the Shu government promoted Wei Yan to Vanguard Military Adviser ( 前軍師 ) and Senior General Who Attacks

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1344-466: A massive blow to Wei defences. However, Wei Yan's plan was also very risky, as neither Xiahou Mao's retreat nor the timely arrival of the main Shu force led by Zhuge Jiang could have been guaranteed. Moreover, the Wei general Guo Huai was stationed nearby and could have come to Xiahou Mao's aid. However, recent scholarship of Chinese history criticised the Weilue account, stating that Yu Huan had exaggerated

1456-547: A particularly designed fortification which laid numerous military garrisons surrounding the outskirt and trail exits linking to Hanzhong. Following the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and the start of the Three Kingdoms period in 220, Liu Bei declared himself emperor in 221 and established the state of Shu Han (or Shu) to challenge the legitimacy of the Cao Wei (or Wei) state established by Cao Cao's successor, Cao Pi , to replace

1568-470: A period of stagnation until Zhang Hua recommended him to serve in the government of the Jin dynasty . Zhang Hua appreciated Chen Shou's talent and felt that even though Chen did not have an untarnished reputation, he did not deserve to be demoted and dismissed while he was in Shu. Chen Shou was recommended as a xiaolian (civil service candidate), and appointed as a zuo zhuzuo lang (佐著作郎; an assistant scribe) and

1680-470: A personal retainer in a war against Liu Zhang , the Governor of Yi Province (益州牧). Huang Zhong and Wei Yan scored many military exploits during the capture of Guanghan County . Thus, Wei Yan promoted to full general. The campaign met early success with the quick death of Gao Pei and Yang Huai and the later occupation of the passes, followed by the defeat of Liu Zhang's reinforcements at Fu County. Pang Tong

1792-469: A political and cultural center of southwestern Henan province and a hub for trade. Nanyang is located in southwestern Henan, bordering Hubei ( Xiangyang , Shiyan , and Suizhou ) to the south, Shaanxi ( Shangluo ) to the west and the following prefecture-level cities in Henan: The latitude of the entire prefecture ranges from 32° 17' to 33° 48' N, while the longitude ranges from 110° 58' to 113° 49' E, and

1904-586: A possible obstacle to his appointed successors. Meanwhile, in the Analysis of the Three Kingdoms , Yi Zhongtian commented that Zhuge Liang's last order to forcibly retreat and leave Wei Yan alone was contradicted by what he personally instructed Wei Yan; such contradiction indirectly led to tragedy between Wei Yan and Yang Yi. The forced retreat after Zhuge Liang's death might have been Yang Yi's idea rather than Zhuge Liang's, since Zhuge Liang died before devising any withdrawal plan. Yi Zhongtian thus theorised that there

2016-749: A separate force to station south of the Wei Family River where, in memory of the incident, the locals built the Wei Family River Temple beside the river and a small bridge called "General Bridge" ( 將軍橋 ). The Wei Yan Shrine was initially demolished by the government but was rebuilt in 1995. A statue of Wei Yan stands in the main hall of the shrine. There is another temple attributed to Wei Yan in Wei Yan's purported hometown in Weijia Village, Gaobao Township, Qingfeng County , Henan . Wei Yan appears as

2128-590: A similar situation during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , where the Southern Tang was called Wu and the Northern Han was called Jin in derogative manners. Yet, historical documents still refer to them by their respective self titles. Tang Geng then laments that recently, someone had used Chen Shou's works as an example to convince a historian to not record the events he considered minor. According to

2240-538: A total of 1,500 taxis were in operation in Nanyang; all of them run on natural gas. In addition, there are more than 1,790 app-taxis and 35.98% of them are powered by renewable energy. Dockless app based bikeshares such as DiDi Bike and Hellobike are also available. Nanyang has planned six light rail lines with a total track mileage of 134 km. The official language of Nanyang is Mandarin Chinese , but most locals speak

2352-519: A varying account of the events: It was Chen Shou's stepmother (not his biological mother) who died. She did not want to be buried together with his father (in Anhan County), so Chen Shou buried her in Luoyang. According to the Jin Shu , many years after his demotion, Chen Shou was appointed as a zhongshuzi (中庶子; an aide) to the crown prince Sima Yu , but he did not assume his role. He died of illness at

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2464-559: Is 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) and in July it is 27.0 °C (80.6 °F); the annual mean is 15.2 °C (59.4 °F). More than half the annual rainfall occurs from June to August.Winter lasts for 110-135 days, followed by summer for 110-120 days, and spring and autumn for 55-70 days. The whole city area has a population over 10.26 million, which is the twelfth prefecture-level city in China now. The built-up area has over 1.8 million people, which

2576-526: Is a prefecture-level city in the southwest of Henan province, China. The city with the largest administrative area in Henan, Nanyang borders Xinyang to the southeast, Zhumadian to the east, Pingdingshan to the northeast, Luoyang to the north, Sanmenxia to the northwest, the province of Shaanxi to the west, and the province of Hubei to the south. Nanyang is known for its outstanding people and land, producing numerous talents. In history, it has nurtured

2688-424: Is an auspicious sign that the enemy will destroy themselves without battle". After Wei Yan left, Zhao Zhi revealed to someone that the Chinese character for "horn" ( 角 ) is composed of a "knife" ( 刀 ) with "use" ( 用 ) below it, which meant that dreaming of "using a knife" atop one's head was an extremely ominous omen. Later in the encampment, Wei Yan had a quarrel with Yang Yi , Zhuge Liang's chief clerk, whom Wei Yan

2800-524: Is located in Baique Village, Sanquan Township, Zitong County , Sichuan . In front of the shrine flows a Wei Family River ( 魏家河 ). On the plains east of the river, there once stood a Wei Family River Temple ( 魏家河廟 ), which had three stone tablets in front of it. One of the stone tablets bears the words "Wei Yan once led soldiers and was stationed here." According to legend, in 231, during the fourth Shu invasion of Wei , Zhuge Liang ordered Wei Yan to lead

2912-686: Is part of the Twenty-Four Histories canon of Chinese history. There are two biographies of Chen Shou. The first one is in the Chronicles of Huayang , which was written by Chang Qu in the fourth century during the Eastern Jin dynasty . The second one is in the Book of Jin , which was written by Fang Xuanling and others in the seventh century during the Tang dynasty . He started his career as an official in

3024-426: Is served by the following rail lines: Nanjing-Xi'an Railway , Jiaozuo-Liuzhou Railway , Haoji Railway , and Zhengzhou–Wanzhou high-speed railway . Nanyang has three major railway stations: Nanyang railway station , Nanyang East railway station , and Nanyang West railway station. There are also several other small stations serving suburban areas. Direct train service is available to Beijing, Shenyang, and Harbin to

3136-537: Is the fifth largest city in Henan Province. About 1 million commute from the city, mainly to Zhengzhou, Guangdong province, Beijing and Shanghai. The majority of the province is Han; among the minority nationalities are the Hui people and Man people . As of the 2020 Chinese census , Nanyang was home to 9,713,112 people, ranking nineteenth in China, and its built-up ( or metro ) area made of Wolong and Wancheng Districts

3248-442: The Chronicles of Huayang ( Huayang Guo Zhi ), appraised Chen Shou as follows: "Learn from the past, promote and consolidate those reflections." After Chen Shou's death, the official Fan Jun (范頵) and others wrote a memorial to Emperor Hui : "In the past, Emperor Wu of Han issued an imperial decree: ' Sima Xiangru is critically ill. Retrieve his writings.' The emissary who collected Sima Xiangru's writings told Emperor Wu about

3360-506: The Records of the Grand Historian until his own time, every state in official history is referred to by the name they used no matter their circumstances as it was basic decency to do so. However, Chen Shou was the sole historian who made an exception for Shu Han. Throughout its existence, Liu Bei and Liu Shan always used the name "Han" for their state since they were positioning themselves as

3472-577: The fengshan ceremonies, which were mentioned in Sima's writings. The emperor was very surprised. We, Your Majesty's subjects, propose: The late zhishu shi yushi Chen Shou wrote the Sanguozhi , which contains good advice and evaluates successes and failures. It is beneficial to promoting culture. Even though its writing style is not comparable to the works of (Sima) Xiangru, its message is simpler and clearer. We hope that it can be collected and reproduced." Emperor Hui approved and issued an imperial decree ordering

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3584-539: The Bashu Qijiu Zhuan (巴蜀耆舊傳; Biographies of Famous People from Bashu ). Chen Shou felt that the Bashu Qijiu Zhuan was not comprehensive enough, so he expanded it to the 10-volume Yibu Qijiu Zhuan (益部耆舊傳; Biographies of Famous People from Yi Province ). His work was presented by the official Wen Li (文立) to Emperor Wu, who praised it. Other writings by Chen Shou include: the 50-volume Gu Guo Zhi (古國志; Records of Ancient States ), which received high praise;

3696-560: The Henan dialect , with its easily identifiable stereotypical features; this local dialect is known as Nanyang Hua ( 南阳话 ), and is spoken by about 15 million people in the area. There are mainly Chu culture series, Han culture series, Three Kingdoms culture series, and various ancient architectural development and utilization series. The rare treasures unearthed from the Spring and Autumn tombs in Danyang,

3808-601: The Intendant of Henan (河南尹) and Prefect of Luoyang (洛陽令) to send scribes to Chen Shou's house and copy the Sanguozhi . In the fifth century, Emperor Wen of the Liu Song dynasty felt that Chen Shou's Sanguozhi was too short and not comprehensive enough, so he commissioned Pei Songzhi to annotate the Sanguozhi . Pei Songzhi completed his assignment in 429. He included new materials he collected through research, and added his personal commentary. Pei Songzhi's annotations increased

3920-512: The Jin Shu account. Sometime in the third century after 280, Chen Shou wrote his magnum opus : the 65-volume Sanguozhi ( Records of the Three Kingdoms ), which records the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. The text was divided into three sections – Book of Wei (魏書), Book of Shu (蜀書) and Book of Wu (吳書) – and was composed of mainly biographies of notable persons in those eras. Chen Shou received acclaim from his contemporaries for his work and

4032-476: The Jin Shu claim: Chen Shou gave highly positive comments about Zhuge Liang's ability as a politician in the Zhuge Liang Collection and in his personal commentary at the end of Zhuge's biography in the Sanguozhi . Zhao Yi's concluding remarks on this issue were that Chen Shou had clearly identified Zhuge Liang's strengths and weaknesses in his appraisal of Zhuge Liang in the Sanguozhi . Chen Shou in

4144-446: The Jin Shu prefaced the anecdote with the term huoyun (或云), which meant "rumours". The Qing dynasty writer Pan Mei (潘眉) rebutted the Jin Shu' s account about Chen Shou attempting to extort from the Dings and called it "uninformed". He disproved the claim that the Ding brothers were very famous officials in Wei by pointing out that they had neither held important appointments nor made any significant achievements. Pan also felt that

4256-521: The Jin Shu , Chen Shou collected and compiled the writings of Zhuge Liang during his early career under the Jin dynasty. The compiled text was called Shu Xiang Zhuge Liang Ji (蜀相諸葛亮集; Collection of the Shu Chancellor Zhuge Liang ). The Huayang Guozhi mentioned that later on, Zhang Hua proposed to Emperor Wu to have the text reorganized and composed as a 24-volumes. At the time, Shou Liang

4368-466: The Jin Shu , Chen Shou's mentor, Qiao Zhou , often told Chen, "You'll become famous for your talent. However, it might not be a misfortune if you encounter any setback. You should be more mindful about what you do." Fang Xuanling remarked that Chen Shou's experiences – being demoted and humiliated when he was in Shu, and again while he was serving under the Jin dynasty – fitted what Qiao Zhou said about him. Chang Qu , who wrote Chen Shou's biography in

4480-419: The Sanguozhi , analysed Wei Yan's death as such: "Wei Yan's initial intention was not to head north to surrender to Wei . Instead, he wanted to retreat back to the south. He desired to kill Yang Yi and the others who disagreed with him. Although the officers held differing opinions, he strongly believed that they would generally agree to him becoming Zhuge Liang's successor. That was his true intention; he

4592-421: The Sanguozhi , so being notable did not mean that a person should have a biography written for him. His concluding remarks on this issue were that the Jin Shu made a malicious claim (about Chen Shou). The second one suggested that Chen Shou held personal grudges against the Shu chancellor Zhuge Liang and his son Zhuge Zhan , hence he wrote negative comments about them in the Sanguozhi . Chen Shou's father

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4704-401: The Three Kingdoms period and Jin dynasty of China. Chen Shou is best known for his most celebrated work, the Records of the Three Kingdoms ( Sanguozhi ), which records the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. Chen Shou wrote the Sanguozhi primarily in the form of biographies of notable persons of those eras. Today, Chen's Records of the Three Kingdoms

4816-505: The filial mourning period after his father's death. Some guests who visited his home expressed disapproval when they saw him being served medicine by his servants, because he was expected to lead an austere life during that period. His fellow townsfolk criticised him when they heard about it. According to the Huayang Guozhi , Chen Shou was a close friend of Li Xiang , courtesy name was Shulong (叔龍), from Zitong Commandery (梓潼郡). Li Xiang

4928-470: The "sage of science" Zhang Heng, "sage of medicine" Zhang Zhongjing, "sage of commerce" Fan Li, and "sage of intelligence" Zhuge Liang. It has also nurtured contemporary celebrities such as philosopher Feng Youlan, military strategist Peng Xuefeng, literary figure Yao Xueyin, technological inventor Wang Yongmin, and writer Er Yuehe. Dinosaur egg fossils have been discovered in the Nanyang Basin . In

5040-473: The 7-volume Guansi Lun (官司論; Dissertation on Bureaucracy ), which used historical examples to discuss reforms; Shi Yi (釋諱; Explaining Taboos ); Guang Guo Lun (廣國論); Wei Mingchen Zou (魏名臣奏; Memorials by Notable Officials of Cao Wei ). Chen Fu (陳符), whose courtesy name was Changxin (長信), was the son of Chen Shou's elder brother. He was also known for his literary talent and he succeeded his uncle as an Assistant Gentleman of Writing. He also served as

5152-546: The Battles of Xiaoting and Fancheng. Such a complicated situation could not be explained clearly to Wei Yan, and probably did not need to be, as Zhuge Liang wanted to keep Wei Yan's morale at his peak. Wei Yan's reasoning for his Ziwu Valley Plan was recorded in the Weilüe , which was then added as an annotation to his biography in the Sanguozhi , where Chen Shou recorded that Wei Yan received intelligence which led him to conclude that

5264-667: The Eastern Han dynasty. Liu Bei further promoted Wei Yan to General Who Guards the North ( 鎮北將軍 ) after his coronation. After Liu Bei died in 223, his son Liu Shan succeeded him as the emperor of Shu. In the same year, Liu Shan enfeoffed Wei Yan as a Marquis of a Chief Village ( 都亭侯 ). In 227, Zhuge Liang , the Imperial Chancellor of Shu, mobilised the Shu military and gathered troops in Hanzhong Commandery in preparation for

5376-450: The Imperial Chancellor is dead, I am still alive. The officials serving in the Imperial Chancellor's Office may bring his body back (to Chengdu ) for burial, but I should remain behind to lead the army to attack the enemy. Must we abandon our mission just because of the death of one man? Besides, who am I, Wei Yan, to submit to Yang Yi's command and lead the rearguard?" Wei Yan then asked Fei Yi to assist him in making arrangements for part of

5488-596: The Prefect (令) of Shanglian County (上廉縣). Chen Fu's younger brother, Chen Li (陳蒞), whose courtesy name was Shudu (叔度), served as an Attendant Officer (別駕) in Liang Province and later under Sima You , the Prince of Qi (齊王) and General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍). He also died in Luoyang . Chen Li had a younger relative, Chen Jie (陳階), whose courtesy name was Dazhi (達之). Chen Jie assumed the following appointments: Registrar (主簿) of

5600-566: The Shu army to remain behind and continue with the campaign, while the rest would retreat back to Shu. Fei Yi pretended to write a letter, signed by both of them, and told Wei Yan that he would read out the letter to all the officers about the new arrangements. It turned out that he had lied by telling Wei Yan that he would go back and explain Wei Yan's answer to Yang Yi. Wei Yan then let Fei Yi leave, but he immediately regretted his decision and went after Fei Yi, but could not catch up with Fei Yi in time. He then sent his subordinate to meet Yang Yi and

5712-401: The Shu general Wang Ping defend Hanzhong Commandery from a massive invasion led by the Wei general Cao Shuang . The Shu general Jiang Wei later dismantled the "Heavy Gate" fortification in favour of his own design. However, Jiang Wei's new defence strategy failed to impede Wei invaders led by Zhong Hui , and Jiang Wei himself ultimately lost control of Hanzhong. A Wei Yan Shrine ( 魏延祠 )

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5824-408: The Shu main army at Tong Pass ( 潼關 ; in present-day Tongguan County , Shaanxi ). Wei Yan argued that the Ziwu Valley and its resources could support the Shu army's operations at least for a week. However, Zhuge Liang rejected the plan because he thought that it was too risky, prompting Wei Yan to call Zhuge Liang a coward and complain that his talent was not put to good use. When Chen Shou compiled

5936-564: The Three Kingdoms era. It was also the place where Chen Shou studied in his early life. It was destroyed in the 1960s after years of neglect, but was rebuilt in 1990 by the Chinese government at a cost of four million yuan. The present tower, which covers an area of 2,400 square metres, consists of three main attractions – the Reading Tower of Chen Shou, the Chen Shou Memorial Hall, and Collecting Books Tower. The tower has on display

6048-557: The Wei emperor Cao Rui immediately removed Xiahou Mao from his military command in Chang'an and reassigned him to be a Master of Writing ( 尚書 ) in Luoyang. Yi Zhongtian , in his Analysis of the Three Kingdoms , commented that both proponents and opponents of Wei Yan's plan had strong reasons. Wei forces were rather unprepared to counter the first Northern Expedition as they had not foreseen that Shu forces could launch such an offensive, hence both Zhuge Liang and Wei Yan's strikes could have dealt

6160-533: The West ( 征西大將軍 ), and elevated him from a village marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Nanzheng" ( 南鄭侯 ). In 234, Zhuge Liang launched the fifth Shu invasion of Wei , with Wei Yan leading the Shu vanguard force as one of the commanding officers. Wei Yan reportedly had a dream that a horn grew on top of his head. He asked the dream diviner Zhao Zhi ( 趙直 ) the meaning of this. Zhao Zhi lied to him and said: "A qilin has horns, but does not use them; this

6272-468: The Yellow Gate (黃門侍郎). In the final years of Shu ( c. 250s–260s), many officials fawned on Huang Hao , an influential court eunuch , in their bid to win his favour. Chen Shou's refusal to engage in such flattering and obsequious behaviour took a toll on his career: He was demoted on several occasions and sent out of the Shu capital, Chengdu . After the fall of Shu in 263, Chen Shou's career entered

6384-562: The acting Prefect (令) of Yangping County (陽平縣). In 274, he collected and compiled the writings of Zhuge Liang , the first chancellor of Shu, and submitted them to the Jin imperial court. He was promoted to zhuzuo lang (著作郎; a scribe) and appointed as the zhongzheng (中正) of Baxi Commandery. The Huayang Guozhi mentioned that he also served as the Chancellor (相) to the Marquis of Pingyang (平陽侯). When Zhang Hua recommended Chen Shou to serve as

6496-538: The age of 65 (by East Asian age reckoning ) in 297 during the reign of Emperor Hui . The Huayang Guozhi gave a different account of the events before Chen Shou's death. It stated that Chen Shou was appointed as a zhongshuzi to Sima Yu, but was reassigned to be a Regular Mounted Attendant (散騎常侍) again after the crown prince was deposed in 299. Emperor Hui told Zhang Hua, "(Chen) Shou possesses genuine talent. He should not remain in his current appointment for long." Zhang Hua wanted to nominate Chen Shou to take up one of

6608-634: The alleged conflict between Wei Yan and Zhuge Liang over the latter's rejection of the former's Ziwu Valley plan. Wen-Chin Wang of the Department of Chinese Language and Literature suspected that the Weilue account was biased since Yu Huan supported the state of Wei. The "Heavy Gate" ( 重門之計 ) bulwark designed by Wei Yan during his tenure as Administrator of Hanzhong Commandery particularly turned out useful on two occasions when his successors as Administrator of Hanzhong Commandery used it to repel invaders. It also helped

6720-565: The banks of the Bai River in Nanyang. Later, with the help of the 28 generals of the Cloud Terrace and the financial support of Nanyang, Liu Xiu successfully ascended to power and established the Eastern Han dynasty. Nanyang became the southern capital, ranking as the second largest city after Luoyang, the capital. During that time, Nanyang was home to numerous influential families. Nanyang subsequently declined somewhat in importance, but remained

6832-480: The biography of Liu Shan wrote that the state of Shu Han did not have a historical bureau or department, justifying the pitiful condition of the biography of their officials. Tang Geng cast doubt on this claim, remarking that although ancient texts advised to have one scribe write every word of his sovereign while another writes every action, those were merely hyperbolic terms. He provides past examples of people combining their role as historian alongside other function of

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6944-521: The capital of Chu, are well-known and the Chu Great Wall site, known as the "father of the Great Wall of China," has attracted attention. The Han cultural relics in Nanyang, represented by the "Three Wonders of Nanyang Han Culture" such as portrait stones, portrait bricks, and pottery dogs, rank first in the country in terms of quantity, scale, content, research, and tourism value discovered; There are also

7056-415: The chances of success were not high but it would have been better than doing nothing. Zhuge Liang's goal of restoring the Han dynasty was sincere and had never changed. However, Wei was too powerful and could not be defeated in a single blow, hence the expeditions had to be carried out in a careful manner with guaranteed advances rather than going with daring but risky strikes which could lead to disasters like

7168-558: The city with industry and strengthening the city with industry", prioritizing the acceleration of the construction of a characteristic advanced manufacturing center city and making every effort to create a new highland for innovative development in the manufacturing industry. Nanyang has three main sports centers. Among them, the Nanyang First Sports and Fitness Center is the home of the Henan Golden Elephants . Nanyang

7280-472: The city's science and technology. Innovation, social progress and improvement of people's livelihood have also laid a good foundation for achieving a higher level of development at a new starting point. The prefecture-level city of Nanyang administers 2 districts , 1 county-level city and 10 counties . At present, the Nanyang Municipal Government has set the development goal of "building

7392-532: The defender of the strategic city of Chang'an , Xiahou Mao , was incompetent. Thus, Wei Yan reasoned, it would be easy for him to take 5,000 troops (and another 5,000 to carry supplies) across the Qin Mountains via the Ziwu Valley and into Chang'an. Wei Yan estimated that he would reach Chang'an in ten days and scare Xiahou Mao into flight, leaving the grain in Chang'an's storehouses for Shu's taking. There, Wei Yan's force can wait for Zhuge Liang's main army to take

7504-452: The enemy, causing Shu forces to turn against Wei Yan and result in his downfall. Pei Songzhi , who added the Weilüe account to Wei Yan's biography and annotated the Sanguozhi , cast doubts on the Weilüe account: "I believe this account (Weilue) was derived from hearsay in the enemy state ( Wei ) and may not be as reliable as compared to the original account (by Chen Shou)." Wei Yan's death

7616-449: The expeditions not only to restore the Han dynasty, but also to keep Shu in a state of war so that he could strengthen his control over Shu's internal affairs and suppress potential dissidence among local elites in Shu. As the smallest and weakest amongst the Three Kingdoms, Shu would be the first one to be targeted, hence it had to launch preemptive attacks to intimidate its opponents, to expand its territory, and to improve its conditions -

7728-512: The face of higher education has undergone tremendous changes. There are 6 colleges and universities in the city, with nearly 90,000 students. All colleges and universities adhere to the Party's education policy, implement the fundamental tasks of Lide Shuren, and have achieved unprecedented achievements in personnel training, scientific research, social services, cultural heritage innovation and international exchanges and cooperation, which not only promotes

7840-703: The fire to extinguish, and the plan failed; prompting the Simas to escape. “Sun Qi Mountain” drama which was written by Wei Ming-Lun, that described the relationship between two important historical figures Zhuge Liang and Wei Yan depicted the latter in positive light as it was not Wei Yan intent to betray Shu, which making him as tragic hero figure. Wei Yan is featured as a playable character in Koei 's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. He also appears in Koei's Dynasty Tactics 2 . Nanyang, Henan Nanyang

7952-543: The formation of Chinese civilization . The Baliqiao site in Fangcheng County is a core settlement of the Erlitou culture . It served as an important hub for the transfer and control of resources. Nanyang was the capital of the state of Shen in the first millennium BCE. After the unification of the six states by Qin, the "relocation of unruly people to Nanyang" brought together the wealthy and skilled merchants and artisans of

8064-531: The government. Furthermore, when the Rites of Zhou (pre-1st century BC) was written, even local warlords would have a historical bureau, so for Shu Han to suddenly lack one is suspect. Finally, he points out that Chen Shou contradicts the statement in the same biography when he wrote "the Historical Bureau (史官) reported the sighting of a brilliant star," just three paragraphs later. Tang Geng commented that since

8176-402: The governor of Yi Province ; baozhongling (褒中令); West Commandant (西部都尉) of Yongchang Commandery (永昌郡); Administrator (太守) of Jianning (建寧) and Xinggu (興古) commanderies. Chen Jie was also well known for his literary talent. Chen Fu, Chen Li and Chen Jie each wrote more than 10 works out of the over 200 writings attributed to Chen Shou. The Jin Shu mentioned that Chen Shou fell sick during

8288-488: The grounds that he had to look after his elderly mother. The Huayang Guozhi gave a different account of Chen Shou's relationship with Xun Xu. It stated that Xun Xu and Zhang Hua were very pleased with Chen Shou's Sanguozhi and they remarked that Chen Shou surpassed Ban Gu and Sima Qian . However, later, Xun Xu was displeased by the Wei Shu – one of the three sections in the Sanguozhi – and did not want Chen Shou to work in

8400-581: The imperial guards from Chengdu to deal with what appeared to be a mutiny by Wei Yan. They had travelled for about 10 li (about three miles) when they received news of Wei Yan's death; they then turned back and returned to Chengdu. Wei Yan was known for treating his soldiers well and for his bravery with valour that surpassed others. However, he was also boastful of his talents, hence his peers tended to shun him. Sun Quan had also once remarked that once Zhuge Liang died, Wei Yan would prove to be an unreliable person. Chen Shou , who wrote Wei Yan's biography in

8512-520: The largest ancient iron smelting workshop in the country - the Wafangzhuang site, the sizable Han Wancheng site, the medical saint temple where the famous Han Dynasty great medical expert Zhang Zhongjing's ancestral tomb is located, and the famous tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty scientist and writer Zhang Heng at home and abroad. The historical influence of the Three Kingdoms period is profound, and

8624-465: The latter confidently replied: "If Cao Cao leads all his forces to attack Hanzhong, let me assist Your Highness in resisting them. If an enemy general comes with an army of 100,000, let me engulf them for Your Highness." Liu Bei was very pleased and everyone was impressed with Wei Yan's reply. During his tenure, Wei Yan explained to Liu Bei that he used a strategy called the "double gates" ( 重門之計 ). The ancient text I Ching described this strategy as

8736-459: The latter to flee. During the battle in Hanzhong, Wei Yan and Zhang Fei were unable to overcame Zhang He, causing both to retreat. According to Zhang Chaoju, Wei Yan was beaten during this campaign by Cao Cao's general, Pang De . Later, during the battle of Wuzhang plains, Wei Yan lured Sima Yi and his two sons, Sima Shi and Sima Zhao into a fire ambush. However, a sudden, heavy rain caused

8848-545: The length of the Sanguozhi to nearly twice its original. The Wanjuanlou ( 萬卷樓 ; 万卷楼 ; Wànjuànlóu ; 'tower of 10', '000 volumes of writings') – a tourist attraction in the Xishan Scenic Spot, Shunqing District , Nanchong , Sichuan – is named the source of the culture of the Three Kingdoms period by the Sichuan provincial government. The tower was constructed in the early third century (222–237) during

8960-479: The meantime, Yang Yi ordered his men to cut down trees to rebuild the gallery roads, and his troops marched day and night to catch up with Wei Yan. Wei Yan arrived at the southern valley first and ordered his soldiers to attack Yang Yi. Yang Yi sent Wang Ping to resist Wei Yan. Wang Ping shouted at Wei Yan: "His Excellency (Zhuge Liang) had just died and his body had yet to turn cold, and now you dare to do something like this!" Wei Yan's men knew that their commander

9072-504: The name "Nanyang" ( simplified Chinese : 南阳 ; traditional Chinese : 南陽 ; pinyin : Nányáng ), Nan ( 南 ) means south, and Yang ( 阳 / 陽 ) means sun—the south side of a mountain, or the north side of a river, in Chinese is called Yang . The name came from Nanyang Commandery , a commandery established in the region during the Warring States period . Before

9184-563: The name "Nanyang" became associated with the city itself, it was referred to as "Wan" ( 宛 ).Nanyang, also known as Wan, Nandu, and Dixiang. 550,000 years ago, Nanzhao Man inhabited near Xinghuashan, Nanzhao . Between 5,000 BCE and 3,000 BCE, a substantial Neolithic settlement thrived in Huangshan, situated north of Nanyang. Excavations of the Huangshan ruins have uncovered remnants of jade workshops, high-level tombs, wharves, and granaries. The Huangshan Archeological Site provided insight into

9296-731: The north of Nanyang city proper, there is a mountain called Mount Du , which is famous for the Dushan jade , one of the four famous jades of China, now a rarity. To the southwest is Neixiang County with the newly developing Baotianman Biosphere Reserve—an area of high biodiversity, with 65 rare and endangered species. The climate is generally moderate and is a four-season humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ), with strong monsoon influences: winters are cool but dry, and summers are hot and humid. Spring and autumn provide transitions of reasonable length. The monthly daily average temperature in January

9408-481: The north; Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou to the east; Xining, Lanzhou, and Ürümqi to the west; and Guangzhou, Xiamen, Nanning, and Kunming to the south. As of 2023, Nanyang has 898 km expressway, ranking the longest in Henan Province. The expressway is an important part of Nanyang's "One cross, three rings, and six radiations" plan. Nanyang Jiangying Airport is a civil aviation airport. It's 20 minutes from

9520-403: The others, but was shocked to discover that all units were preparing to retreat in accordance with Zhuge Liang's final orders. Wei Yan wanted to continue the battle even though Zhuge Liang had died, so he became furious when he heard of the retreat. He intended to block the Shu forces from retreating, so he led his force towards the south – ahead of the main army under Yang Yi's command – and sealed

9632-574: The posts of the Nine Ministers , but lost his life in 300 CE during the War of the Eight Princes . Chen Shou died in Luoyang later. His talents and achievements were not reflected in his status at the time of his death and many people felt that it was an injustice to him. The Huayang Guozhi account apparently suggests that Chen Shou died in 300 CE or after, which did not match his year of death mentioned in

9744-518: The prefecture spans 26,600 square kilometres (10,300 sq mi). The city lies within the Nanyang Basin , which is part of a region in Central China that lies in the gap between the eastern end of the Qin Mountains and the source of the Huai River . Thus, using those two geographic features as the standard dividing line, it is difficult to classify the city into northern or southern China . To

9856-732: The rank of General of the Ivory Gate ( 牙門將軍 ). In 219, Wei Yan participated in Liu Bei's Hanzhong Campaign against his rival Cao Cao . After Liu Bei captured Hanzhong, Liu Bei asked his subjects to nominate one of his generals to remain behind and guard Hanzhong. His subjects nominated Zhang Fei , who also strongly believed that he would most likely be chosen. However, much to everyone's surprise, Liu Bei chose Wei Yan instead and appointed him as General Who Guards Distant Lands ( 鎮遠將軍 ) and acting Administrator of Hanzhong ( 漢中太守 ). When Liu Bei asked Wei Yan in front of everyone how would he perform his duty,

9968-575: The remaining relics mainly include the Wuhou Temple, Weigong Bridge, Fengchu Terrace, as well as the ancient battlefield of Huoshao Bowang in Fangcheng and the council stage in Xinye. There is also a local form of Chinese opera called Wan bang. Chen Shou Chen Shou ( Chinese : 陳壽 ; 233–297 ), courtesy name Chengzuo ( 承祚 ), was a Chinese historian , politician, and writer who lived during

10080-460: The return route by destroying the gallery roads leading back to Shu. Wei Yan and Yang Yi separately wrote memorials to the Shu imperial court to accuse each other of treason; both memorials arrived in Chengdu on the same day. The Shu emperor Liu Shan asked the ministers Dong Yun and Jiang Wan for their opinions. Both of them sided with Yang Yi and felt that Wei Yan's actions were suspicious. In

10192-402: The safer road out of Xie Valley ( 斜谷 ) and rendezvous in Chang'an. In this way, the region west of Xianyang could be conquered in one movement." The Weilue argued that the plan might have worked; Sima Yi had acknowledged the possibility that Shu forces would carry out the plan while Xiahou Mao had not realised it. When the Wei government received intelligence about Wei Yan's Ziwu Valley Plan,

10304-514: The same office as him, so he had Chen Shou reassigned to be the Administrator of Changguang. In 278, before the general Du Yu assumed his appointment as the commander of the Jin military forces in Jing Province , he recommended Chen Shou to Emperor Wu and stated that Chen Shou was capable of serving as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門侍郎) or Gentleman of Scattered Cavalry (散騎侍郎). Emperor Wu accepted Du Yu's suggestion and appointed Chen Shou as

10416-485: The six states, promoting the development of Nanyang's economy, especially the iron smelting industry, which became one of the national iron smelting centers .It became commercially important under the Han dynasty , as it had many iron foundries and other manufacturing sites, and also fell at the convergence of routes between major cities. It's an important city of the Silk Road . Emperor Gengshi 's enthronement took place on

10528-559: The state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era but was demoted and sent out of the capital for his refusal to fawn on Huang Hao , an influential court eunuch in Shu in its twilight years. After the fall of Shu in 263, Chen Shou's career entered a period of stagnation before Zhang Hua recommended him to serve in the Jin government. He held mainly scribal and secretarial positions under the Jin government before dying from illness in 297. He had over 200 writings – about 30 of which he co-wrote with his relatives – attributed to him. Chen Shou

10640-493: The talents of both men. When Zhuge Liang became critically ill during the invasion, he gave secret orders to Yang Yi , Fei Yi and Jiang Wei to lead the army back to Shu after his death, with Wei Yan in charge of the rearguard and Jiang Wei to follow behind. If Wei Yan refused to follow the order, they were to retreat without him. When Zhuge Liang died, news of his death was kept secret. Yang Yi sent Fei Yi to meet Wei Yan and assess his intentions. Wei Yan told Fei Yi: "Although

10752-527: The unofficial works on the history of Shu to write the Sanguozhi , he only mentioned that Wei Yan suggested to Zhuge Liang to split the Shu army into two, and the two forces would take two different routes and rendezvous at Tong Pass. Later in 230, during the Ziwu Campaign , Wei Yan led some troops towards Yangxi ( 陽谿 ; southwest of present-day Wushan County, Gansu ) and engaged the Wei forces led by and Guo Huai and Fei Yao , where Wei Yan managed to inflict

10864-422: The urban area. Passengers can take flights to and from Beijing , Shanghai , Guangzhou , Shenzhen , and Guilin . There are also two avion airports. Tanghe to Madian waterway is under construction; the project is expected to be completed by the end of 2024. Nanyang Public Transportation Corporation has 1,005 buses (97.8% are clean energy buses), 44 bus lines (859.8 km), and 1,050 stations. As of 2023,

10976-438: Was a military adviser to the Shu general Ma Su . When Ma Su was executed by Zhuge Liang after his failure at the Battle of Jieting in 228, Chen Shou's father was implicated and sentenced to kun (髡), a punishment involving the shaving of a person's head. Zhuge Zhan belittled Chen Shou before. When Chen Shou wrote the biographies of Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Zhan in the Sanguozhi , he commented on them as follows: Military leadership

11088-544: Was also doing his own research on Zhuge Liang's works, with his outcome quite different from Chen Shou's original version. In the end, the text was rewritten, and became the Zhuge Liang Gushi (諸葛亮故事; Memoirs of Zhuge Liang ). Since the end of the Jianwu era (25–56 CE) in the Eastern Han dynasty , writers such as Zheng Boyi (鄭伯邑), Zhao Yanxin (趙彥信), Chen Shenbo (陳申伯), Zhu Yuanling (祝元靈) and Wang Wenbiao (王文表) had co-written

11200-457: Was explained in political terms in "Injustice to Wei Yan" ( 魏延的千古奇冤 ), a neoteric article by Zhu Ziyan , a history professor from Shanghai University . Zhu wrote that Zhuge Liang personally appointed Jiang Wan , Fei Yi and Jiang Wei to be his successors, but Wei Yan's appointments and contributions were greater than those of any of them at the time. Zhuge Liang ostracised Wei Yan and cracked down on him because he wanted to eliminate Wei Yan as

11312-438: Was extremely resentful of. Whenever they got into heated quarrels, Wei Yan often drew his sword and brandished it in front of Yang Yi, who sobbed as tears rolled down his cheeks. This prompted Fei Yi to step in to stop them from fighting and keep them under control until Zhuge Liang's death. Zhuge Liang was upset by the lack of harmony between Wei Yan and Yang Yi, but was unwilling to side with either of them because he appreciated

11424-650: Was famous for his talent and capacity, his reputation was similar to Chen Shou. He was recommended as a xiucai (秀才) and served as a Gentleman of Writing (尚書郎). He was reassigned to be the Administrator (太守) of Jianping Commandery (建平郡), but he declined the appointment and claimed that he was ill because he wanted to remain in his home province. He was then appointed as the Administrator of Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡 around present-day Guanghan , Sichuan ). Relations between Chen Shou and Li Xiang deteriorated and they started making false accusations against each other. Other officials scorned them for their petty quarrels. According to

11536-473: Was from Anhan County (安漢縣), Baxi Commandery (巴西郡), which is in present-day Nanchong , Sichuan . He was known for being studious since he was young and was described as intelligent, insightful and knowledgeable. He was mentored by the Shu official Qiao Zhou , who was also from Baxi Commandery. Under Qiao Zhou's tutelage, he read the Classic of History and Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals . He

11648-568: Was highly regarded as such after he wrote the Sanguozhi . Despite his achievements, Chen Shou faced accusations and other controversies. The Jin Shu mentioned two controversies surrounding Chen Shou and his writing of the Sanguozhi, which his critics used to disparage him. Tang Geng (唐庚), a scholar from the Song dynasty , in his work called the Three Kingdoms Miscellaneous Cases (三國雜事; Sanguo Zashi ) also criticised Chen Shou as

11760-816: Was home to 2,085,680 people. In 2022, Nanyang City has 49 ethnic minority groups with a population of 288000. The distribution of ethnic minorities shows the characteristics of "large dispersion and small mixed residence", among which the Hui ethnic group has 163800 people, distributed in Wancheng District, Dengzhou City, Zhenping County and other places; There are 72600 Mongolian people, distributed in Zhenping County, Neixiang County and other places; There are 28600 Manchu people, distributed in Nanzhao County, Xichuan County and other places. Nanyang higher education already has

11872-471: Was in the wrong so they deserted. Wei Yan was left with only his son(s) and a few followers, and they fled towards Hanzhong Commandery . Yang Yi ordered Ma Dai to give chase. Ma Dai executed Wei Yan, brought his head back, and threw it in front of Yang Yi. Yang Yi trampled on Wei Yan's head and said: "You inferior slave! Now, can you still commit evil?" Wei Yan's family members and close relatives were also executed. Before Wei Yan's death, Jiang Wan had led

11984-419: Was killed during the siege of Luocheng and the siege became a prolonged one. One year later, Wei Yan and Liu Bei finally captured Luocheng , then surrounded and occupied Chengdu together with Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei along with others. Thus, around the summer of 214, Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang. As Wei Yan has made several contributions in the conquest of Yi Province, Liu Bei promoted him to

12096-505: Was no evidence of the theory that Yang Yi fabricated the order. Yi Zhongtian also explained another possible hypothesis that Zhuge Liang's final order "leave Wei Yan alone" simply meant "ignore Wei Yan" rather than "kill Wei Yan"; the Shu forces had to withdraw and if Wei Yan could not be stopped, they should have just let him be. Yi Zhongtian analysed and criticised Wei Yan for not grasping the political-economic reasons behind Zhuge Liang's expeditions and his extreme caution. Zhuge Liang launched

12208-600: Was not Zhuge Liang's forte, and he lacked the resourcefulness of a brilliant military leader; Zhuge Zhan excelled only in literary arts, and he had an exaggerated reputation. The Qing dynasty writer Zhao Yi refuted the Jin Shu claim that Chen Shou was prejudiced against Zhuge Liang in the Sanguozhi , and remarked that the claim was "an uninformed statement". He commented that military leadership did not necessarily have to be regarded as Zhuge Liang's forte because Zhuge also made outstanding achievements in other fields. Zhao also pointed out two pieces of evidence which contradict

12320-629: Was not thinking of rebelling." Chen Shou also remarked that Zhuge Liang valued Wei Yan's bravery and was caught in a dilemma when the latter got into conflict with Yang Yi, whose talent Zhuge Liang also appreciated. A similar, but somewhat different and more detailed, account exists in the historical text Weilüe by Yu Huan . It stated that Zhuge Liang told Wei Yan to set up defences, although he also gave further instruction to "not return here". Wei Yan kept this order to himself and did not share it with others, thus prompting Wei Yan's rival, Yang Yi, to spread false rumours that Wei Yan intended to defect to

12432-433: Was praised as an excellent historian. Around the time, another historian, Xiahou Zhan (夏侯湛), was writing his own Book of Wei (魏書; Wei Shu ), which recorded the history of Wei in the Three Kingdoms era. He destroyed his work after reading Chen Shou's Sanguozhi . Zhang Hua was so deeply impressed with the Sanguozhi that he told Chen Shou, "We should entrust the responsibility of writing the Book of Jin to you." Chen Shou

12544-534: Was very well versed in the Records of the Grand Historian and Book of Han . According to the Jin Shu , Chen Shou served as a guange lingshi (觀閣令史; a clerk) in Shu. However, the Huayang Guozhi mentioned that he held the following appointments consecutively: Registrar (主簿) of the General of the Guards (衛將軍); donguan mishu lang (東觀秘書郎; an official librarian); Gentleman of Scattered Cavalry (散騎侍郎); and Gentleman of

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